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ASSIGNMENT SOLUTIONS GUIDE (2014-2015)

E.H.D.-5
vk/qfud Hkkjrh; lkfgR;%
uotkxj.k vkSj jk"Vh; vkanksyu
Disclaimer/Special Note: These are just the sample of the Answers/Solutions to some of the Questions given in the
Assignments. These Sample Answers/Solutions are prepared by Private Teacher/Tutors/Authors for the help and guidance
of the student to get an idea of how he/she can answer the Questions of the Assignments. We do not claim 100% Accuracy
of these sample answers as these are based on the knowledge and capability of Private Teacher/Tutor. Sample answers
may be seen as the Guide/Help Book for the reference to prepare the answers of the Questions given in the Assignment.
As these solutions/answers are prepared by the private teacher/tutor so that the chances of error or mistake cannot be
denied. Any Omission or Error is highly regretted though every care has been taken while preparing these Sample Answers/
Solutions. Please consult your own Teacher/Tutor before you prepare a Particular Answer & for uptodate and exact
information, data and solution. Student should must read and is referred the official study material provided by the university.

iz'u 1- Hkkjrh; lkfgR; esa O;Dr jktuhfrd ,oa lkekftd vkanksyu ij ,d fuca/ fyf[k;sA
mkjvk/qfud Hkkjrh; lkfgR; dh i`"BHkwfeHkkjrh; lkfgR; ,oa lkekftd psruk esa e;dkyhu izo`fk;k gh vk/qfudrk
dh i`"BHkwfe esa jgh gSa tks HkfDr] k`axkj ls xqaFkh gqbZ FkhaA njvly lkearh O;oLFkk us ns'k dh lkfgfR;d #fp dks Hkh ,s'kks&vkjke
ls lai`Dr dj fn;k Fkk fdUrq iwthoknh O;oLFkk us vFkok mifuos'kokn us vFkok uotkxj.k dh psruk us bls rksM+us dk dke fd;k
vkSj iqjkruiaFkh vfHk#fp dh txg lkekftd ;FkkFkZ dks cy feykA vr% Hkkjrh; lkfgR; us vius lae.k osQ nkSj dks eglwl fd;k
vkSj vk/qfudrk osQ lkFk va/dkje; i`"BHkwfe esa mtkyk iSQyk;kA
vk/qfud Hkkjrh; Hkk"kkvksa dk fodkl
vk/qfud Hkkjrh; Hkk"kkvksa dk mn; 1000 bZ- osQ vklikl ls ekuk tk ldrk gSA laLr > ikfy > izkr ls gksrs gq, viHkza'k
ls vk/qfud Hkkjrh; Hkk"kkvksa osQ :iksa dk fu/kZj.k gqvkA viHkza'k osQ Hkh ikp :i Fks tks izkr Hkk"kk osQ :iksa ls izHkkfor FksA
tSlsekx/h] vZekx/h] [kl] czkpM+] 'kkSjlsuh vkfn viHkza'kksa ls vlfe;k] iatkch] fla/h] [kM+hcksyh] ejkBh vkfn Hkk"kkvksa dk
fodkl gqvk] iqu% le;kuq:i Hkk"kkvksa esa ifjorZu gqvk rFkk ckgjh lkaLfrd izos'k us ?kqy&feydj mnwZ dk fodkl fd;kA
uotkxj.k vkSj jk"Vh; vkanksyu dh
lkekU; fo'ks"krk,
uotkxj.k vkSj jk"Vh;rk dh fopkj/kjk ,d&nwljs ls xqaFks gq, gSaA vk/qfud izfof/ osQ :i esa gh nksuksa dks tkuk tkrk gSA
ik'pkR; f'k{kk osQ izlkj ,oa jktuhfrd ,drk osQ iQyLo:i Hkkjr esa jk"Vh;rk dk mn; gqvk rks uotkxj.k bldh i`"BHkwfe esa psruk
dk dke dj jgk FkkA uotkxj.k us gh LokRepsruk dks fodflr fd;k vkSj O;fDr viuh Lok/hurk dks izkfrd gd le>us yxk
ftlosQ iQyLo:i vU;k; osQ f[kykiQ vkokt mBkbZ tkus yxh] balkuh cjkcjh dh ckr dh tkus yxhA bu lcosQ vykok jk"Vh;
vkanksyuksa dh fo'ks"krkvksa esa lokZf/d izeq[k Fkhjk"Vh; Lok/hurkA blosQ vfrfjDr Lo'kklu] lq'kklu] cjkcjh dk ntkZ] Hksn feVkuk]
/eZ dk dY;k.kdkjh :i] va/fo'okl] iqjksfgrokn ls NqVdkjk vkfn izeq[k fo'ks"krk, FkhaA
vkFkd psrukvkFkd :i ls gks jgs 'kks"k.k dks uotkxj.k osQ vxznwr jktk jkeeksgu jk; us loZFke mBk;k vkSj fganh
lkfgR; esa Hkkjrsanq gfj'pUn us bls ukV~; :ikarj.k }kjk izn'kr fd;kA vkFkd geyk gh mifuos'kokn dk ewy ms'; gSA ekDlZ us
dgk Hkh gS fd vFkZ ls gh lkjh nqfu;k lapkfyr gksrh gS vr% vFkZO;oLFkk ij dCtk tekus vkSj nksgu djus dh uhfr osQ f[kykiQ
mBus okyh vkokt fdlh fganw] eqfLye vkSj flD[k dh ugha Fkh cfYd og ,d Hkkjrh; dh FkhA ;gh dkj.k jgk gS fd yksx HksnHkko
dks Hkqyk 'kks"k.k osQ fo# ,dtqV gq,A
jktuhfrd psrukjk"Vh; vkanksyuksa esa mnkjoknh usrkvksa us lf; jktuhfr esa Hkkx ysdj mlosQ vanj cfg"dkj dh uhfr dks
viuk;kA jktuhfrd vkf/iR; osQ :i esa oqQN lkearksa dks dj ysdj mUgsa 'kklu dk vf/dkj ns fn;k x;k Fkk] fdUrq os osQoy

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dBiqryh osQ :i esa dk;Z dj jgs FksA vaxzst vkFkd nksgu osQ fy, jktuhfrd cafn'kksa dks [kRe djuk pkgrs FksA vr% mUgksaus iwjs
Hkkjr dh jktuhfr dks vius vf/dkj {ks=k esa ys fy;k] os ;q blhfy, djrs FksA Hkkjrh; jk"Vh; dkaxzsl Hkkjr dks ,d jktuhfrd
eap osQ :i esa feykA rRi'pkr egkRek xka/h }kjk vusd vkanksyu ,oa vlg;ksx fd, x,] mudh jktuhfrd psruk esa jk"Vh;rk ,oa
