Passive Devices (3 port network)

S-matrix of 3 port networks

S11
S S 21
S31

S13

S12

S 23
S33

S 22
S 32

(1) All ports are matched and network is reciprocal

(2) can be lossless? S T S * U ?

2

0
S S12
S13

S12 S13 1, S13* S 23 0, let S13* 0 S12 1

*
*
S12 S 23 1, S 23
S12 0, let S 23
0 S12 1
2

S13 S 23 1, S12* S13 0. S13 S 23 0 1

3 Port Network can not be

lossless, reciprocal, and match at all port

S12
0
S 23

S13
S 23
0

Matched, lossless, and nonreciprocal 3 port network

Circulator
2

*
S12 S13 1, S31
S 23 0,
*
S 21 S 23 1, S 23
S 21 0,

S31 S32 1, S12* S13 0.

(1) S12 S 23 S31 0, S 21 S 32 S31 1

0
0

e j1

0
0

0
0

e j1
0
0

S e j 2
j 3
0
e

(2) S 21 S32 S13 0, S12 S 23 S 31 1

e j 3

e j 2
0

0
S S 21
S 31

S12
0
S32

S13
S 23
0

Reciprocal, lossless, and only 2 ports matched

2

0
S S12
S13

S12 S13 1, S13* S 23 0, let S13* 0 S12 1

2

*
*
*
S12 S 23 1, S 23
S12 S33
S13 0, let S 23
0 S12 1
2

*
S13 S 23 S 33 1, S12* S13 S 23
S33 0. S 33 1

0
S e j
0

e j
0
0

e j

Port 3 is isolated

Reciprocal, matched, and lossy 3 port network

0
S S12
S13

S12
0
S 23

S13
S 23
0

Lossy power divider

S12
0
S 23

S13
S 23
S33

Passive Devices (4 port network)

S-matrix of reciprocal and matched network

0
S
S 12
S13

S14

S12
0
S 23
S 24

S13
S 23
0
S 34

S14
S 24
S34

For lossless, S-matrix must be unitary matrix

2

(1,1) : S12 S13 S14 1, (1,2) : S13* S 23 S14* S 24 0,

2

*
(2,2) : S12 S 23 S 24 1, (3,4) : S14* S13 S 24
S 23 0,

(3,3) : S13 S 23 S34 1, (1,3) : S12* S 23 S14* S34 0,

*
(4,4) : S14 S 24 S34 1, (2,4) : S14* S12 S34
S 23 0,

S S

*
(2,3) : S12* S13 S 24
S34 0

*
*
S 24
S13* S 23 S14* S 24 S13* S14* S13 S 24
S 23 S14* S 24 S13

S12

*
12

S 23 S14* S34

S14 S 23 0

34

*
S S34
S 23

*
14 12

23

12

S34

2
2

0
0

S12 S13 1, S12 S 24 1 S13 S 24 A2 ,

S12 S 24 1, S 24 S 34 1 S12 S 34 B 2
A2 B 2 1
S12 Be j12 , S 34 Be j 34 , S13 Ae j13 , S 24 Ae j 24
*
S12* S13 S 24
S34 ABe j (12 13 ) ABe j ( 24 34 ) 0

12 13 24 34 (2n 1)
(1) Symmetric Coupler

(2) Antisymmetric Coupler

let 12 34 0, and 13 24 / 2,

let 12 34 0, and 13 0, 24 ,

0
B

jA

jA

jA

0
jA
B

0
B

A
0

A B

0
A
B

 0
B

jA

jA

jA

0
jA
B

Coupling C 10 log

P1
20 log A dB
P3

Directivit y D 10 log
Isolation I 10 log

P3
A
20 log
dB
P4
S14

P1
20 log S14 dB
P4

I D C dB

Hybrid Coupler(3 dB Coupler)

