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ASSIGNMENT SOLUTIONS GUIDE (2014-2015)

E.P.S.-15
nf{k.k ,f'k;k% vFkZO;oLFkk] lekt vkSj jktuhfr
(South Asia: Economy, Society and Politics)
Disclaimer/Special Note: These are just the sample of the Answers/Solutions to some of the Questions given in the
Assignments. These Sample Answers/Solutions are prepared by Private Teacher/Tutors/Auhtors for the help and Guidance
of the student to get an idea of how he/she can answer the Questions of the Assignments. We do not claim 100% Accuracy
of these sample Answers as these are based on the knowledge and cabability of Private Teacher/Tutor. Sample answers
may be seen as the Guide/Help Book for the reference to prepare the answers of the Question given in the assignment. As
these solutions and answers are prepared by the private teacher/tutor so the chances of error or mistake cannot be denied.
Any Omission or Error is highly regretted though every care has been taken while preparing these Sample Answers/
Solutions. Please consult your own Teacher/Tutor before you prepare a Particular Answer & for uptodate and exact
information, data and solution. Student should must read and refer the official study material provided by the university.

Hkkx1
iz'u 1- nf{k.k ,f'k;k cgqyokn dh D;k&D;k pqukSfr;ka gSa\ bl {ks=k ds ns'k fdl izdkj budk izcaku dj jgs gSa\
mkjmnkjoknh vkSj fe=krkoknh nks lSkafrd vkn'kZ gSa ftUgsa nf{k.k ,f'k;k eas cgqokn dh pqukSfr;ksa osQ caku esa O;ogkj fd;k
tkrk gSA jktuhfr dk vFkZ gS erHksn ij fu;a=k.k djukA jktuhfr ,d fuf'pr flkUr ij dke djrh gS] tks loZlEefr ij vkkkfjr
gksrh gSA cgqoknh lekt ijLij fojkskh fopkjksa rFkk fgrksa osQ la?k"kZ dh vksj mUeq[k gksrk gSA bl fLFkfr esa yksdrkaf=kd 'kklu O;oLFkk
osQ varxZr cgqer osQ 'kklu osQ fy, yksdrkaf=kd laosnuk vfuok;Z gksrh gS] blhfy, mls jktuhfrd caku esa ckk dj j[kuk gksrk
gSA bl ckr ls jktuhfr Hkkfor gksrh gS vkSj blosQ iQyLo:i yksdra=k pqukora=k cu tkrk gSA tgk lekt osQ vUnj xgjk foHkktu
;k fo[k.Mu gksrk gS] 'kklu lapkyu osQ fy, cgqer lewg vfuok;Z gksrk gSA cgqoknh lekt jktuhfrKksa osQ le{k ,d pqukSrh mifLFkr
dj nsrk gSA
if'peh txr esa vYifodflr ns'kksa osQ jktuhfrd fodkl vkSj yksdra=khdj.k osQ fo"k; ij dke dj jgs fo}kuksa us cgqoknh
lektksa eas dk;Zjr jktuhfrd .kkfy;ksa dk v;;u vkSj fo'ys"k.k fd;k gS fd fdl rjg yk[k fnDdrksa osQ ckotwn bu ns'kksa esa
yksdrkaf=kd .kkyh dk;Zjr gS vkSj blls mUgksaus lh[k Hkh yh gSA ,sls lektksa osQ fy, ewy:i ls nks freku fodflr fd, x,
gSamnkjoknh rFkk fe=krkoknhA mnkjoknh freku fuEufyf[kr ckrksa ij tksj nsrk gS%
(i) lHkh ukxfjdksa osQ chp lewg&lacakksa osQ gksus osQ ckotwn mudh ukxfjd lekurk_
(ii) laoSkkfud lkkuksa osQ ek;e ls ukxfjd ,oa jktuSfrd vfkdkjksa dh j{kk_
(iii) u`tkrh; fo"k;ksa esa jkT; dh rVLFkrk_
(iv) futh {ks=k esa jkT;{ks=k dk vYihdj.k_
(v) jktuhfrd f;k esa lewgksa dk lgHkkfxrkiw.kZ lekos'kA
mnkjoknh freku lewg vkd"kZ.k dks de ugha dj ldk gSA lkeqnkf;d lacak dks detksj cukus osQ fy, ;g O;fDrokn ij tksj
nsrk gSA bldk ekuuk gS fd jkt'kklu esa vlyh jktuhfrd ijek.kq O;fDr gksrk gSA ;g cgqoknh lektksa esa mnkjoknh yksdra=k lewgksa