Lok/hurk dk la?k"kZ fn[kkbZ nsrk gSA
lkekftd vkSj /ked tkxj.kuotkxj.k dh igyh 'krZ gSoSKkfud iqujkoyksdu vkSj oqQjhfr;ksa ,oa va/fo'oklksa dk
ifjR;kxA vr% jktk jkeeksgu jk;] bZ'ojpU fo|klkxj] Lokeh n;kuan] foosdkuan vkfn us /eZ osQ vfroknh Lo:i dk ifj"dkj fd;k
rFkk lekt esa iSQys va/fo'okl ,oa vkMEcj dks nwj fd;kA bl izdkj roZQiw.kZ fopkjkkjk us tkfr izFkk] NqvkNwr] HksnHkko] /eZ dh
vkM+ esa iy jgs vusd izxfrck/d rRoksa dk ifj"dkj fd;kA vr% lekt ,oa /eZ dks ijaijkxr :i ls O;k[;kf;r u dj uohu
O;k[;k dh xbZ ftlesa euq"; dks ego fn;k x;k vkSj mldh lekurk ,oa Lora=krk dks rjthg nh xbZA
lkaLfrd vkSj oSpkfjd tkxj.klaLfr O;fDr vkSj lekt dh vk/kjHkwr 'kfDr gksrh gS tks mldh xfr dks lapkfyr
djrh gSA loZizFke fdlh Hkh vkanksyu vFkok uohu fopkj/kjk dk izHkko oSpkfjd gh gksrk gSA uotkxj.k Hkh ,d oSpkfjd kafrdkjh
psruk gS tks vius ;FkkFkZ :i esa jktuhfrd] lkekftd] /ked vkSj lkfgfR;d {ks=k esa iw.kZ izHkko Mkyrh gSA blh izHkko osQ xHkZ esa
lkaLfrd VdjkgV ls LolaLfr vkSj vfLerk dk Hkku gqvk vkSj fo}kuksa us Hkkjrh; xkSjoiw.kZ ,oa vfrizkphu laLfr dks Js"B
laLfr osQ :i esa LFkkfir fd;kA ;g lkaLfrd ,oa oSpkfjd ifj.kke ,d 'khr&;q gS ftldh ifj.kfr jk"Vh; Lok/hurk laxzke
esa gksrh gSA
iz'u 2- 'kjrpUn rFkk ut:y bLyke osQ lkfgfR;d fo'ks"krkvksa ij izdk'k Mkfy,A
mkj'kjr lkfgR; dh Hkwfedk
'kjrpUnz pV~Vksik;k; osQ igys lkfgR; osQ f'k[kj ij ekbosQy ekqlwnu nk] cafdepUnz pV~Vksik;k;] johUnzukFk VSxksj vkfn
LFkkfir Fks ftudk izHkko 'kjr dh dFkkvksa esa Li"V :i ls foLrkfjr gksrk gSA lkekftd] jktuhfrd leL;kvksa dk rks 'kjrpUnz osQ
miU;klksa vkSj dgkfu;ksa ij Li"V izHkko n`f"Vxkspj gksrk gS] fdarq ,sfrgkfld {ks=k esa 'kjr us gkFk ugha vktek;kA 'kjrpUnz dks ukjh
n; dh igqp dk ,slk dFkkdkj dgk tkrk gS] tSlk u dHkh gqvk gS vkSj u dHkh gksxk] rks blosQ ewy esa Hkh cafdepUnz dh Hkwfedk
Li"Vr% fn[kkbZ iM+rh gSA
lkekftd psruk'kjrpUnz osQ miU;klksa esa lekt dk ^tSlk gS oSlk* :i mifLFkr gksrk gSA ;FkkFkZ fp=k mifLFkr djus esa rFkk
lekt osQ varxZr ikbZ tkus okyh lHkh izdkj dh leL;kvksa ,oa oqQjhfr;ksa dk liQy fp=k.k fd;k x;k gSA fokokvksa dks frjLr
:i ls ns[kk tkrk FkkA LoPNan izse djus dk vfkdkj rks iq#"kksa dks Fkk gh ugha] rks ukjh dks dgk ls gksrk\ fdarq 'kjr osQ miU;klksa
dh L=kh ik=kk, viuh lsok ,oa mRlxZ ls viuk loksZPp LFkku lqjf{kr djrh gSaA bl izdkj osQ miU;klksa esa pfj=kghu] Jhdkar] nsonkl
vkfn egoiw.kZ gSaA
xzkeh.k psrukHkkjrh; jktuhfr esa lkearokn dh uhao xzkeh.k O;oLFkk gh Fkh] ftlosQ varxZr tehankj vkSj lkgwdkjksa dk
vR;kpkj pyrk FkkA xzkeh.k tuthou dk fp=k [khapus esa 'kjrpUnz ekfgj FksA mUgksaus viuh dgkfu;ksa dks vkfkdkfjd :i ls xzkekskj
gsrq mifLFkr fd;k gSA xko esa tkfr] keZ vkSj vusd oqQizFkkvksa dk vackj gksrk gS rFkk tgk lqfokk osQ uke ij oqQN Hkh ugha feyrk
gSA ^pfj=kghu* miU;kl esa xko esa egkekjh iSQyus ij lsokdk;Z esa vius vkidks lefiZr dj nsuk ,d izdkj ls rRdkyhu lekt esa
tutkxj.k dk dke gSA oqQN fo}kuksa dk er gS fd 'kjr pUnz leL;k, rks mBkrs gSa ij mudk lekkku mifLFkr ugha djrsA 'kjrpUnz
dh dgkfu;ksa vkSj miU;klksa esa mifLFkr leL;kvksa dk lekkku nwjn'khZ vkSj ifjfLFkfrtU; FkkA vr% mudk lekkku u nsuk gh Bhd
FkkA muosQ oqQN miU;klksa esa ^nsukikvksuk*] iYyh lekt vkfn egoiw.kZ gSaA
kkfeZd psruk:f<+] ijaijk] vakfo'okl] deZdkaM] vkMEcj] iqjksfgrokn] oqQyhurkokn] Js"Brk dk flkar vkfn ,d fojkV
leL;k Fkh ftlosQ varxZr NqvkNwr] eafnj izos'k&fuf"k] tkfr&ikfr vkfn dks c<+kok fey jgk FkkA 'kjrpUnz dh dgkfu;ksa ,oa
miU;klksa esa bldk c[kwch fp=k.k gS fdarq kkfeZd vkMEcjksa osQ f[kykiQ os ugha tkrs oju mudh L=kh ik=kk, lcd fl[kkrh gaSA
pfj=kghu uked miU;kl esa lkkq osQ uke ij vR;kpkfj;ksa dks mudh ukf;dk us vPNk lcd fn;kA
jktuhfrd psruk'kjrpUnz osQ miU;klksa esa izR;{k :i ls jktuhfrd psruk dk lekos'k ugha gksrk gSA jk"Vh;rk vkSj Lokkhurk
osQ :i esa mudh jpukvksa esa dbZ izlax vkrs gSa fdarq izkku izo`fk lqkkj vkSj L=kh&eqfDr gh jgh gSA ^iFksj nkoh* vkSj ^iYyh lekt*
budh jktuhfrd psruk ls lacafkr miU;kl gSaA

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'kjrpUnz osQ miU;kl@dgkfu;k

miU;kl'kjrpUnz dh miU;kl ;k=kk osQ fodkl dks ns[krs gq, mldks rhu Hkkxksa esa ckVk x;k gS
1- ukjh leL;k
2- xzkeh.k leL;k
3- jktuhfrd miU;kl
ukjh thou dh ewd osnuk dk fp=k.k ckaxyk esa 'kjrpUnz pV~Vksik;k; osQ vius miU;klksa ^cM+h nhnh* (1913)] ^pfj=kghu*