A B
Symmetric hybrid coupler

Antisymmetric hybrid coupler

0 1 j 0

1 1 0 0 j
S
2 j 0 0 1

0 j 1 0

0 1

1 1 0
S
21 0

0 1

0 1
0 1

1 0

Even-Odd Mode Circuit Analysis

If circuit can be decomposed into the superposition of an even-mode excitation and oddmode excitation
Adding two sets( even & odd) of excitations produces the original excitation

1
1
1
1
e o , B2 Te To ,
2
2
2
2
1
1
1
1
B3 Te To , B4 e o ,
2
2
2
2
B1

3-Port Network: Power Divider

(1) Reciprocal and Lossless
-> some ports mismatched

Lossless Power Divider: Pin P1 P2

P in

1
1
Yin jB
Z1 Z 2

for Input Port Matching, B=0 and

1
1
1
Yin

Z1 Z 2 Z o

Po
rt
#3

P2 2 P1 Z1 2 Z 2

P1 : P2 Z 2 : Z1

1
1
3
1

Z1 3Z o 150, Z 2 75
Z1 Z 2 Z1 Z o

Reflection at Port #3:

50 75 150
50 75 150
50 150 75
50 150 75

P2

1 Vo2
1 Vo2
1 Vo2
Pin
, P1
, P2
2 Zo
2 Z1
2 Z2

Ex) 1:2 divider (with B=0 & Port #1 matched: S11 )0

P1

Port #1

Input Admittance at Input Port Yin

Reflection at Port #2:

#2
t
r
o

0.666

S 22

0.333

S33

(2)Resistive Divider

All ports are matched

- output ports are not isolated

Zo Zo
Z

Zo o Zo Zo
3 3
3

2Z o
2
3
V V1
V1
Zo
2Z
3
o
3
3
Zo
3
1
V2 V3 V
V V1
Z
4
2
Zo o
3
1
S 21 S 31
2
0 1 1
1
S 1 0 1
2
1 1 0
Z in

1 V12
1 V22 1 V12 1
Pin
, P2 P3

Pin
2 Zo
2 Zo 8 Zo 4
P2 P3

1
Pin Pin
2

S 23 0

Wilkinson Power Divider( equal power division)

Resistive divider -all ports are matched
-out-ports are isolated

P2

Pin
Pin P2 P3
Microstrip
Wilkinson Power Divider

P3
Equivalent Circuit

Wilkinson Power Divider

Vg 2 V g 3 2

even mode

Vg 2 Vg 3 2

odd mode
Equivalent Circuit in normalized and symmetric form

Wilkinson Power Divider: even mode

Z ine
Z2
Z
Z 2 for matching ( S 22,e 0, S33,e 0)
2
e
in

Voltage on transmission line

V (x)

V ( x) V e jx V e jx V (e jx e jx )
1
V ( x 0) V (1 ) V2 1, V
1
V ( x 4) V1 V ( j j) jV ( 1) j
2 2
2 2
V
1
S12 ,e S13,e 1 j
j 0.707
V2
2
S 32,e S 23,o 0 ( port open)

V1 j

1
2

1
1

Wilkinson Power Divider: odd mode

Z ino
r
r 2 for matching ( S 22,o 0, S33,o 0)
2
V1 0 port 1 is shorted
Z ino

S12,o S13,o

V1
0
V2

S32,o S 23,o 0 ( port short )

All power from Port #2 is delivered to r/2 resister, and all dissipated
No power is delivered to Port #1

Wilkinson Power Divider: input port

Z in

Z in

2
Z

2
1
Z in Z in Z in 1 in 0 S11 0
in

Wilkinson Power Divider: S-matrix

0 j j
S j 0 0
j 0
0

Symmetric
Not Unitary

All ports are matched

Reciprocal
Lossy
Output ports are isolated

Wilkinson Power Divider: unequal power division

Let K 2

P3
,
P2

Z o3 Z o

1 K 2
,
3
K

P2

Z o 2 K 2 Z o3 Z o K 1 K 2 ,

1
R Zo K .
K

Wilkinson Power Divider: N-way Divider

Pin
P3

4-Port Network: Quadrature Hybrid

3 dB Directional Coupler with Quadrature Phase Difference between
two output ports
0 j 1 0

Reciprocal, Lossless, and all ports are matched.