osQ Hkhrj vfHktkR; xBu f;k esa enn djrk gS vkSj bl dkj lewg khjs&khjs egoiw.kZ vkSj jktuSfrd :i ls frLikkZRed cu
tkrs gSaA
vjsU fytiQkZ leFkr fe=krkRed freku] mnkjoknh freku dh mu detkssfj;ksa dh vksj ;ku vk"V djrk gS] tks u`tkrh;
fofokrk dh okLrfodrk dks fNikrk gSA ;g u`tkrh; lkaLfrd fofokrkvksa dks fu;ksftr dj mUgsa jktuhfr osQ {ks=k esa U;k;laxr
LFkku fnykrk gSA ;g lewg osQ oS;fDrd vfkdkjksa rFkk Lora=krkvksa dks ;ku esa j[krs gq, lewg fgrksa dks ekU;rk nsrk gSA fe=krkoknh
jktuhfr O;oLFkk osQ eq[; ro bl dkj gSa

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cgqoknh lektksa esa vusdksa ckj fofHk lewgksa osQ usrk lkk kIr djus osQ fy, ,d gks tkrs gSa] tcfd ltkrh; jkT;ksa dks
fy, tkus ij buesa 'k=kqrk mRi gks tkrh gSA
(ii) lek;kstuoknh lekkku osQ fr opucrkA
(iii) fofHk lewgksa dks ,d nwljs ls Lora=k gksdj dke djus dh btktr gksrh gS vkSj mudh Lok;krk dh xkjaVh fyf[kr vkSj
vkSipkfjd :i ls fofklaxr lkkuksa }kjk nh tkrh gSA bu lewgksa osQ lkekftd ,oa lkLfrd vfkdkjksa dks ekU;rk vkSj lqj{kk
kIr gksrh gSaA
(iv) lHkh lewgksa dks ^ohVks* vFkkZr~ fu"kskkfkdkj kIr gksrk gSA ,slk dksbZ Hkh fu.kZ; tks fdlh lewg osQ O;kid fgrksa osQ fy,
gkfudkjd gks] ugha fy;k tk ldrk gSA
(v) bl O;oLFkk esa vYila[;d lewgksa dks ;g vfkdkj kIr gksrk gS fd os vius fgrksa dh j{kk osQ fy, tc Hkh pkgsa] cM+s
lewg ls vyx gks ldrs gSaA
(vi) fdlh Hkh leL;k osQ lekkku osQ fy, lkk izkIr vfHktkr oxks esa nq"izo`fk ikbZ tkrh gSA
nf{k.k ,f'k;kbZ ns'kksa esa yksdra=k dh liQyrk osQ fy, fo'okl vkSj lkeatL; t:jh gSA U;k; ,oa fu"i{k O;ogkj dks
lqfuf'pr djuk gksxkA jkT; esa yksxksa dh jktuhfrd Hkkxhnkjh dks c<+kuk gksxkA lewgksa osQ fgrksa dks lek;ksftr dj bls
fodflr djus dh t:jr gS rFkk vfHktkr oxZ esa ifjiDork gksuk t:jh gSA
iz'u 4- ikfdLrku ds jktuhfrd ra=k esa jktuhfrd nyksa dh Hkwfedk dh foospuk dhft,A
mkjfdlh Hkh ns'k dh yksdrkaf=kd O;oLFkk jktuhfrd nyksa osQ f;kdyki ij fuHkZj djrh gSA yksdrkaf=kd f;kvksa vkSj
jktuhfrd ny ,d&nwljs ij vkkkfjr gksrs gSaA vPNh yksdrkaf=kd f;kvksa ls jktuhfrd ny l'kDr gksrk gS vkSj l'kDr jktuhfrd
ny ls yksdrkaf=kd f;kvksa dks etcwrh kIr gksrh gSA ysfdu ikfdLrku esa jktuhfrd nyksa osQ detksj gksus osQ dkj.k ogk dh
jktuhfrd f;k, Hkh detksj gks xbZ gSaA eqfLye yhx ftldh ekx osQ dkj.k ikfdLrku ,d vyx ns'k cuk] mldk dksbZ tukkkj
gh ugha FkkA blosQ vfrfjDr ns'k osQ jktuhfrd fo"k;ksa ij Hkh eqfLye yhx osQ usrk ,der ugha FksA u rks ns'k osQ fy, lafokku lHkk
dk pquko gqvk vkSj u gh dk;Zikfydk dkA fliZQ oqQN kUrksa esa pquko gq,A ckn esa pquko djk, Hkh x, rks mls v;wc [kku us fujLr
dj jktuhfrd nyksa ij gh frcak yxk fn;kA ckn esa tc jktuhfrd nyksa ij ls frcak gVk fy;k x;k rc Hkh jktuhfrd nyksa
dks Lora=k :i ls dke djus dh NwV ugha nh xbZA 1970 esa tujy ;kg;k [kku osQ lSfud 'kkludky esa gq, pqukoksa esa ih-ih-ihdks if'peh ikfdLrku esa rFkk vkokeh yhx dks iwohZ ikfdLrku esa cgqer feyk] ftlosQ ifj.kkeLo:i ikfdLrku nks Hkkxksa esa foHkDr
gks x;kA
tqfYiQdkj vyh Hkqks osQ le; esa ikfdLrku esa igyh ckj yksdrkaf=kd ljdkj dk xBu gqvkA ikfdLrku osQ foHkktu osQ le;
gh Hkqks lkk esa vk, FksA bl le; ns'k dh vFkZO;oLFkk pjejk xbZ Fkh vkSj yksx fujk'k gks pqosQ FksA Hkqks us ikfdLrku esa yksdrkaf=kd