(1917)] ^vj{k.kh;k* (1916) vkfn esa fn[kkbZ iM+rh gSA muosQ miU;klksa esa ukjh iq#"k] izHkqlkk osQ vR;kpkjksa dh f'kdkj ugha gksrh]
cfYd iz.k; dh ;krukvksa dk f'kdkj gksrh gSA ukjh thou dh bu lHkh leL;kvksa ij lHkh Hkkjrh; Hkk"kkvksa esa miU;kl fy[ks x,
gSaA
dgkfu;kdFkkdkj 'kjrpUnz dh dgkfu;ksa esa dFkkrRo dh iw.kZrk vkSj pfj=k dh izkkurk fn[kkbZ nsrh gSA vkSiU;kfld eskk us
'kjr dh dgkfu;ksa dks yEck djus esa lgk;rk nh gSA ;s dgkfu;k lHkh leL;kvksa ls mUehfyr gaS tks fofokrk Hkjh gSaA ^nks cSyksa dh
dFkk* esa os ftl izdkj ^egs'k* cSy dk uke nsrs gSa] ;g mudh laosnuk dh vUrjre xgjkbZ dk ifjpk;d gSA
^egs'k* vkSj ^vHkkxhj LoxZ*^egs'k* dgkuh dk ,slk ik=k gS tks tkuoj gksrs gq, Hkh balkuh cjkcjh vkSj Lusg ikrk gSA ;g
vius vkiesa ,d egku dgkuh gSA Hkkjrh; xzkeh.k fdlkuksa osQ fy, cSy gh mudh ftanxh gksrs gSaA ;g ,d nnZukd dgkuh gS ftlesa
eqlyeku fdlku dks cSy ikyrs fn[kk;k x;k gS vkSj var esa etnwjh dks foo'k gks mls vius vUunkrk cSy dks ekjuk iM+rk gSA xjhch
dk ,slk fp=k.k izsepUn dh dgkfu;ksa esa ns[kus dks feyrk gSA
^vHkkxhj LoxZ*;g dgkuh ,d L=kh ik=k dks osQUnz esa j[kdj jph xbZ gSA ,d rks ifr ifjR;Drk L=kh ij ls Mkse tkfr dh
vkSj bu lcesa mldh LoxZ tkus dh bPNk us iwjh dgkuh dks izxfr'khy vkSj kafrn'khZ cuk fn;k gSA LoxZ osQ fy, iqjksfgrksa us ftl
rcosQ dk izos'k oftZr dj fn;k Fkk vkt ogh pkjksa vksj ls ifjR;Drk LoxZ izkfIr dh bPNk j[krh gSA e`R;q dh [kq'kh dk ,slk n`';
igys dHkh fdlh dgkuh esa ugha vk;kA var esa vHkkxh dh e`R;q gksrh gS vkSj mldh bPNk ij lkearoknh iqjksfgroknh izof` k;ksa us rkyk
yxk fn;kA
vHkkxhj LoxZ
(i) fo"k;&oLrqbl dgkuh dh fo"k;oLrq ,d xjhc] vNwr] ifjR;Drk L=kh gS ftldh bPNk e`R;q osQ ckn LoxZ tkus dh gSA
;g czk.kokn osQ ,sls caku dks rksM+uk pkgrh gS tks mls ekuo LFkkfir djrk vkSj cjkcjh dk ntkZ fnykrkA
(ii) pfj=k&fp=k.kbl dgkuh esa eq[; ik=k vHkkxh gS ftlosQ uke ij gh bl dgkuh dk uke iM+k gSA uhp tkfr dh gksus osQ
ckotwn og ijaijkvksa ls la?k"kZ djrh gSA vU; ik=kksa esa tehankj] czk.k] mldk ifr] csVk vkfn gSaA
(iii) ms';'kjrpUnz us ,d ,slh d#.k leL;k dks mBk;k gS tks cM+s&cM+s iRFkj fnyksa dks Hkh ue dj nsrk gSA lekt dh
laosnughurk dks fn[kkrs gq, 'kjr dk dguk gS fd vkf[kj mlus LoxZ tkus dh gh rks bPNk dh FkhA LoxZ gS Hkh ;k ugha ;s rks irk
ugha] fdarq e`R;q osQ ckn eks{k ikus dk vfkdkj Hkh mlls balkuksa }kjk Nhu fy;k x;kA vr% vR;ar d#.k dFkk osQ ek;e ls 'kjrpUnz
us lekt osQ eq[kkSVs dks gVk fn;k gSA
dkth ut:y bLyke
lkekU; ifjp;dkth ut:y bLyke Hkkjrh; thou dh foMEcukvksa osQ lkFk&LkkFk rRdkyhu leL;kvksa ls :&c&: djkrs
gSaA dfo us wjrkiw.kZ ifjfLFkfr;ksa ls la?k"kZ djosQ thou lej esa thr gkfly dh gSA onZeku esa tUes dfo ,d fukZu eqlyeku Fks]
ftUgksaus ns'k osQ fy, dkO; l`tu fd;kA
le; vkSj ifjos'kut:y bLyke us rRdkyhu le; osQ gLrk{kj 'kjrpUnz pV~Vksik;k; dh Hkkfr jktuhfrd] lkekftd vkSj
vkfFkZd ifjfLFkfr;ksa dk o.kZu fd;k gSA osQoy dkO; esa gh bldk n`'; ugha fn[krk cfYd O;fDrxr thou esa Hkh ut:y xkkh osQ
vkanksyu esa Hkkx ysrs Fks bUgksaus rks :lh kafr ls izHkkfor gks fczfV'k 'kfDr dks pqukSrh nsrs FksA kkfeZd :f<+;ksa] vakfo'oklksa osQ fo#
vkokt mBkbZA
dkO;&;k=kkdkth ut:y bLyke dh dkO; ;k=kk jk"Vh; psruk ls vkjaHk gksdj tkxj.k] ns'k osQ izfr fo'okl?kkr vkSj
jktuhfrd nko&isap vkSj jksekafVd jpuk ls vkxs rd igqprh gSA xhfrdkO; esa Hkh ut:y dks egkjr gkfly FkhA dgk tkrk gS fd
os ,d vPNs xk;d Hkh FksA budh oqQN egoiw.kZ jpuk, fuEufyf[kr gSaeqfDr] jktiq=k] vfXuoh.kk] pokd] vtjey uhfrdk]
lqjklk{kh] xkusjekyk vkfnA

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jk"Vh; psruk
dkth ut:y bLyke dh jk"Vh;rk esa vkst] lkgl vkSj fonzksg dh Hkkouk O;kIr gSA vaxzsth gqowQer osQ izfr ;g vkks'k ut:y
esa LokHkkfod :i ls ns[kk tk ldrk gSA vaxzstksa }kjk fd, tk jgs vR;kpkj osQ fo# vkokt mBkuk rFkk xkakhth osQ lR;kxzg ls
izHkkfor ut:y us vkus dkO; dks Hkh ogh rst iznku fd;kA ftlosQ lkFk os vkanksyuksa esa izR;{kr% Hkkx ysrs FksA vr% jk"Vh; eqfDr
dh vkdka{kk ls O;kIr dfo dh dforkvksa esa fonzksgh] kweosQrq] vkRe'kfDr vkfn egoiw.kZ gSaA
leUo;eqlyeku dfo gksdj Hkh ckaxyk Hkk"kk esa jk"Vh;rk dh vuqxwat iSnk djus okys dfo dk frRo vkSj O;fDrRo nksuksa
gh leUo;oknh gSaA tkfr] keZ] o.kZ] lEiznk; lHkh dk fojksk djosQ ekuo dY;k.k dh Hkkouk us ut:y dks bLyke vkSj fganw nksuksa
gh keZ dh dV~Vjrk vkSj cscqfu;knh vkMEcj dks Bqdjk;k gSA