1 j 0 0 1

2 1 0 0 j

0 1 j 0

Even-mode

A B 1 0 0
C D j 1

j 2

j / 2 1 0
1 1 j

2 j 1
0 j 1

A B C D 1 j j 1 / 2

0
A B C D 1 j j 1 / 2
2
2
1
1 j
Te

A B C D 1 j j 1 / 2
2
e

Odd-mode

A B 1 0 0
C D j 1

j 2

j / 2 1 0
1 1 j

2 j 1
0 j 1

A B C D 1 j j 1 / 2

0
A B C D 1 j j 1 / 2
2
2
1
1 j
To

A B C D 1 j j 1 / 2
2
e

e o
S11
0,
2
T T
1
S 21 e o j
,
2
2
T T
1
S31 e o
,
2
2
e o
S 41
0
2

0 j 1 0

1 j 0 0 1
S
2 1 0 0 j

0 1 j 0

Coupled Line Theory

Propagating Modes on Symmetric Coupled Line

ground

Even Mode

Odd Mode

Even Mode

Line Characteristics for even mode propagation

Capacitance per unit length w/o dielectrics: Cea C11a C22 a
Inductance per unit length: L / C
o o

ea

e
Capacitance per unit length with dielectrics: C C C
ed
11d
22 d eff Cea
Characteristic Impedance:
Z LC

Propagation Constant:

ed

e LCe o o effe

Odd Mode

Line Characteristics for even mode propagation

Capacitance per unit length w/o dielectrics:Coa C11a 2C12 a C22 a 2C12 a
Inductance per unit length:
L /C
o o

oa

Capacitance per unit length with dielectrics:

Cod C11d 2C12 d
Characteristic Impedance:
Propagation Constant:

Z o L Ced

o
C22 d 2C12 d eff
Coa

o LCo o o effo

(1)Voltage and Current Waves of Even Mode Excitation

Z
j e z
1e

v1 ( z ) V e

j e z
1e

e
,

oe

1e

V e

1e

i1 ( z ) I e

I e

j e z
2e

v2 ( z ) V e

j e z

V1e j e z V1e j e z

e
Z oe
Z oe

j e z

2e

V e

j e z

i2 ( z ) I 2e e j z I 2e e j
V1e V2e , V1e V2e

V2e j e z V2e j e z

e
Z oe
Z oe

(1)Voltage and Current Waves of Odd Mode Excitation

Z
j o z
1o

v1 ( z ) V e

j o z
1o

i1 ( z ) I e

v2 ( z ) V e

1o

V e

1o

I e

j o z
2o

o
,

oo

j o z

j o z

2o

V e

V1o j o z V1o j o z

e
Z oo
Z oo

j o z

i2 ( z ) I 2o e j z I 2o e j

V1o V2o , V1o V2o

V2o j o z V2o j o z

e
Z oo
Z oo

Voltage and Current Waves on Coupled Lines

v2 ( z ), i2 ( z )

v1 ( z ), i1 ( z )