'kklu O;oLFkk dh LFkkiuk osQ fy, ;kl fd, ysfdu mudk lEcUk ogk osQ lkeUrh [kkunku ls gksus osQ dkj.k os liQy ugha gq,A
mudh lkeUrh o`fk osQ dkj.k fliZQ fojkskh ny gh ugha cfYd mudh ikVhZ Hkh mudk fojksk djus yxhA ;gh dkj.k Fkk fd tc
tujy ft;k lkk esa vk, vkSj Hkqks dks fxjrkj dj fy;k x;k rc Hkh ogk fdlh Hkh dkj dk dksbZ fojksk ns[kus dks ugha feykA
ft;k us vius 11 o"kks osQ 'kklu dky esa jktuhfrd nyksa vkSj muosQ f;k&dykiksa ij frcak yxk fn;k FkkA tujy ft;k dh bPNk
nsk esa nyfoghu 'kklu O;oLFkk dh LFkkiuk djus dh Fkh ysfdu 1988 esa foeku nq?kZVuk esa mudh e`R;q gks xbZA ft;k dh e`R;q osQ
ckn 11 o"kks osQ yksdrkaf=kd 'kkludky esa 1988 ls ysdj 1997 rd ns'k esa pkj pquko gq, ftlesa ikfdLrku osQ nks eq[k nyksa
ikfdLrku eqfLye yhx vkSj ikfdLrku ihiYl ikVhZ dks lcls vfkd er feys vkSj bu nksuksa nyksa dh nks&nks ckj ljdkj Hkh cuhA
bl chp ,slk yxus yxk Fkk fd ikfdLrku f}&nyh; .kkyh dh vksj c<+ jgk gS] ysfdu fofHk jktuhfrd nyksa esa iwQV osQ dkj.k
,slk ugha gks ldkA
ikfdLrku osQ jktuhfrd nyksa dh vkilh iwQV 2002 osQ pqukoksa esa ns[kus dks feyh] tc pquko vk;ksx esa 71 ny iathr gq,A
kked ny viuk frfufkRo vyx ls dj jgs FksA bl pquko esa fdlh Hkh ny dks Li"V cgqer ugha feykA oqQN yksxksas dk ;g Hkh
ekuuk gS fd bu pqukoksa esa O;kid rkSj ij gsjk&isQjh dh xbZ FkhA bu pqukoksa osQ igys gh eq'kjZiQ vxys ikp o"kks osQ fy, vius dks
jk"Vifr ?kksf"kr dj oqQN eq[k usrkvksa dks ns'k ls ckgj fudky pqosQ FksA lSfud 'kklu us ,d feyh&tqyh ljdkj dk xBu djok;kA
blosQ ckn ls vHkh rd jk"Vh; lHkk esa xfrjksk fo|eku gS ysfdu nwj&nwj rd le>kSrs osQ dksbZ vklkj fn[kkbZ ugha nsrs gSaA
iz'u 5- ekuo fodkl dks ifjHkkf"kr djrs gq, blosQ fofHkUu vk;keksa dks izdV dhft,A
mkjekuo fodkl dh vokkj.kk ,d ubZ vokkj.kk gSA kphu fopkjkkjkvksa esa ekuo fodkl dh vokkj.kk lfEefyr ugha
FkhA ekuo fodkl vokkj.kk osQ varxZr ukxfjdksa dks nh?kZ ,oa LoLFk thou thus] f'kf{kr cukus rFkk ,d vPNs thou thus dh lHkh
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lqfokk, miyCk djkbZ tkrh gSaA [;kr vFkZ'kkL=kh veR;Z lsu osQ vuqlkj] ekuo fodkl dh vokkj.kk dk vFkZ ^yksxksa osQ fodYiksa
dks c<+kus dh f;k* ls gSA
ekuo fodkl esa jkT; dh cgqr gh egoiw.kZ Hkwfedk gksrh gSA ekuo osQ lEiw.kZ fodkl osQ fy, tks vko';d uhfr;ksa dh
vko';drk gksrh gS] mldk fuekZ.k vkSj dk;kZUo;u jkT; osQ }kjk gh gksrk gSA voljksa dh lekurk] lekt osQ detksj oxks dk laj{k.k]
muosQ thou Lrj esa lqkkj vkfn dk;ks dh ftEesnkjh jkT; osQ ij gh gksrh gSA jkT; dh ;g Hkh ftEesnkjh gksrh gS fd og fofHk
laxBuksa osQ ek;e ls ekuo fodkl osQ dk;ks dk oqQ'kyrkiwoZd lapkyu djk,] ftlls lHkh yksxksa dks vius fodkl dk leqfpr
volj kIr gksA ,slh tks Hkh laLFkk,a ekuo fodkl osQ fy, dk;Z djrh gksa] jkT; dk ;g dkZO; gS fd og mUgsa l'kDr cukus osQ
fy, gj laHko ;kl djsA
okLro esa ekuo fodkl osQ lkFk jkT; dh vokkj.kk Hkh cny xbZ gSA igys jkT; dk dke fliZQ jkT; esa 'kkfUr vkSj lqj{kk dh
LFkkiuk rd gh lhfer FkkA ekvksoknh fopkjkkjk dh ekusa rks jkT; dk eq[; dk;Z iwthifr;ksa dh ku dh lqj{kk djuk FkkA ysfdu
ekuo fodkl osQ lkFk gh yksddY;k.kdkjh jkT; dh vokkj.kk dk fodkl gqvkA bl ubZ vokkj.kk osQ rgr vc jkT; dk dke
fliZQ 'kkfUr ,oa lqj{kk dk;e j[kus rd gh lhfer ugha jgk cfYd yksxksa dk dY;k.k djuk] ekuo fodkl osQ fy, Hkkstu] oL=k]