^fonzksgh* dfork dk fo'ys"k.k
^fonzksgh* dfork dkth ut:y bLyke dh kafrn'khZ vkSj jk"Vh;rk osQ lkFk&lkFk vR;kpkj osQ f[kykiQ fonzksg dh dfork gSA
gk] dfo us jk"Vh;rk osQ mu lanHkks dks eq[; :i ls ykus dk dke fd;k gS] tks vkRelEeku vkSj Hkkjrh; vfLerk dks xkSjoe;h
cukrk gSA bl dfork osQ ckjs esa ;gh dgk tk ldrk gS fd fonzksgh dfork vke turk osQ ^fonzksg* dh dfork gS] og ml vR;kpkjh
lewg osQ izfr tu&vkanksyu dh dfork gSA
iz'u 4- ey;kye Hkk"kk lkfgR; osQ fodkl ij ,d vkys[k fyf[k,A
mkjjk"Vh; psruk vkSj uotxkj.k % osQjy osQ lanHkZ esa
vkkqfud ;qx esa vkkqfudrk osQ rRoksa dk vlj iwjs ns'k esa gqvkA Hkkjr esa ;g vkjaHk esa uotkxj.k vkSj iqu#RFkkuokn osQ :i
esa izdV gqvk ftlesa tkrh; laLfr laj{k.k vkSj jk"Vh; Lokkhurk osQ rRoksa dh cgqyrk FkhA osQjy jkT; Hkkjr osQ lcls nf{k.kh Nksj
ij fLFkr gSA vaxszth jkT; dh LFkkiuk osQ ckn bZlkbZ keZ izpkj dk dk;Z Hkh rsth ls vkjaHk gks pqdk FkkA vkfFkZd&jktuhfrd izHkqRo
osQ ckn vc kkfeZd izHkqRo dh ckjh FkhA vr% ;gk vfLrRo dh yM+kbZ gks xbZA fdarq bu lcosQ chp Kku&foKku vkSj f'k{kk dk Hkh
izpkj gks jgk Fkk] ftlls vkkqfudrk dh rkfdZd kkjk Hkh izokfgr gks jgh FkhA lkFk gh lkaLfrd laj{k.k dk dk;Z Hkh fd;k tkus
yxkA bu lHkh iz;klksa us ey;kye lkfgR; vkSj Hkk"kk esa mRFkkuoknh izo`fk dks tUe fn;k vkSj vusd euhf"k;ksa us bl fn'kk esa egoiw.kZ
;ksxnku fn;kA buesa Jhukjk;.k xq# dk uke lokZfkd egoiw.kZ gSA vr% lekt lqkkj dh tks kkjk cz lekt] vk;Z lekt vkSj
jktuhfrd :i ls dkaxzsl dj jgh Fkh] mls ;gk Hkh i;kZIr volj vkSj lg;ksx feykA cz lekt dh 'kk[kk 1898 esa [kksyh xbZ rFkk
vk;Zlekt 1922 esa LFkkfir dh xbZA
tks Hkh gks keZ] lekt vkSj jktuhfr osQ {ks=k esa ey;kye Hkk"kk fdlh ls ihNs ugha jghA oqQekj vk'kku] oYyrksy] dfo oqQYywj
vkfn egoiw.kZ dfo vkSj lektnz"Vk gSaA
ey;kye Hkk"kk vkSj lkfgR;osQjy esa nks rjg dh fyfi;k izpfyr FkhacV~Vsiqrq vkSj dkSyiqkqA bZlk dh rhljh lnh esa
ekdksZiksyks us osQjy dk Hkze.k fd;k vkSj dgk fd osQjy dh viuh fyfi gSA blesa oqQy fyfi fpksa dh la[;k 57 gSA ey;kye
Hkk"kk dh mRifk osQ ckjs esa dbZ er gSaA oqQN yksxksa dh jk; gS fd laLr ls bldk tUe gqvk gSA rfey] rsyqxq] dUuM+] ey;kye
tSlh izeq[k nzfoM+ Hkk"kkvksa osQ fy, ,d ekSfyd Hkk"kk osQ :i fo|eku FkhA ;gh ^ewy nzfoM+ Hkk"kk* jktuhfrd vkSj lkekftd ifjorZu]
tyok;q vkSj ns'k] izfr osQ dkj.k ifjofrZr vkSj Lora=k cuhA O;kdj.k vkSj mPpkj.k esa ey;kye Hkk"kk ges'kk fer LoHkko vkSj
iz;Ru ykko dk ikyu djrh gSA vkkqfud ey;kye lkfgR; esa osQjy oekZ ofy; dksf;kEiqjku osQ le; ls osQjy esa lkaosQfrd
lkfgR; {kh.k gqvk vkSj dkYifud lkfgR; dh izxfr gksus yxhA vfHkO;atuk] thou rFkk izfr osQ lanHkZ esa n`f"V esa ifjorZu gqvkA
Hkko rhozrk bl u;h izo.krk dh tku cu xbZA dgkuh] ukVd] miU;kl tSls dkO; :iksa dh izpqjrk gksus yxhA
fganh izpkj lHkk1918 esa egkRek xkakh }kjk fganh izpkj lHkk dh LFkkiuk gqbZ vkSj muosQ fopkjksa ,oa jk"Vh; ,drk us lkfgR;
dks ,d u;h fn'kk iznku dhA vc osQjy osQ Nk=kksa dks Hkkjrh; txr esa (mkj Hkkjr esa) ?kVh ?kVukvksa dk Hkh Kku gksus yxkA
i=k&if=kdk,dfork dks lkekU;tu ls tksM+us ,oa vius fopkjksa dks turk rd igqpkus dk ek;e i=k&if=kdkvksa osQ fodkl
us ;qx kafr yk nhA dkSeqnh if=kdk osQ izdk'ku ls r#.k dfo;ksa dks u, Hkkoksa osQ izdk'ku dk ekSdk fey x;kA
lkfgR;osQjy esa oS.ef.k uaiwfrjh dh dkO; 'kSyh dk vuqdj.k djus okys dfo;ksa esa dksrqxYywj dksPpqf.k] dk=kfYy vkfn uke
gSa fdarq u;k ey;kye osQjy oekZ dh u;h 'kSyh ls xfr idM+rk gSA rRi'pkr~ jksekafVd dfork dks oqQekj vk'kku] oYyrksy vkSj
oqQYywj us izxfr osQ iFk ij vxzlj fd;kA fiQj ,d eksM+ ,slk Hkh vk;k tc ;s dfo Lokkhurk laxzke dh vksj eqM+sA buosQ i'pkr

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ukyikV~V ukjk;.k esuu] oqQfV~VIiq"kq] iYyrq jkeu vkfn dk uke mYys[kuh; gSA vr% ey;kye lkfgR; dh lHkh fo/kvksa esa ,d
lkFk bu fopkjksa dk izokg gksrk gSA
iz'u 5- iatkch Hkk"kk lkfgR; osQ fodkl ij ,d fuac/ fyf[k,A
mkjiatkch lkfgR; dh ifjfLFkfr;kdksbZ Hkh lkfgR; lkekftd] jktuhfrd ,oa kkfeZd ifjfLFkfr;ksa ls lac gksrk gSA
jpukdkj bu ifjfLFkfr;ksa ls cp ugha ldrkA iatkch lkfgR; dk izkjaHk gh kkfeZd :f<+;ksa dh csfM+;ksa dks rksM+us osQ fy, ukud us
fd;kA ysfdu eqxyksa osQ vke.k us flD[kksa dh 'kfDr dks VqdM+ksa esa foHkDr dj fn;kA j.kthr flag us flD[kksa dh bl fc[kjh 'kfDr
dks ,d=k djus dk kafrdkjh dk;Z fd;kA buosQ 'kklu&dky esa iatkch vkSj {ks=k dks rks foLrkj feyk] ysfdu Hkk"kk lacakh dksbZ izxfr
