BOOK

III
- On Symmetry: temples and the human body
- Classification of temples
- Proportion of intercolumniation and of columns
- Foundation and the substructures of temples and;
- Proportions of the base, capitals, and entablature of the ionic order

FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLE OF ARCHITECTURE
- ORDER
- EURYTHMY
- SYMMETRY
- PROPRIETY
- ECONOMY

VITRUVIUS PRINCIPLES OF SYMMETRY
-PROPORTION (correspondence among the measures of the members of an entire work)
- SYMMETRY (correspondence of opposite parts in size, shape and position)
-BOTHE ARE WAYS OF CREATING ORDER: ART IMMITATES NATURE

THE TRIAD
1. FIRMITAS -foundations carried to solid ground
2. UTILITAS - no hindrance to use
3. VENUSTAS - proportion/symmetry

*VITRUVIUS STATES THAT MAN IS IMITATIVE AND TEACHABLE AND SUPREME TO
ALL OTHER ANIMALS

VITRUVIUS & architectural theory
-vitruviuss text discovered by Poggio in 1415
-Utilitas,firmitas,venistas

ABBOT SUGER
The Book of Suger, Abbot of Saint-Denis (c. 1144)

- Village of Saint-Denis - birthplace of Gothic Archi
- The church was a shrine to the spiritual apostle of France, Charlemagne and his son
Pepin

WILLIAM DURANDUS
The Symbolism of Churches and Church Ornaments (1286)

- Theorist of canon law in Gothic times
- Born in French Provence
- Bishop of Mende in 1286
- Rationale divinorum officiorum

- the Symbolism..church ornaments deals with symbolism of the church itself

- every archi component of a gothic church had its specific meaning or message for the
worshipper

MIDDLE AGES
- documents remaining from the MA dealt with monastery institution
- few descriptions of buiings or projects
- numerous building contracts
- no accounting for tastes
- libraries of the monasteries preserved at least some fragments of the archi theory of
antiquity
- sketchbook by Villard de Honnecourt from 1235 and the Booklet on the right way
of making pinnacles by Roritzer
-

CESARE CESARIANO
Di Lucio Vitruvius Pollione de Architecture
(On the Architecture of Lucios Vitruvius Pollio)

DANIEL BARBARO
Ten Books of Archi of M. Vitruvius
(1514-1570)

RENNAISANCE

ALBERTI (1404-1472)
De re aedificatoria (On Building)
-one of the greatest works of the theory of architecture
-completed 1452, printed 1485

Architecture is a great thing, which cannot be undertaken by all
*SANTA MARIA NOVELLA (faade by alberti)

-emphasized most was the decoration of building exteriors
-archi style of imperial rome

GIACOMO(JACOPO) BAROZZI DA VIGNOLA
Regala delle cinque ordini (1562)

ANDREA PALLADIO
-I Quattro Libri dell Architettura (father of modern picture books)
-Palladianism
LONGETIVITY
- arch-and-column compositions
- classic temple front
- systemized the ground plan
- central hall
-scenic background

MANNERISM
- Distortion
- Inner views are skewd, no single correct reality
- Artificial background-nothing is based on reality, unearthly perfection

- Baroque (1600-)
- Rococo (1800-)
- Greek revival (late 1800)
- Beaux Arts (1880-1920)

Rococo
-late development in baroque design\
-lighter in effect
Baroque
- ornate, heavily ornamented
Greek Revival
-late version of Neoclassicism
-entry porch, decorative pilasters, narrow windows around front door
Beaux Arts
-last major phase of neoclassicism
-highly academic style


CONSTRUCTION THEORY AND PERSONAL STYLE

Birth of theories on mechanics of materials and construction
- adopted from Francis Bacon (1561-1626) and Galileo Galilei
- Galilei, Discorsi e dimostrazioni matematiche intorno a due nuove scienze

Institutionalization of the engineer
- Engineer (lat genius or product of genius) used in the Middle Ages for skillful architects

MATHEMATICAL CONSTRUCTION THEORY
- Robert Hooke (1635-1703) Hookes Law
- Jakob Bernoulli (1654-1705) Logarithmic Spiral
- Leonhard Euler (1707-1783) nine-point circle


BOOKS ON PRACTICAL CONSTRUCTION
- Pierre Boulet: IArchitecture pratique
- William Halfpenny: The art of sound building
- Francis Price: the british carpenter or a treatise on carpentry
- William Pain: the builders companion and Workmans general assistant


PERSONAL STYLE

EUGENE EMMANUEL VIOLLET-LE-DUC
- restorations of medieval buildings

what we call taste is but an involuntary process
- ENTRESIENS SUR IARCHITECTURE


OWEN JONES
GRAMMAR OF ORNAMENT
-flowers or other natural objects should not be used as ornaments

Ornament on the savages
-ornament was the result of instincts and aims common to all mankind


EARLY MODERN ARCHITECTURE

MARC-ANTOINE LAUGIER(1713-1769)
An Essay on Architecture
-Jesuit priest and architectural theorist
-faults of columns include - being engaged in the wall - column should be free
-the use of pilaster
-EoA. Topics ranging from solidity, diff orders, construct diff buildings

My purpose is to develop a taste of architects blablabla.. Impeccable result

primitive hut
-ideal principle for architecture/any structure at that time.
-standard form
-emphasized hearth, roof, and foundation