oe

, e , Z oo , o

(1)Voltage and Current Waves on Line #1

v1 ( z ) Ve e j z Ve e j z Vo e j z Vo e j
j e z
e

i1 ( z ) I e

I e

j e z

j o z
o

I e

I e

j o z

Ve j e z Ve j e z Vo j o z Vo j o z

e
Z oe
Z oe
Z oo
Z oo

(2)Voltage and Current Waves on Line #2

v2 ( z ) Ve e j z Ve e j z Vo e j z Vo e j
e

i2 ( z ) I e e j z I e e j z I o e j z I o e j

Ve j e z Ve j e z Vo j o z Vo j o z

e
Z oe
Z oe
Z oo
Z oo

 I1 1
I e j e L
2
I3 1
j e L
I4 e

e j e L

1
j e L
e

1
o

e j L
1
o
e j L

I e
o

e j L I o
1 I e
o

e j L I o
1

e j L
1
e
e j L

Ve
o
e
o

e j L e j L e j L Vo
1
1
1 Ve
o
e
o

e j L e j L e j L Vo
1
1
1 Z oe 0
o
e
o
e j L e j L e j L 0 Z oo
0
1
1
1 0
o
e
o
0
e j L e j L e j L 0

V1 1
V e j e L
2
V3 1
j e L
V4 e

Z oe
e
Z oe e j L
Z oe
e
Z oe e j L

Z oo
o
Z oo e j L
Z oo
o
Z oo e j L

Z oe
e
Z oe e j L
Z oe
e
Z oe e j L

0
0
Z oe

Z oo
o
Z oe e j L
Z oo
o
Z oo e j L

0
I e

Io
I e

I o

I e

Io
I e

Z oo I o
0
0
0

Impedance Matrix Z11 = Z22=Z33= Z44

Z11

V1
I1

I1 1
0 e j e L

0 1
j e L
0 e

I1 0, I 2 I 3 I 4 0
Ik

k 1

I e I o I e I o I1 ,

let

I I I I 0,

1
o

o e & e j

I e e j I o e j I e e j I o e j 0.
I e I e e j 2 , I o I o e j 2

I e 1 e j 2 I o 1 e j 2 0 I e I o
I 1 e

j 2

I 1 e

j 2

1
I1
I1 e j 2

I1 I I 2 1 e j 2 , I e I o 2 1 e j 2

V1 Ve Ve Vo Vo

1 e j 2 Z oe Z oo
Z I Z I Z I Z I
I1
1 e j 2
2

oe e

oe e

oo o

Z11

oo o

V1
I1

j
Ik

k 1

Z oe Z oo cot
2

e j L
1
o
e j L

I e e j I o e j I e e j I o e j 0,

I e
o

e j L I o
1 I e
o

e j L I o

1
e j L
1
e
e j L
L

e j

e j

Impedance Matrix Z12=Z21=Z34=Z43

Z12

V1
I2

0 1
I e j
2
0 1
j
0 e

I 2 0, I1 I 3 I 4 0
Ik

k 2

1
e j
1
e j

1
e j
1
e j

1
e j
1

e j

I e

Io
I e

I o

I e I o I e I o 0,
I e I o I e I o I 2 ,
I e e j I o e j I e e j I o e j 0,
I e e j I o e j I e e j I o e j 0.
I e I e e j 2 , I o I o e j 2

I e 1 e j 2 I o 1 e j 2 0 I e I o
I 1 e

j 2

I 1 e

j 2

1 I2
I 2 e j 2

I 2 I I 2 1 e j 2 , I e I o 2 1 e j 2

V1 Ve Ve Vo Vo
1 e j 2 Z oe Z oo
Z I Z I Z I Z I
I2
1 e j 2
2

oe e

oe e

oo o

oo o

Z12

V1
I2

j
Ik

k 2

Z oe Z oo cot
2

Impedance Matrix Z13 = Z31 = Z24 = Z42

Z13

V
1
I3

0 1
0 e j

I3 1
j
0 e

I 3 0, I1 I 2 I 4 0
Ik

k 3

1
e j
1
e j

1
e j
1
e j

1
e j
1

e j

I e I o I e I o 0,
I e I o I e I o 0,
I e e j I o e j I e e j I o e j I 3 ,
I e e j I o e j I e e j I o e j 0.
I e I e , I o I o