ugha ifjyf{kr gksrhA iatkch rks ek=k euksjatu dh Hkk"kk cuk jghA
j.kthr flag osQ ckn iatkc vaxzstksa osQ vkhu gks x;kA ^iwQV Mkyks vkSj 'kklu djks* osQ oqQp us iqu% flD[kksa esa iwQV Mky fn;kA
flD[kksa dk vkRecy nfer gks x;kA ,slh vakdkjiw.kZ jktuhfrd fLFkfr esa iatkch lekt dk Hkh mRFkku kkfeZd vkanksyu ls gh izkjaHk
gqvkA ^ukekkjh* uked bl vkanksyu us fl[kksa dh ,drk ls iatkc esa iqutkZxj.k dks fn'kk nhA vaxzsth 'kklu dk fojksk izkjaHk gqvk
vkSj bUgha ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa iatkch lkfgR; esa uotkxj.k osQ ro fn[kkbZ nsus yxrs gSaA
vkkqfud iatkch lkfgR;lu~ 1849 bZ- esa iatkc us ubZ djoV yhA 'kkg eqgEen rFkk eaVd dh dkO;&jpukvksa us ns'k dks
ijra=krk ls eqfDr osQ fy, lkkkj.k&tu esa mRlkg dk lapkj fd;kA
vU; vkkqfud Hkkjrh; Hkk"kkvksa dh rjg iatkch Hkk"kk&lkfgR; Hkh vaxzsth jkt ls jks'kuh izkIr dj jgk FkkA iQyLo:i vkkqfud
Hkko&cksk] vuwfnr lkfgR; osQ }kjk Hkk"kk fodkl vkSj Hkkjrh; lekt dh dfe;ksa osQ fo# ,d Loj esa lkfgfR;d iz;kl us kafr
dk lw=kikr fd;kA
1864 esa vksfj,aVy dkWyst dh LFkkiuk Lons'kh Hkk"kk osQ izpkj&izlkj osQ ms'; ls dh x;hA ykWMZ eSdkys osQ ?kksj fojksk us dkWyst
dk ms'; iwjk ugha gksus fn;k] ijarq Lons'kh Hkk"kk&izse dh tks ygj iSnk gqbZ] mlus tkx`fr osQ vusd jkLrs [kksysA
iatkc fo'ofo|ky; osQ ek;e ls iatkch Hkk"kk vkSj lkfgR; dk mkj gqvkA vaxzsth f'k{kk ls xko&'kgj] f'kf{kr&vf'kf{kr dh
tks xgjh [kkbZ iSnk gqbZ Fkh] Lons'kh Hkk"kk us ml [kkbZ dks ikVus dk dk;Z fd;kA lu~ 1885 esa jk"Vh; dkaxzsl dh LFkkiuk us jktuhfrd
kafr dks ,d uohu fn'kk nhA
iatkch lkfgR; esa keZ osQ izfr loZizFke xkSjo&tkx`fr dk cksk gqvkA fiQj tu&psruk jk"Vh; vkSj lkfgfR;d ljksdkjksa ls tqM+
ldhA chloha lnh dh vkfFkZd eanh us iatkc dh vkfFkZd fLFkfr dks cnrj cuk fn;kA vHkko vkSj 'kks"k.k dh fLFkfr esa
lkfgR;dkjksa vkSj cqfthoh oxks dk mn; gqvkA Hkkjrh;&Hkko ls vkanksyu dk izkjaHk gqvk vkSj i=k&if=kdkvksa osQ ek;e ls
tukafr dh ygj nkSM+ iM+hA
iqjkus ewY;ksa osQ izfr yksxksa dk eksgHkax gqvkA izxfr'khy fparkkkjk us jk"Vh; ,drk&cksk dks tUe fn;kA bl nkSjku fy[ks x,
lkfgR; esa keZ] izfr] izse] leL;k vkfn leLr fo"k;ksa osQ ek;e ls jk"Vh; psruk dks tkx`r djus dk egku dk;Z fd;kA
iatkch lkfgR; % izeq[k jpukdkj
iatkch Hkk"kk vkSj lkfgR; dk fodkl vusd izfrowQy ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa gqvk gSA keZ dk ego vfkd gksus osQ ckotwn izxfr FkhA
fopkjksa dk izpqj ek=kk esa lekos'k FkkA iatkch lkfgR; osQ iqjkskk lkfgR;dkjksa esa izFke uke HkkbZ ohj flag th dk vkrk gS] tks keZ
dks vkkkj cukdj Hkh mls lkekftd psruk ls ;qDr dj jpuk djrs gSaA vr% kkfeZd vkykspdksa us lkfgR; deZ dks c<+kok fn;k
gSA vkkqfud iatkch lkfgR;dkjksa esa izeq[k fuEufyf[kr gSa
HkkbZ ohj flagHkkbZ ohj flag us keZ dks LoPN :i esa xzg.k dj ns'k vkSj jk"V lsok osQ izfr viuk deZ fuHkkrs gSaA bUgksaus xq#
osQ ego osQ vkkkj ij jk"Vh; psruk dks tkxzr fd;k gSA miU;kl] dgkuh] i=k&if=kdkvksa osQ ek;e ls Hkkjrh; lekt dh nqxZfr
dks n'kkZdj uohu psruk osQ fy, vn~Hkqr iz;kl fd;k gSA ^[kkylk v[kckj* dk bUgksaus laiknu fd;kA
/uhjke pkf=kdkuhjke pkf=kd dk tUe vkfFkZd n`f"V ls foiUu ifokj esa gqvk FkkA dfo pkf=kd dh f'k{kk vFkkZHkko esa iwjh
ugha gks ldhA ek vkSj izkfrd lkSan;Z us lkfgR;dkj pkf=kd dks lkfgfR;d psruk ls laiUu fd;kA izsl esa ukSdjh osQ nkSjku kuhjke
vusd lkfgR;dkjksa ls ifjfpr gq,A
keZfujis{krk pkf=kd dh lcls izeq[k Hkko&psruk FkhA ^xq#eq[kh* fyfi dk VkbZi <kydj kuhjke us ,d egoiw.kZ dk;Z fd;kA
mUgksaus iatkch Hkk"kk] fyfi ,oa lkfgR; rhuksa dks oSKkfudrk ls tksM+ fn;kA

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dfo pkf=kd ewYkr% ekuorkoknh FksA mUgksaus fganw keZ esa lqkkj osQ fy, foiqy lkfgR; dh jpuk dhA lkfgR; esa x| vkSj i|
dh nksuksa fo/kvksa ij mudh leku idM+ cuh jghA mUgksaus lgt] ljy vkSj yfyr vfHkO;fDr osQ iz;ksx ls iatkch lkfgR; dh
vf}rh; lsok dhA
izks- iwju flag (1881&1991)izks- iwju flag Hkh vius le; osQ [;kfryCk lkfgR;dkj FksA bZ'oj dh ik ls mUgsa
izfrHkklaiUu O;fDrRo izkIr gqvk FkkA fons'kh lkfgR; dk v;;u vkSj fons'kksa osQ Hkze.k ls iwju flag dh lksp dks ,d vkkqfud vkSj
O;kid n`f"V izkIr gqbZA
izks- flag us iatkch x|&i| lkfgR; osQ fodkl esa egoiw.kZ ;ksxnku fn;kA muosQ lkfgR; esa v;kReokn vkSj thoukuqHkwfr dk
vn~Hkqr laxe fn[kkbZ iM+rk gSA
lkfgR;dkj iwju flag dks viuh izfr ls cM+k vuqjkx FkkA vr% mudh jpukvksa esa ;g yxko vusd=k ifjyf{kr gksrk gSA os