JOHN RUSKIN(1819-1900)
The Poetry of Architecture
- Kata Phusin

- study of cottages, villas and other dwelling around Wordworthian argument (buildings
should be sympathetic to local envi, use local materials)
- critic of Owen
- pagan in its origin blablablabla insolence fortified
-contribution: Nature of Gothic
-his argument encouraged a revival of Gothic Styles
- inspiration of Arts and Crafts movement


LOUIS HENRI SULLIVAN(1856-1924)
-form follows function
-tall office building artistically considered


MODERN ARCHITECTURE

OTTO WAGNER
-Archi Realism
-Jugendstil buildings
-new human task and views called or reconstruction of existing forms


PATRICK GEDDES
Regional Planning and Design With Nature
-regional panning
- origins of sustainable urban development

WARTIME AND POST-WAR BRITISH PLANNING: ABERCROMBIE
-Patrick Ambercrombie
-plan for greater London and britains new towns program

LE CORBUSIER
-Charles-Eduard Jeanneret
-father of modernist movement
-social engineering

ELEMENTS OF CORBUS PLAN
-very high density

-1,200 people per acre (skyscraper)

-overcrowded

-120 people per acre (luxury houses)

-multi-level traffic system to manage the intensity of traffic

-more dense, less distances that have to be covered
-increase the density of the centers of our cities, where business affairs are carried on

FRANK LLOYD WRIGHT

Broadacre City
-low density
-car-oriented
-freeways


ARTURO SORIA Y MATA
THE LINEAR CITY MOVEMENT


URBAN THEORIES

PAUL KNOX
-profession planning emerges out of series of crises and peoples responses to them

-health

-social

-other
-planning tries to mitigate the adverse elements of capitalism but also makes capitalism
viable over the long term

MAJOR THEMES IN EARLY PLANNING THOUGHT
- Parks movement
- City beautiful movement
- Garden city movement
- Early regional planning
- Women and Housing Policy
- Other urban utopia

PARKS MOVEMENT
FREDERICK LAW OLMSTED (CENTRAL PARK)
-landscape archi & garden design
-private to public settings
goals :
-separate transportation modes
-support active and passive uses
-collect water
-promote moral pass-times
OLMSTEDS PASK DESIGN PRINCIPLES
1. Scenery
2. Suitability
3. Style
4. Subordination
5. Separation
6. Sanitation
7.Service

RIVERSIDE, ILLINOIS
-designed by Olmsted
-protype suburb
-9 mi from Chicago
-wealthy people
-often copied


THE CITY BEAUTIFUL MOVEMENT
DANIEL BURNHAM
-1893 Chicago Exposition
-S.F. Plan
-Chicago Plan
-Burnham the Propagandist

-main emphasis: showy urban landscapes
-beaux arts tradition
-aped classical architecture
-Burnham: 1893 Chicago Worlds Fair

-orderly clean

-aesthetic rather than social sensibility

-grandiose and ambitious


THE GARDEN CITY MOVEMENT
EBENEZER HOWARD

GARDEN CITIES (BRIT INNOVATION)
-Howard: Garden Cities of Tomorrow (1898)
-THREE MAGNETS

- town (high wages, opportunity and amusement)

-country (natural beauty, low rents, fresh air)

-town-country (both)
-separated from central city by greenbelt
-two actually built in England (Letchworth, Welwyn)

GARDEN CITIES
-combine best elements and avoid the worst elements of the city and country
-basis of the earlier suburbs


GARDEN CITIES IN EUROPE AND AMERICA
- Raymond Unwin and Berry Parker: Implementer and Corruptor of the Garden City
Movement

CLARENCE PERRY
-neighborhood unit
CLARENCE STEIN
-addressed the implication of mass car ownership
H. ALKER TRIPP
-basis of precincts

TONY GANIER(1869-1948)
UNE CITE INDUSTRIALLE
INDUSTRIAL CITY
-utopian form of living

LE CORBUSIER (AGAINldjfdhkgmr)
VERS UNE ARCHITECTURE (towards new architecture, 1927)
URBANISME (the city of Tomorrow, 1927)
-Three reminders to architects

- mass

- surface

- plan

-Machine Age , produce works that embody its principle
- examining need and the refinement solution for those needs

FIVE POINTS OF ARCHI
-pilotis
-free faced
-open floor plan
-ribbon window
-roof garden

-MODULOR

-ground to solar plexus (golden section)

- solar plexus to head (mean)

- based on the Fibonacci series

maintin the human scale everywhere

DE STIJL (1917-1931)
-journal, Theo van Doesburg
-Neoplasticism (plastic art) - rigid form of Abstraction
-express a new utopian ideal of spiritual harmony and order
-pure abstraction and universally by areduction to the essenials of form and colour.
-used only primary colors (blue red yellow) along with b&W
-influenced by Cubist painting
-influenced Bauhaus style and the international style

OLD AND NEW CONSCIOUSNESS
OLD- INDIVIDUAL
NEW- UNIVERSAL

-Equal balance between the universal and the individual

PIET MONDRIAN
-founder of the Neoplasticism movement

BAU HAUS
THE INTERNATIONAL STYLE
-major archi style in US and Europe
-Henry Russell Hitchcock
-Phillip Johnson

THE BIG THREE
- Le Corbusier
- Ludwig Mies van der rohe
- Walter Gropius

The international style was striving towards:
- simplification, honesty and clarification
four slogans:
- ornament is a crime
- form follows function
- truth to materials
- machines for living

The typical International style high rise
- square/rectangle footprint
- simple cubic extruded rectangle form
- windows running in broken horizontal rows forming a grid
- all faade are 90 degrees