vkokl] f'k{kk] LokLF; vkfn lHkh vko';d oLrqvksa dh O;oLFkk djuk Hkh jkT; dh eq[k ftEesnkjh cu xbZA bruk gh ugha ekuo
fodkl osQ fy, lHkh ukxfjdksa dks mfpr vkSj leku volj miyCk djkuk Hkh jkT; dh ,d eq[k ftEesnkjh gSA vr% ge dg
ldrs gSa fd ekuo fodkl osQ lanHkZ esa jkT; dh cgqr gh egoiw.kZ Hkwfedk gksrh gSA
okLro esa fodkl dk fo"k; f}rh; fo'o;q osQ ckn ls gh lkekftd foKku dk ,d egoiw.kZ fo"k; jgk gSA ;q ls jk"Vksa
dh vkFkd fLFkfr ttZj gks xbZ Fkh] ftlls mcjus osQ ;kl 'kq: gq,A ,f'k;k] vhdk vkSj ykfru vesfjdk osQ ns'kksa dk vkSifuosf'kd
'kklu osQ dkj.k vkFkd 'kks"k.k gqvk FkkA vr% lHkh jk"Vksa us viuh vkFkd fLFkfr esa lqkkj ykus osQ fy, fodkl flkUrksa dks
viuk;kA vr% jkT; dh Hkwfedk bl lanHkZ esa egoiw.kZ gks xbZA fo'o cSad us Hkh viuh fodkl lacakh kkj.kk dks foLr`r fd;kA yksxksa
dh cqfu;knh vko';drkvksa dh iwr ij tksj fn;k tkus yxkA ,slh ifjdYiuk dh xbZ fd lekt osQ lHkh lnL;ksa dh thou&n'kkvksa
dks lqkkjk tkuk vko';d gSA fodkl osQ ewy laosQrd osQ :i esa vk; dks gh ekin.M ekuk x;kA eq[; y{; okLrfod vk; dh
o`f Fkh] ftlesa jkT; dk lg;ksx vko';d FkkA
[;kr~ vFkZ'kkfL=k;ksa veR;Z lsu] ikWy LVhVu ,oa egcwc&my&gd vkfn dk ekuuk gS fd ekuo dY;k.k esa lqkkj ykus osQ fy,
vk; esa o`f dks ,d lkku ekuuk pkfg,] y{; ughaA ekuo fodkl dk vlyh vFkZ gS ekuoh; {kerkvksa dk fodkl] tSls ,d
nh?kZ vkSj LoLFk thou O;rhr djuk] f'k{kk] lwpuk ,oa Kku kIr djuk] thou;kiu osQ fy, voljksa dk leqfpr mi;ksx djuk]
,d vPNs thou;kiu osQ fy, kfrd lalkkuksa dk miHkksx djuk] fodkl iFk ij vxzlj gksuk] O;fDrxr ,oa lkekftd lqj{kk
kIr djuk] lekurk rFkk ekuokfkdkjksa dk miHkksx djuk] lkeqnkf;d thou esa Hkkx ysuk] ftEesnkj ljdkj vkSj vPNk 'kklu ikuk
vkfnA bu lHkh dk;ks osQ laiknu esa jkT; dh Hkwfedk cgqr gh egoiw.kZ gksrh gSA fcuk jkT; osQ lg;ksx ls ekuo bu lqfokkvksa dk
miHkksx ugha dj ldrkA
ekuo fodkl lacakh tkudkjh osQ fy, ;w-,u-Mh-ih- us ,d ekuo fodkl funsZf'kdk (,p-Mh-vkbZ-) tkjh dh] ftlesa ekuo
fodkl osQ rhu vfuok;Z roksa dks 'kkfey fd;k x;kA igyk nh?kZ thou] nwljk Kku vkSj rhljk 'kkyhu thou LrjA nh?kZ thou dk
vFkZ gS ,d yach vkSj ranq#Lr tnxh thukA Kku dk vFkZ gS lwpuk kfIr osQ vfkdkj] 'kSf{kd oqQ'kyrk vkfnA 'kkyhu thou Lrj
dk vFkZ gS thou dh xq.kokkA bu lHkh ms';ksa dh kfIr esa jkT; dh cgqr gh egoiw.kZ Hkwfedk gksrh gSA bruk gh ugha ekuo fodkl
freku osQ pkj ?kVd crk, x, gSaA igyk gS len`f"V] ftldk vFkZ gS volj dh lekurkA len`f"V osQ fcuk ekuo fodkl laHko
ugha gSA nwljk gS fujUrjrk] ftldk vFkZ gS fd ekuo fodkl lHkh dkj dh iwft;ksaHkkSfrd] ekuoh;] fokh;] i;kZoj.kh; vkfn dh
fujUrjrk ij cy nsrk gSA rhljk gS mRikndrk] ftldk vFkZ gS ekuo fodkl yksxksa esa fuos'k djus esa fo'okl djrk gSA pkSFkk gS
l'kDrhdj.k] ftldk vFkZ gS ekuo fodkl lHkh yksxksa osQ fodkl ij ;ku osQfUr djrk gSA ekuo fodkl osQ bu lHkh ?kVdksa dh
kfIr jkT; osQ lg;ksx osQ fcuk laHko ugha gSA vr% ge dg ldrs gSa fd ekuo fodkl esa jkT; dh cgqr gh egoiw.kZ Hkwfedk gksrh
gS] ftls udkjk ugha tk ldrk gSA
iz'u 6- Hkkjr o ikfdLrku osQ e; dkSu&dkSu ls izeq[k {ks=kh;&lhek fookn gS\ buls oSSQls fuiVk tk ldrk gS\
mkjnf{k.k ,f'k;k osQ nks ns'kksaHkkjr rFkk ikfdLrku dk tUe ,d gh ewy jk"V Hkkjr ls gqvk gSA 1947 esa ikfdLrku osQ tUe