tehu ls tqM+s jpukdkj FksA ekr`Hkwfe osQ izfr ;g xkSjo cksk gh izks- flag dks jk"VO;kih lkfgR;dkj cuk nsrk gSA
xqjc['k flag ((1895&1977)xqjc['k flag dh iatkch lkfgfR;d fr;k vkkqfudrk osQ vkbZus esa fy[kh xb lkfgR;&jpuk
gSA xqjc['k us Hkkjr dh lPph ihM+k vkSj O;Fkk dks igpkuk vkSj viuh ys[kuh ls mls vfHkO;fDr dk tkek iguk fn;kA LokHkkfod
gS fd ns'k&fons'kksa osQ Hkze.k ls izkIr vuqHko ,oa mPp&f'k{kk dk izHkko FkkA dY;k.kdkjh n`f"V us jpukdkj xqjc['k dh jpukkfeZrk
dks ,d O;kid lanHkZ iznku fd;kA ys[kd us x|&i| nksuksa fo/kvksa esa leku :i ls ys[kuh pyk;h rFkk iatkch Hkk"kk dk iz;ksx
jk"Vh; psruk txkus osQ fy, fd;kA vr% iatkch lkfgR; osQ bl vuqHkoh fo}ku vkSj ekuooknh lkfgR;dkj dh jpukkfeZrk jk"V dh
vewY; fufk gSA
ukud flagukud flag viuh O;fDrxr ftanxh ls ysdj lkfgfR;d ftanxh rd lnSo la?k"kZ esa thrs jgsA lu~ 1920&21 osQ
la?k"kZ osQ nkSjku iatkc esa gq, fganw&flD[kksa osQ la?k"kZ osQ mijkar Kkuh ckx flag dh lsokkfeZrk us mudh vk[ksa [kksy nhA muosQ eu
lkkq&larksa osQ izfr tks oqQizHkko Fkk] mldk 'keu gks x;kA ckn esa mUgksaus lR;kxzg vkanksyu esa Hkh Hkkx fy;kA ^bd fe;ku nks ryokjk*
'kh"kZd jpuk ij mUgsa 1961 esa lkfgR; vdkneh iqjLdkj ls lEekfur fd;k x;kA vius vusd miU;kl dgkfu;ksa osQ ek;e ls ukud
flag us lkekftd vR;kpkj vkSj kkfeZd cqjkb;ksa osQ var dk izkjaHk fd;kA bl rjg ukud flag lPps vFkks esa lkfgR;dkj FksA mudh
lkfgfR;d jpuk, vkkqfud Hkkjrh; lkfgR; dh vewY; fufk gSA
eksgu flageksgu flag us Hkh iatkch lkfgR; osQ ek;e ls Js"B ekuorkoknh flkar dh lekt esa LFkkiuk dhA mudk O;fDrRo
keZijk;.k FkkA dFkk&dgkuh] keZijd lkfgR; ,oa vuqokn dk;Z osQ lkFk&lkFk eksgu flag us v;kiu vkSj i=k&if=kdkvksa osQ izdk'ku
osQ }kjk iatkch lkfgR; dh vikj lsok dhA os vius dkO;&lkfgR; osQ }kjk uo&Hkkjr osQ fuekZ.k gsrq la?k"kZ'khy jgsA vr% muosQ
lkfgfR;d vonku dh ppkZ osQ fcuk iatkch lkfgR; vkwjk izrhr gksrk gSA
ve`rk izhreve`rk izhre Hkkjrh; tuekul dh fiz; ysf[kdk jgh gSaA budh jpukvksa esa O;fDrxr vuqHkwfr dks iwjk LFkku fn;k
x;k gSA iatkch L=kh dh ijra=krk dks ysf[kdk us vius lkfgR; esa eq[kj vfHkO;fDr nh gSA
1947 osQ le; foHkktu us dof;=kh osQ eu&efLr"d dks nzfor dj fn;kA blh le; ^eSrSa rq"kkjh[k nkW fgUn nh** 'kh"kZd vej
fr dh mUgksaus jpuk dhA ^MkDVj nso*] ^fiatjs* rFkk ^vyxko* muosQ izfl miU;kl gSaA
ve`rk izhre rd igqph iatkch lkfgR; dh ;k=kk vR;ar O;kid gks x;h] ftlesa iatkch lkfgR; osQ mTToy Hkfo"; ns[kk tk
ldrk gSA
iz'u 8- fuEufyf[kr esa ls fdUgha nks ij laf{kIr fVIif.k;k fyf[k,A
(d) egknsoh oekZ
([k) fujkyk
mkj(d) egknsoh oekZ dk thou&ifjp;egknsoh oekZ dk tUe iQ:Z[kkckn esa Jh xksfoUn izlkn oekZ osQ ;gk lu~
1907 esa gqvkA budh ekrk dk uke gseorh FkkA ekrk dh dkO;&ikB osQ izfr xgu #fp ,oa vkLFkk gksus osQ dkj.k egknsoh esa dkO;
laLdkj dk tUe gqvkA ikfjokfjd lkfgfR;d ifjos'k us dof;=kh osQ fuekZ.k esa egrh Hkwfedk fuHkkbZA bUnkSj ls vkjfEHkd f'k{kk izkIr
dj 1933 bZ- esa fo'ofo|ky; ls n'kZu'kkL=k esa ,e-,- rd dh liQyrk vftZr djus esa liQy jghaA fiQj iz;kx efgyk fo|kihB
dh izkkukpk;kZ fu;qDr gqbA
izkjaHk esa dof;=kh cztHkk"kk esa jpuk djrh Fkha ijarq ckn esa mUgksaus [kM+h cksyh dks viuk;kA os ,d oqQ'ky fp=kdkj Hkh FkhaA
ftldk izHkko budh dkO;&fr;ksa esa Li"V fn[kkbZ nsrk gSA

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egknsoh osQ O;fDrRo esa uotkxj.k dkyhu psruk dk izHkwr izHkko gSA mUgksaus ^?kj osQ caku* dks Lohdkj ugha fd;kA egknsoh
us lkfgR; osQ ek;e ls jk"Vlsok dhA mudh ^;kek* fr osQ fy, mUgsa KkuihB iqjLdkj feykA bl egku dof;=kh dk fuku 1987 bZesa gqvkA
egknsoh oekZ dk lkfgR; ifjp;dof;=kh egknsoh oekZ Nk;koknh psruk dh fof'k"V O;fDrRo gSA bUgksaus Hkko izkku xhrksa
dh jpuk dhA buosQ xhrksa esa O;Fkk] ihM+k] vk'kk] fiz; osQ izfr iz.k;] jk"Vizse dh vuqie >yd feyrh gSA dof;=kh dh psruk ij
ckS n'kZu dk Li"V izHkko ifjyf{kr gksrk gSA tgk muosQ dkO; jgL;yksd dk fopj.k djkus esa liQy gksrs gSa] ogha mudh x| fr;k
okLrfodrk dk fun'kZu gSaA egknsoh th dh eq[k fr;k bl izdkj gSa
i|kRed fr^uhgkj* (1930)] ^jf'e* (1932)] ^uhjtk* (1935)] ^lka; xhr* (1936)] ^nhif'k[kk* (bu ikapksa laxzg dk
,d=k ladYku ^;kek* 'kh"kZd iqLrd esa izdkf'kr gS) blosQ vfrfjDr ^fgeky;* laxzg dof;=kh dh jk"Vh; psruk dh lqanj vfHkO;fDr
gSA
x|kRed fr^vrhr osQ pyfp=k*] ^Le`fr dh js[kk,*] ^iFk osQ lkFkh*] ^esjk ifjokj*] ^ k`a[kyk dh dfM+;k*A