I e e j e j I o e j e j 0 I e I o
I e e j e j I o e j e j I 3 I e I o

I3
I3

,
I

e
o
2 e j e j
2 e j e j

V1 Ve Ve Vo Vo
Z oe I e Z oe I e Z oo I e Z oo I o
j

Z oe Z oo
I3
2 sin

Z oe Z oe
I3
e j e j

Z13

V1
I3

j
Ik

k 3

Z oe Z oo
2 sin

I e

Io
I e

I o

Impedance Matrix Z14 = Z41 = Z32 = Z23

Z14

V
1
I4

0 1
0 e j

0 1
j
I4 e

I 4 0, I1 I 2 I 3 0
Ik

k 4

1
e j
1
e j

1
e j
1
e j

1
e j
1

e j

I e I o I e I o 0,
I e I o I e I o 0,
I e e j I o e j I e e j I o e j 0,
I e e j I o e j I e e j I o e j I 4 .
I e I e , I o I o

I e e j e j I o e j e j 0 I e I o
I e e j e j I o e j e j I 4 I e I o

I4
I
, I e I o j 4 j
j
2 e e
2 e e
j

V1 Ve Ve Vo Vo
Z oe I e Z oe I e Z oo I o Z oo I o
j

Z oe Z oo
I4
2 sin

Z oe Z oo
I4
e j e j

Z14

V1
I4

j
Ik

k 3

Z oe Z oo
2 sin

I e

Io
I e

I o

oe

, e , Z oo , o

Let e L o L

V1

j
2
V3
2

V
4

Z oe Z oo

tan
Z Z oo
oe
tan
Z oe Z oo
sin
Z oe Z oo
sin

Z oe Z oo

tan
Z Z oo
oe
tan
Z oe Z oo
sin
Z oe Z oo
sin

Z oe Z oo
sin
Z oe Z oo
sin
Z Z oo
oe
tan
Z oe Z oo

tan

Z oe Z oo
sin
Z oe Z oo

sin
Z Z oo
oe
tan
Z oe Z oo

tan

I1
I
2
I3

I4

4-Port Network: Coupled Line Coupler

Single Section Coupled Line Coupler

Boundary Condition at each Port

E1 I1Z o V1 V1 E1 I1Z o ,
V2 I 2 Z o ,
V3 I 3 Z o ,
V4 I 4 Z o

Z in V V V , I I I
k
ke
ko
k
ke
ko

Z in ,o

Z in ,e
Z in ,e Z oe
V1e V

Z in

Z o jZ oe tan
Z oe jZ o tan

Z in ,e
V
, I1e
Z in ,e Z o
Z in ,e Z o

Z in ,o Z oo
V1o V

Z o jZ oo tan
Z oo jZ o tan
Z in ,o

Z in ,o Z o

, I1e

V
Z in ,o Z o

Z Z
Z o Z in ,o Z in ,e Z o
V1
V V1o
1e
in ,e in ,o
I1
I1e I1o
Z in ,e Z in ,o 2 Z o

Zo 2

Z in ,e Z in ,o Z o2
Z in ,e Z in ,o 2 Z o

for port #1 matching:Z in Z o

Z in ,e Z in ,e Z o2

for Z in ,e Z in ,e Z o2

Z in ,e Z in ,e Z oe
Z oe Z oo
Z oe Z oo

t tan
Z o jZ oe t
Z jZ oo t
Z oo o
Z oe jZ o t
Z oo jZ o t

Z o jZ oet Z o jZ oo t
Z oe jZ o t Z oo jZ ot
Z o2 Z oe Z oo t 2 jZ o Z oe Z oo t
Z oe Z oo Z o2t 2 jZ o Z oe Z oo t
Z Z oe Z oo
2
o