ds ckn ls gh Hkkjr rFkk ikfdLrku osQ chp d'ehj lfgr vU; dbZ eqksa dks ysdj vkilh fookn jgs gSaA d'ehj osQ eqs dks ysdj
rks nksuksa ns'kksa osQ chp dbZ ckj ;q rd gks pqosQ gSaA nksuksa gh ns'k ijek.kq 'kfDr lai ns'kksa dh drkjksa esa [kM+s gSaA vkilh LikkZ rFkk
vk.kfod 'kfDr ls lai gksus osQ dkj.k laiw.kZ nf{k.k ,f'k;k ck:n osQ <sj ij [kM+k gSA bl la?k"kZ dh lekfIr osQ fy, nksuksa ns'kksa

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osQ vykok laiw.kZ fo'o Hkh iz;kljr jgk gSA izLrqr v;k; esa blh la?k"kZ osQ izcaku rFkk muosQ lekkku osQ fy, nf{k.k ,f'k;k osQ
ns'kksa osQ iz;kl dk fo'kn o.kZu fd;k x;k gSA
mYys[kuh; gS fd nf{k.k ,f'k;k osQ ns'kksa Hkkjr rFkk ikfdLrku osQ chp rhu iw.kZ ;q rFkk dbZ ckj la?k"kZ gks pqosQ gSaA bu la?k"kks
osQ lekkku osQ fy, iz;kl tkjh gSaA la?k"kks osQ lekkku osQ fy, nks ?kVd vko';d gSanksuksa ny ifj.kke ls rq"V gksa rFkk ifj.kke
dks ikus esa tcjnLrh dk ro lfUufgr u gksA ;gk ppkZ djuk mYys[kuh; gS fd la?k"kZ lekkku osQ fy, tks izf;k viuk;h tkrh
gS mls la?k"kZ izcaku dgk tkrk gSA vFkkZr~ la?k"kks osQ lekkku osQ fy, la?k"kks dk izcaku t:jh gSA la?k"kZ izcUku dh izf;k esa vkilh
fo'okl rFkk le> dk;e djuk] glk dh lekfIr dh fn'kk esa dne mBkuk rFkk leL;k osQ lekkku osQ fy, jktuhfrd dne
mBkuk 'kkfey gksrk gSA la?k"kks osQ lekkku osQ rjhosQ gSaiapk;r] e;LFkrk rFkk vkilh okrkZA izFke rjhosQ osQ varxZr nks ns'kksa osQ
chp osQ fookn dk lekkku varjkZ"Vh; U;k;ky; osQ tfj, lqy>k;k tkrk gSA blosQ vykok nks jk"Vksa osQ chp ,d rhljk ns'k e;LFkrk
dj rFkk nks fooknxzLr jk"V vkilh okrkZ osQ vkkkj ij la?k"kks dk lekkku dj ldrs gSaA nf{k.k ,f'k;k dk {ks=k vkilh la?k"kZ dk
eSnku gSA blosQ nks ns'kksaHkkjr rFkk ikfdLrku osQ chp vDlj la?k"kZ tkjh jgrk gSA blosQ izeq[k dkj.k gSalH;rkewyd opZLo]
vkilh opZLo dk;e djus dh Hkkouk rFkk lkezkT;okfn;ksa }kjk cks;k x;k la?k"kZ dk chtA
nf{k.k ,f'k;k esa la?k"kZ] f}i{kh; fooknksa ;Fkklqj{kk] lkk rFkk izfrLikkZ dk ifj.kke gSA blosQ vykok nks jk"Vksa osQ chp lhekadu
osQ ifj.kkeLo:i Hkh la?k"kZ dk tUe gksrk gSA
nf{k.k ,f'k;k osQ nks ns'kksaHkkjr rFkk ikfdLrku osQ chp la?k"kZ d'ehj] fl;kphu] lj hd rFkk dPN dh [kkM+h dks ysdj
gSA
blh rjg Hkkjr vkSj Jhyadk osQ chp fookn ikd LVsV~l osQ e; fLFkr ,d }hi dPpkfrow dks ysdj FkkA Hkkjr us bl fookn
esa }hi ij Jhyadk dk vfkdkj eku bls lqy>k fy;k gSA
blosQ vfrfjDr nf{k.k ,f'k;k osQ ns'k Hkkjr] ikfdLrku rFkk caxykns'k osQ chp ufn;ksa osQ ty osQ foHkktu dks ysdj fookn
tkjh jgrk gSA Hkkjr rFkk ikfdLrku osQ chp lkq ra=k esa 'kkfey ufn;ksa osQ ty osQ foHkktu dks ysdj fookn gS tcfd Hkkjr rFkk
caxykns'k osQ chp xaxk osQ ty osQ foHkktu dks ysdj fookn tkjh gSA gkykfd Hkkjr rFkk caxykns'k us 1996 esa ,d lafk dj bl
leL;k osQ lekkku dk iz;kl fd;k gSA
nf{k.k ,f'k;k esa tkjh la?k"kks dks ysdj rhu rjg dh izf;k viuk;h tkrh gSiapkV] e;LFkrk rFkk f}i{kh; okrkZA Hkkjr us
rhljs vkSj vafre fodYi ij tksj fn;k gSA dPN dh [kkM+h osQ fookn dk fu.kZ; iapkV }kjk fd;k x;kA Hkkjr rFkk ikfdLrku osQ
chp gq, ;q esa lksfo;r :l dh e;LFkrk ls rk'koaQn le>kSrk gqvkA ysfdu bu mik;ksa osQ ckotwn nks jk"Vksa osQ chp fookn osQ
fuiVkjs dk lcls vPNk rjhdk gS&f}i{kh; okrkZAHkkjr rFkk ikfdLrku osQ chp vkilh fooknksa dks lqy>kus esa nksuksa ns'kksa ds chp