laiknu^pkn* if=kdk dk bUgksaus liQy laiknu fd;kA
egknsoh oekZ dk x| lkfgR; % fofok :i
dof;=kh egknsoh oekZ us x| ysf[kdk osQ :i esa Hkh leku :i ls yksdfiz;rk gkfly dh gSA oekZ th dh x| fr;ksa rRdkyhu
;qx dh n'kk dk okLrfod fp=k.k gqvk gSA vkxs foLr`r o.kZu fn;k tk jgk gSA
js[kkfp=k vkSj laLej.k^vrhr osQ pyfp=k*] ^Le`fr dh js[kk,* vkSj ^iFk osQ lkFkh* oekZ th osQ mYys[kuh; js[kkfp=k ,oa
laLej.k lfkgR; gSaA buesa ifjokj] lekt] O;fDr ls ysf[kdk dh vkReh;rk dk irk pyrk gSA lkFk gh lkekftd ifjos'k vkSj of.kZr
pfj=k dk O;fDrRo Hkh mHkjdj lkeus vkrk gSA
vrhr osQ pyfp=kysf[kdk osQ ^vrhr osQ pyfp=k* 'kh"kZd js[kkfp=k laxzg esa Jethoh ukSdj] cky&fokok] fujhg ckfydk]
lfc;k] lCth cspus okys vyksih tSls misf{kr ik=kksa dks Lusg&LFkku izkIr gqvk gSA eq[;r% ;g fr loZgkjk oxZ dh ,d lqna j >kadh gSA
Le`fr dh js[kk,^Le`fr dh js[kk,* egknsoh oekZ osQ laLej.kkRed js[kkfp=k dhs cstksM+ fr gSA ysf[kdk osQ izkS<+ eu esa
clsHkfDru] phuh] tafx;k&kfu;k] lqywdk ek] BoqQjh ckck] xqafM;k tSls ik=kksa dk vkReh; fp=k mifLFkr gqvk gSA ysf[kdk us lekt
osQ vHkkoxzLr ik=k osQ lkFk viuh HkkoukRed vuqHkwfr dks O;Dr dj mu pfj=kksa dks lekt esa LFkku fnyk;k gSA
iFk osQ lkFkh^iFk osQ lkFkh* 'kh"kZd laLej.k vR;ar izHkko'kkyh lkfgfR;d O;fDr;ksa dh ;knksa dk thoar laxzg gSA dohUnz
johUnz] eSfFkyh'kj.k xqIr] t;'kadj izlkn] fujkyk] iar] lqHknzk oqQekjh pkSgku ,oa fl;kjke'kj.k xqIr osQ thou&o`k] ifjos'k]
f;kdyki ,oa LoHkko dk jkspd ,oa vkReh; fp=k.k gSA ;s lHkh pfj=k ysf[kdk osQ iFk osQ izsjd lkFkh FksA
fucak vkSj vkykspukegknsoh oekZ lkfgfR;d n`f"Vdks.k ls vR;ar cgqeq[kh izfrHkk dh kuh FkhaA mUgksaus ftu fucakksa vkSj
vkykspukvksa dk l`tu fd;k] os lkfgR; dh vf}rh; fufk gSaA
k`a[kyk dh dfM+;kizLrqr xzaFk esa egknsoh osQ 11 egoiw.kZ fucakksa dk izdk'ku gqvk gSA vius laikndRo dky esa ^pkn* osQ
laikndh; osQ :i esa mUgksaus budh jpuk dh FkhA bu fucakksa esa ukjh dh ihM+k vkSj n;uh; fLFkfr dh lokd~ fp=k.k gqvk gSA xzaFk
osQ ek;e ls oekZ us Hkkjrh; fL=k;ksa dks ^thus dh dyk* nhA
{k.knk^{k.knk* (1956) ysf[kdk egknsoh oekZ dh nwljh egoiw.kZ fucakkRed fr gSA buesa ysf[kdk us vfHkO;fDr osQ :i
esa oSpkfjd psruk] ;k=kk o`kkar] Hkk"kk ,oa lkfgR;ijd fo"k;ksa dks viuk vkkkj cuk;k gSA
^lkfgR;dkj dh vkLFkk* vkSj ^ladfYirk* Hkh lkfgfR;d ,oa lkaLfrd fucakksa dk nqyZHk laxzg gSA
mkj([k) thou&dky (1897 bZ-&1963 bZ-)fujkyk dh lkfgfR;d i`"BHkwfe osQ :i esa jk"Vh; uotkxj.k dk cgqr cM+k
;ksxnku jgk gSA fujkyk dk tUe caxky dh kjrh ij gqvk Fkk vkSj caxky Hkkjrh; jk"Vh; vkSj lkaLfrd uotkxj.k dh tuuh FkhA
vr% fujkyk dk kafrn'khZ jpukdkj cu tkuk vR;ar LokHkkfod FkkA johUnzukFk vkSj foosdkuan muosQ izsj.kk lkzsr FksA blh dkj.k jkx
vkSj fojkx tSlh fo# izo`fk osQ chp lkeatL; dk la?k"kZ muosQ lkfgR; esa vusd :iksa esa ifjyf{kr gksrk gSA Hkkjrh; vfLerk dh
iqu% izfr"Bk osQ fy, lw;Zdkar f=kikBh us vusd tkxj.k xhr fy[ks] ftlesa Hkkjrh; lkaLfrd xkSjo dks izdV djus vkSj jk"Vh; ltxrk
ykus tSlk iquhr dk;Z fd;k x;kA
LoPNanrk vkSj kafr lw;Zdkar f=kikBh ^fujkyk* osQ lkfgfR;d psruk osQ iszjd ro FksA dfo dh lkfgfR;d i`"BHkwfe dh psruk
osQ :i esa iRuh dh izsj.kk dk Hkh egkh ;ksxnku gSA fu"d"kZr% fujkyk dh lkfgR; lkkuk ns'k] lekt vkSj rRdkyhu lanHkks dh izsj.kk
vkSj la?k"kZ ls izLiqQfVr gqbZ gSA

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fujkyk dkO; dh varoZLrq

kafrn'khZ dfo fujkyk osQ lkfgR; esa fofok fo"k;ksa dh vfHkO;fDr gqbZ gSA izse] k`axkj] kafr] jk"V xkSjo rFkk ekuoh;rk tSls
ro fujkyk dh dforkvksa dks ,d mnkk HkkoHkwfe iznku djrs gSaA fujkyk iz;ksxkehZ dfo FksA blh dkj.k mUgksaus dkO;&txr dks
Hkko ,oa f'kYi nksuksa {ks=k esa uohurk iznku dhA
1- ns'k izse vkSj jk"Vh;rk^'ksjksa dh ekn esa vk;k gS vkt L;kj@tkxks fiQj ,d ckjAA*tSlh dkO; iafDr;ksa dh jpuk djus
okys dfo fujkyk dh vusd dkO; jpuk, ns'kizse vkSj jk"Vh;rk dh vewY; kjksgj gSaA
fujkyk th dh jk"Vh; Hkkouk dgha ekr`Hkwfe oanuk] rks dgha izfr izse vkSj dgha mn~cksku xhr osQ :i esa izLiqQfVr gqbZ gSA dfo
ekr`Hkwfe osQ mkj esa vius leLr LokFkks dks cfy p<+k nsuk pkgrk gS
^uj thou osQ LokFkZ ldy]
cfy gksa rsjs pj.kksa ij ekA*
dfo nso oanuk Hkh djrk gS] rks mlesa jk"V dk uotkxj.k gh yf{kr gksrk gS^oj ns oh.kk okfnfu oj nsA fiz; Lora=k&jo
ve`r&ea=k uoA Hkkjr esa Hkj ns!* Li"V gS fd dfo iwjs eu] izk.k ,oa deZ ls jk"V dks lefiZr FkkA