2
o

Z o2 (1 t 2 ) jZ o Z oe Z oo t
Z o2
2
2
Z o (1 t ) jZ o Z oe Z oo t

S11 0

V3 V3e V3o V1e V1o

Z in ,e

Z in ,e Z o

Z in ,o

Z in ,o Z o

Z o jZ oe t
Z o jZ oo t

2 Z o j Z oe Z oo t 2 Z o j Z oe Z oo t
j Z oe Z oo t
j Z oe Z oo / Z oe Z oo t
V
V
2 Z o j Z oe Z oo t
2 Z o / Z oe Z oo j t
V

let C
V3

Z oe Z oo
, 1 C 2 2 Z o / Z oe Z oo
Z oe Z oo
jCt

1 C 2 jt

V3
jC tan

V
1 C 2 j tan

for V2 V2 e V2 o ,

z e z 0 Z o Z oe
z L

on line,
V ( z ) Ve e jz Ve e jz

Z Z oe jz
o
e
Z o Z oe

Ve e jz

2 cos z
Ve
Z o jZ oe tan z
Z o Z oe

Z in ,e

Z in ,e Z o

V ( z L) V1e

Ve
Ve

Z oe Z oo jZ oet

Z oe

Z j Z Z t
oe oo
oe

Z oe Z oo jZ oet

Z oe

Zo

Z j Z Z t
oe oo
oe

2 cos
Z o jZ oe tan
Z o Z oe

Z o Z oe
V1e
Z o jZ oe tan 2 cos

Z Z oe
V2 e Ve Ve Ve 1 o
Z o Z oe

Zo
V1e

Z o jZ oe tan cos

Z o Z oe

z 0

Z oe

Z oe

Z oe

Z oo j Z oe t

Z oo j Z oe t Z oe Z oo

Z oe

Z oe Z oo jZ oet

2 Z oe Z oo j Z oe Z oo t

Z in ,e
1
Zo
V
Zo
V
cos Z o jZ oe tan Z in ,e Z o
cos 2 Z o j Z oe Z oo tan

Z oe j Z oo t

Z oo j Z oe t

Z oo j Z oe t Z oo

Z o jZ oet
2Z o j Z oe Z oo t

Z oe j Z oo t

z
z L

o z 0

z 0

Z o Z oo
Z o Z oo

on line,
V ( z ) Vo e jz Vo e jz

j z

Z Z oo jz
o
e
Z o Z oo

V e

2 cos z
Ve
Z o jZ oo tan z
Z o Z oo

V ( z L) V1o Vo

Z in ,o Z o

Z o Z oo
V1o

Z o jZ oo tan 2 cos

Z j Z Z t
oe oo
oo

Z oo

Z oe Z oo jZ oot

Zo

Z j Z Z t
oe oo
oo

Z Z oo
V2 o V V V 1 o
Z o Z oo

Zo
V1o

Z o jZ oo tan cos

Z in ,o

2 cos
Z o jZ oo tan
Z o Z oo

Z oe Z oo jZ oot

Z oo

Z oo

Z oo

Z oo

Z oe j Z oo t

Z oe j Z oo t Z oe Z oo

Z oo

Z oo j Z oe t

Z oe j Z oo t

Z oe j Z oo t Z oe

Z oo j Z oe t

Z oe Z oo jZ oot

2 Z oe Z oo j Z oe Z oo t
Z o jZ oot
2Z o j Z oe Z oo t

Z in ,o
Zo
Zo
1
V
V
cos Z o jZ oo tan Z in ,o Z o
cos 2 Z o j Z oe Z oo tan

V2 e V2 o

V2 V2 e V2 o 2V2 e 2

V
Zo
cos 2 Z o j Z oe Z oo tan

2Z o
V
2 Z o cos j Z oe Z oo sin

2 Z o / Z oe Z oo
V
2 Z o / Z oe Z oo cos j sin
1 C 2

1 C cos j sin
V4 V2 e V2 o 0
2

,
2
jC tan

at f o ,

V3

C
2
V
1 C j tan
V2
1 C 2

j 1 C 2
V
1 C 2 cos j sin
V4
0
V

from C
Z oe Z o

Z oe Z oo
and Z o2 Z oe Z oo ,
Z oe Z oo
1 C
and Z oo Z o
1 C

1 C
1 C