f}i{kh; okrkZ dk nkSj pyrk jgrk gS] ftlosQ ldkjkRed ifj.kke visf{kr gSaA
iz'u 8- Jhyadk ds lekt ,oa vFkZO;oLFkk ij vkSifuos'khdj.k ds izHkko dh leh{kk dhft,A
mkjJhyadk fczfV'k lkezkT; dk mifuos'k Fkk vkSj blh dkj.k Jhyadk vkSj fczVsu osQ lacak ?kfu"B FksA blh dk iQk;nk mBkdj
fczfV'k vkSifuosf'kd 'kklu us Jhyadk esa ikjaifjd f"k O;oLFkk dks lekIr dj viuh vkkqfudhdj.k vkSj fodkl dh vkFkd
uhfr;k ykxw dj nhA fczfV'k 'kkldksa us ikjaifjd "kd vFkZO;oLFkk dks pk; vkSj jcj dh [ksrh ij vkkkfjr ^fu;kZrksUeq[k*
vFkZO;oLFkk esa ifjorr dj fn;kA Jhyadk dh vktknh osQ ckn Hkh ;g ckxku jkt vFkZO;oLFkk rc rd dk;e Fkh tc rd Jhyadk
osQ jktuhfrd ekgkSy dks blosQ dkj.k xaHkhj lkekftd vkSj vkFkd leL;kvksa dk lkeuk ugha djuk iM+kA ckxku jkt esa iwthoknh
fodkl vleku FkkA blosQ ifj.kkeLo:i JhyadkbZ lekt esa lkekftd&vkFkd foHkktu mRi gks x;kA tc vaxzst 'kkldksa }kjk
dkaM;u {ks=k dh igkfM+;ksa ij dCtk dj ckxokuh dk dke 'kq: fd;k x;k rc dkaM;ku lgfy;ksa us bldk tedj fojksk fd;k]
D;ksafd blls mudh viuh gh tehu ij mudk LokfeRo [kRe gks x;k FkkA dkaM;kuoklh ges'kk ls gh vaxzsth f'k{kk osQ fojkskh Fks
D;ksafd mUgsa viuh ikjaifjd laLfr ilUn FkhA vaxzst nf{k.k Hkkjr ls vk, Hkkjrh; rfeyksa ls ckxkuksa dh [ksrh dk dke djk jgs
FksA dkaM;u {ks=k osQ ;krk;kr] vkiwr] [kqnjk O;kikj vkfn lsokvksa ij lgfy;ksa dk dCtk FkkA ;s lgyh fczfV'k jkt osQ igys ls
gh if'peh lH;rk osQ fojkskh FksA blosQ ifj.kkeLo:i eSnkuh lgfy;ksa vkSj dkaM;kuokfl;ksa osQ chp lkekftd foHkktu gks x;kA
nksuksa dks ;g eglwl gqvk fd muosQ fgr ,d&nwljs ls vyx gSaA 1920 osQ n'kd esa dkaM;ku jk"Vh; ,lsEcyh us ,d la?kh; jk"V
dh ekx dh ftlls fd dkaM;ku leqnk; dks karh; Lok;krk fnykbZ tk losQA

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19oha 'krkCnh esa ckxku [ksrh osQ dkj.k HkwLokfe;ksa] ckxku ekfydksa] ;krk;kr ,tsaVksa] BsosQnkjksa vkSj O;kikfj;ksa dks cgqr iQk;nk
feykA blls eNqvkjksa vkSj nkyphuh rksM+us okyksa dks Hkh ykHk gqvkA ysfdu ikjaifjd fdlkuksa dks blls cgqr ?kkVk gqvkA nksuksa tkfr;ksa
osQ foHkktu ls vyx eSnkuh lgfy;ksa vkSj dkaM;ku vfHktkr oxZ osQ eqf[k;k rFkk ljnkjksa us ,d u;k oxZ cuk fy;kA buesa ls cgqr&ls
yksx 'kgjksa esa cl x,A os vaxszth rFkk rduhdh f'k{kk xzg.k dj fpfdRlk] vfHk;kaf=kdh rFkk 'kSf{kd {ks=kkas esa ukSdfj;k djus yxsA
tks {ks=k mitk ugha Fks vkSj tgk f"k dk;Z laHko ugha Fkk ogk osQ yksxksa us jkstxkj osQ nwljs lkkuksa dh ryk'k 'kq: dhA rfeyksa
osQ osYykyk tkfr osQ fdlku vesfjdh fe'kufj;ksa }kjk LFkkfir LowQyksa vkSj dkWystksa esa f'k{kk xzg.k dj vkSifuosf'kd 'kklu rFkk
vU; mPp O;olk;ksa esa ukSdfj;k djus yxsA cgqr lkjs e;kZfnr ifjokjksa osQ rfeyksa us Hkh O;kikj djosQ ykHk mBk;k vkSj dksyEcks
esa cl x,A
bl dkj ls JhyadkbZ lekt iw.kZ :i ls vkFkd vkSj lkekftd vkkkj ij foHkkftr gks x;kA iwthifr oxZ Hkh nks fgLlksa esa
cV x;k FkkA bldk ,d oxZ ckxkuksa dh [ksrh vkSj O;kikj ls tqM+k Fkk tcfd nwljk oxZ vkSifuosf'kd ukSdj'kkgksa rFkk is'ksoj oxks
ls lEc FkkA ckxku [ksrh ls ikjaifjd [ksrh dks Hkkjh uqdlku gqvkA ftlosQ ifj.kkeLo:i xzkeh.k {ks=kksa esa vkFkd :i ls ,d cM+k
foi oxZ iSnk gks x;kA
iz'u 9- HkwVku dh vFkZO;oLFkk dh izfr dk o.kZu dhft, rFkk blds vkFkd fodkl esa Hkkjr dh Hkwfedk dh leh{kk