2- izfr izse ns'k izse esa rnkdkjvkpk;Z jkepanz 'kqDy us fy[kk gS fd ;fn fdlh dks vius ns'k ls izse gS rks mls vius
ns'k osQ euq";] i'kq] i{kh] yrk] xqYe] isM+ iks] d.k] ioZr] unh] fu>Zj lcls izse gksxkA lpeqp ns'k&izse dk vkjaHk izfr izse ls
gh gksrk gSA izfr osQ ek;e ls gh rks O;fDr ns'k dks eglwl dj ikrk gSA
fujkyk vkpk;Z 'kqDy dh ns'kHkfDr dh dlkSVh ij iw.kZr% [kjs mrjrs gSaA vr% muosQ dkO; esa Hkkjrh; izkfrd laink dks iwjk
lEeku feyk gSA ^Hkkjrh t; fot; djs!* 'kh"kZd dfork dh oqQN iafDr;k mYys[kuh; gS
^r# r`.k ou yrk olu]
vapy esa [kfpr lqeu]
xaxk T;ksfrtZy d.k]
koy kkj gkj d.k xysA*
3- tkxj.k dk Lojfujkyk dh dkO;&jpuk, tkxj.k ls lhkk lacak j[krh gSaA dfo dk uotkxj.k foosdkfeZrk ls vkyksfdr
vkSj ekuoh;rk ls iq"V izrhr gksrk gSA ;g dfo dh tkxzr psruk dk gh izrhd gS fd mudk eu ?kksj la?k"kZ vkSj fujk'kk osQ {k.kksa
esa Hkh ugha FkdrkA mnkgj.k izLrqr gS
^og jgk ,d eu vkSj jke dk tks u Fkdk*
(jke dh 'kfDr iwtk)
^rqylhnkl* rFkk ^f'kokth dk i=k* tSlh jpuk, dfo fujkyk osQ tkxj.k osQ Loj dks vfkd iq"V djrh gaSA dfo osQ ,sfrgkfld
lkaLfrd izrhd Hkkjrh;ksa osQ eu esa vk'kk nhi txkus esa iwjh rjg l{ke izrhr gksrs gSaA mUgksaus Hkkjrokfl;ksa dks mudh nSU; ekufldrk
ls ckgj fudkyus dk mYys[kuh; iz;kl fd;kA dfo dh iafDr;k mYys[kuh; gSa
^^rqe gks egku] rqe lnk gks egkuA
cz gks rqe -----------------A
tkxks fiQj ,d ckjA**
tkxj.k osQ Loj esa dfooj fujkyk osQ koy eu dh Nfo izfrfcafcr gksrh gSA
4- ,sfrgkfld&lkaLfrd dF;ksa vkSj ik=kksa }kjk tkxj.k psruk dk izlkjvkkqfud Hkkjrh; jk"Vh; uotkxj.k osQ bfrgkl
esa nks izeq[k psruk cyorh jghA igyh] ,sfrgkfld dFkk dh izsj.kk] nwljh lkaLfrd psrukA fujkyk osQ frRo esa ,sfrgkfld
lkaLfrd rF;ksa dks egoiw.kZ LFkku izkIr gqvkA dfooj fujkyk us vius dkO; osQ ,sfrgkfld ik=kksa osQ ek;e ls Hkkjrh; ekul dks
txkus dk iz;kl fd;kA dfo us bfrgkl dks orZeku osQ lanHkZ esa mifLFkr dj mls izklafxd cuk;kA ^jke dh 'kfDriwtk*] ^rqylhnkl*
,oa ^egkjkt f'kokth osQ i=k* 'kh"kZd jpuk, ,sfrgkfld&lkaLfrd ik=kksa osQ ek;e ls jk"Vh; tkxj.k dk ,d vfHk;ku izrhr gksrh
gSaA fujkyk osQ ,sfrgkfld ik=k uohurk] ekSfydrk vkSj tkxj.k dh ckr djrs gSaA bl lanHkZ esa ^jke dh 'kfDr iwtk* esa tkEcoku
dk ;g lans'k egoiw.kZ gS fd
^'kfDr dh djks ekSfyd dYiuk
djks ekSfyd iwtuA*

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blh dfork osQ var esa uk;d iq#"kkske jke osQ fot; la?k"kZ osQ var esa ^gksxh t; gksxh t;* dk mn~?kks"k jk"Vh; vkanksyu dks
vk'kkfUor djrk gSA
5- dkO;kuqHkwfr esa fonzksg dh HkkoHkwfefonzksg gh uotkxj.k dkyhu psruk dk ossaQnzh; i{k FkkA fujkyk osQ thou esa ^fojksk*
dk cM+k gh egoiw.kZ LFkku jgkA og fojksk ls fufeZr Hkh gqvk vkSj reke ckkkvksa osQ ekxZ esa fojksk dh pV~Vku cudj [kM+k gks
x;kA
dfooj fujkyk dh ;g izo`fk muosQ dkO; txr dh n`<+ HkkoHkwfe dk fuekZ.k djrh gSA dfo viuh dkO;&jpukvksa esa xyr
ijaijk dk tcjnLr fojksk izLrqr djrk gSA dfo dh izxfroknh dkO; jpuk, bl fonzksgh psruk dh lqanj izfrf;k gSA ^ckny jkx*
^fHk{kqd*] ^rksM+rh iRFkj*] ^fokok*] ^nhu* dfork, 'kks"k.k vkSj vlekurk osQ fo# kafrdkjh mn~?kks"k.kk gSaA ^oqQoqQjeqkk* 'kh"kZd
jpuk dfo dh foksgh dkO;kuqHkwfr dk mYys[kuh; mnkgj.k gSA oqQN iafDr;k nz"VO; gS
^^vcs] lqu cs xqykc]
Hkwy er tks ik;h [kq'kcw] jaxks vkc]
[kwu pwlk [kkn dk rwus vf'k"V]
Mky ij brjk jgk gS oSQiVfyLVA
6- euq"; osQ ego esa vkLFkkHkkjrh; lkfgR; vkSj jktuhfr osQ vkkqfud dky osQ osaQnz esa vke turk [kM+h fn[kkbZ nsrh gSA
vke turk vFkkZr~ lkkkj.k euq";A loZlkkkj.k dh ,drk ls mith psruk dk uke gh jk"Vh; tkxj.k gSA lkfgR; osQ {ks=k esa ;g igyk
volj Fkk] tc equ"; dks osaQfnzr dj jpuk, fy[kh tkus yxhaA lkfgR; esa izLrqr nSoh ik=k Hkh lkkkj.k euq"; osQ xq.kksa&voxq.kksa ls
;qDr fn[kkbZ iM+rs gSaA rHkh rks ikBd mu ,sfrgkfld ikSjkf.kd ik=kksa esa vius ;qx osQ kafr uk;d dh Nfo ns[k ikrk gSA
fujkyk dh jpukvksa esa fruk;d ;k ik=k lkkkj.k ekuo dh dfe;ksa ls ;qDr fn[kkbZ nsrk gSA og ijkt; osQ {k.kksa esa jksrk gS]
fujk'k gks tkrk gS ysfdu fiQj vius jk"Vfgr esa ;qfDr ryk'kdj la?k"kZjr gks tkrk gSA ogk kafr vkSj lkkuk ,d fcanq ij [kM+h fn[kkbZ
nsrh gSA ^jke dh 'kfDr iwtk* esa tkEcoku }kjk dkO;&uk;d jke dks ;g fo'okl fnykuk fd ^gs iq#"k flag rqe Hkh ;g 'kfDr dks
djks kkj.k@jko.k v'kq gksdj Hkh ;fn dj ldk =kLr@rks fu'p; rqe gh fl djksxs mls oLr*dfo fujkyk dh ekuoh; vkLFkk
dk lVhd fp=k.k gSA

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