dhft,A
mkj,d Hkw&vkosf"Br (Land-locked) ns'k gksus oQh otg ls HkwVku dh vFkZO;oLFkk pjkxkgh rFkk vkRefuHkZj FkhA ns'k dh
leLr turk o`Qf"k dk;Z esa layXu FkhA ns'k esa fodkl osQ fy, vkkkjHkwr lajpukvksa dk ukeksfu'kku u FkkA ;gk 'kSf{kd] LokLF; vkfn
lqfokkvksa dk iw.kZr% vHkko FkkA cSad vkfn Hkh ugha FksA ifjogu lapkj] Mkd vkfn lqfokk ugha FkhA nqfu;k osQ ns'kksa ls i`Fkd jgus
okys HkwVku dh vFkZO;oLFkk ,d can vFkZO;oLFkk FkhA 1958 esa iafMr usg: dh HkwVku ;k=kk osQ i'pkr~ ;gk fodkl dh ygj nkSM+hA
'kkld ftXes nksthZ okaXpqd us i`Fkdrk dh uhfr dks R;kxdj fu;ksftr vkfFkZd fodkl ij tksj fn;kA 1961 esa igyh iapo"khZ; ;kstuk
'kq: dh xbZA Hkkjr us lHkh iapo"khZ; ;kstukvksa osQ fy, HkwVku dks ku miyCk djk;k gSA 1972 esa HkwVku esa ;kstuk vk;ksx dh LFkkiuk
dh xbZA bldk y{; gSlHkh {ks=kksa esa ns'k dk fodklA Hkkjr caSdx {ks=k esa Hkh HkwVku dks enn ns jgk gSA vkBoha iapo"khZ; ;kstuk
(1998&2002) esa jk"Vh; vk; esa 6-7 dh o`f ntZ dh xbZ gSA vkS|ksfxd {ks=k esa Hkh 7-1 dh o`f gqbZ gSA HkwVku esa Hkkjrh;
enn ls ty fo|qr ifj;kstuk 'kq: dh xbZ gS] tks bldh vkfFkZd mUufr dk vkkkj cuk gSA ifjogu ,oa lapkj osQ {ks=k esa fodkl
us HkwVku dks i;ZVu osQ ekufp=k ij txg cukus esa enn nh gSA HkwVku dk 90 ls 95 rd O;kikj Hkkjr osQ lkFk gSA
1958 esa tokgjyky usg: tc Hkkjr osQ kkuea=kh cus rc HkwVku esa fu;ksftr fodkl dh f;k 'kq: gqbZA vc rd rks HkwVkuh
usrk viuh LokFkZ iwr osQ fy, ns'k dks fo'o osQ vU; Hkw&Hkkxksa ls vyx&vyx j[kus dk ;kl dj jgs Fks] mUgsa irk py x;k fd
vc ;g laHko ugha gSA HkwVku osQ iM+kslh jkT;ksa osQ fodkl dk Hkko ml ij iM+uk LokHkkfod FkkA bldk nwljk dkj.k ;g Fkk fd
HkwVku la;qDr jk"V la?k dh lnL;rk kIr djuk pkgrk Fkk vkSj blosQ fy, mls ;g fn[kkuk t:jh Fkk fd og Hkh ,d xfr'khy
ns'k gS] tks turk osQ dY;k.k ij iwjk ;ku nsrk gSA blh dkj.k ftXes nksthZ okaXpqd us ;g uhfr cukbZ fd ikFkZD; dks lekIr dj
ns'k esa fu;ksftr fodkl ;klksa dks ykxw fd;k tk, ftlls ifjorZu dh f;k 'kq: gks losQA ns'k esa igyh iapo"khZ; fodkl ;kstuk
1961 esa Hkkjr osQ ;kstuk vk;ksx dh enn ls ykxw dh xbZA nwljh ;kstuk dk Hkh iwjk [kpZ Hkkjr ljdkj us gh fn;kA blosQ ckn Hkh
;kstukvksa dks Hkh fu;fer :i ls Hkkjr ljdkj dh vkFkd enn feyrh jghA bl dkj fiNys pkyhl o"kks esa HkwVkuh vFkZO;oLFkk
Hkkjr ljdkj dh vkFkd enn ij fuHkZj gSA
1972 esa HkwVku esa ,d ;kstuk vk;ksx dk xBu fd;k x;kA HkwVku ujs'k bl ;kstuk vk;ksx osQ insu v;{k gksrs gSaA fiNys pkj
o"kks esa ;kstuk vk;ksx us fuEufyf[kr y{;ksa dks kFkfedrk nh gS,d vko';d vkkkjHkwr <kps dk fuekZ.k] f"k vkSj [kk| {ks=k
esa vkRefuHkZjrk] f'k{kk rFkk ifjogu] bkj oqQN le; ls ;kstuk vk;ksx us ckxokuh dk fodkl] ty&fo|qr mRiknu] ou laink dh
lqj{kk] y?kq m|ksxksa dks ksRlkgu vkfn ij Hkh ;ku fn;k gSA HkwVku dh lHkh vkFkd f;k&dykiksa eas Hkkjrh; fo'ks"kKksa ,oa Hkkjrh;
lalkkuksa dh eq[krk jgh gSA HkwVku esa ty fo|qr ifj;kstuk dh LFkkiuk Hkh Hkkjr us gh dh gSA Hkkjrh; bathfu;jksa us gh ogk nwjlapkj
O;oLFkk ,oa jktekxZ dk fuekZ.k fd;k gSA 1968 esa HkwVku ljdkj us cSad vkWiQ HkwVku osQ uke ls viuk cSad Hkh [kksy fy;k gSA HkwVku
esa Hkkjrh; eqk vkSj flDdksa dk ;ksx oSk gSA cSad vkWiQ HkwVku Hkkjrh; LVsV cSad dh enn ls vkxs c<+ jgk gSA bl rjg Hkkjr gh
HkwVku dk eq[k vkFkd lgk;rkdrkZ gSA HkwVku dk 95 fr'kr dkjksckj Hkh Hkkjr osQ lkFk gh gksrk gSA
iz'u 14- ikfdLrku esa ukSdj'kkgh&lSU; xBcaku dk vH;qn;A
mkjikfdLrku dh jktuhfr esa lsuk] tehankjksa rFkk ukSdj'kkgksa osQ xBcaku dk mn; lkk ij dCtk tekus osQ fy, 1950 osQ
n'kd esa gqvkA 1950 osQ n'kd esa eqfLye yhx us iwohZ ikfdLrku dk fo'okl [kks fn;k] ftldk eq[k dkj.k Fkk mldh Hkk"kk lacakh

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uhfrA nwljh rjiQ eqfLye yhx esa foHkktu gks x;k ftlosQ ifj.kkeLo:i 1949 esa vkokeh yhx vfLrRo esa vkbZA bruk gh ugha
if'peh ikfdLrku esa eqfLye yhx nks Hkkxksa esa cV xbZA blosQ ,d Hkkx esa eqfLye yhx osQ iqjkus lnL; Fks ftuesa vfkdka'k yksx
Hkkjrh; Fks] tks foLFkkfir gks x, Fks vkSj blosQ nwljs Hkkx esa vfkdka'k iatkch rFkk oqQN lkh vkSj iBku u, lnL; osQ :i esa
fo|eku FksA bloQh igyh Vhe osQ vfkdka'k lnL; 'kgjh Fks vkSj os mnkj yksdrkaf=kd ekU;rkvksa osQ leFkZd FksA nwljh Vhe esa
vfkdka'k lnL; xzkeh.k vkSj lkeUrh tehankj Fks vkSj os yksx bLyke dh :f<+oknh uhfr;ksa osQ leFkZd FksA buesa vkn'kZoknh flkUrksa
osQ fr dksbZ #>ku ugha FkkA ikfdLrku osQ xzkeh.k {ks=kksa vkSj ogk osQ :f<+oknh lkeUrh tehankj ifjokjksa ls gh fczfV'k viuh lsuk
vkSj mlosQ vfkdkfj;ksa dh HkrhZ djrs FksA ;gh dkj.k Fkk fd ikfdLrku dh lsuk dk yhx esa 'kkfey u, lnL;ksa osQ lkFk ?kfu"B
lEcUk FkkA
vDrwcj 1951 esa kkuea=kh fy;kdr vyh [kku dh gR;k gks xbZA blosQ ckn [oktk utheqhu ogk osQ kkuea=kh vkSj eqfLye
yhx osQ v;{k cusA fok ea=kh xqyke eksgEen dks xouZj tujy osQ in ij fu;qDr fd;k x;kA xqyke eksgEen jktuhfrd O;fDr
ugha Fks vkSj mUgksaus vius dk;ks dk laiknu djus osQ fy, ftk dh dk;Z'kSyh dks viuk;kA mUgksaus vius dk;Z dk lEiknu flfoy
lsok osQ vfkdkfj;ksa osQ ek;e ls djuk 'kq: fd;kA mUgksaus estj tujy bLoaQnj fetkZ dks j{kk lfpo cukdj ljdkj esa 'kkfey
fd;kA tujy fetkZ dh o`fk ;q djus dh ugha FkhA og fczfV'k jktuSfrd lsok dk O;fDr Fkk vkSj mldk vfkdka'k le; lhekUr
{ks=k esa iBku foksgksa dks 'kkar djus esa gh chrk FkkA blh le; tujy v;wc [kku igys ikfdLrkuh lsuk;{k cusA bUgha rhuksa O;fDr;ksa
ij yksdra=k dh lekfIr vkSj 1958 esa ns'k ij lSfud 'kklu yknus dk nks"k vkrk gSA tc ,d ckj lkk lsuk osQ gkFk esa vk xbZ
rc bu yksxksa us ;g ;kl 'kq: dj fn;k fd lsuk dks ns'k osQ lafokku esa LFkk;h txg feysA fy;kdr vyh osQ ckn ftrus Hkh O;fDr
eqfLye yhx osQ v;{k cus muesa ls vfkdka'k lkeUrh ifjokjksa ls FksA ukSdj'kkgh dks rks igys ls gh lkk esa egoiw.kZ LFkku kIr
FkkA bl rjg bl dky esa ikfdLrku esa lsuk] tehankjksa rFkk ukSdj'kkgksa dk xBcaku dk;e gqvk ftldk ,dek=k ms'; lkk ij
dkfct gksuk FkkA budk ;g xBcaku frowQy ifjfLFkfr esa Hkh dk;e jgkA
iz'u 16- 1987 dk Hkkjr&Jhyadk le>kSrkA
mkjt;okZus us vius 'kkludky esa ns'k esa 'kkafr LFkkfir djus osQ fy, dbZ ;kl fd,A blh lanHkZ esa 29 tqykbZ] 1987 osQ
fnu Hkkjr vkSj Jhyadk osQ chp ,d le>kSrs ij gLrk{kj gqvkA bl le>kSrs dks Hkkjr&Jhyadk le>kSrk osQ uke ls tkuk tkrk gSA
bl le>kSrs osQ vuqlkj nksukas ns'kkas osQ chp ,d vkilh le>nkjh dk;e gqbZ ftldk y{; Fkk 'kkafr dh LFkkiukA bl le>kSrs osQ
nks egoiw.kZ i{k FksA Hkkjr dh ,d 'krZ ;g Fkh fd Jhyadk ljdkj vius ns'k dh Hkqlkk vkSj {ks=kh; v[kaMrk dks dk;e j[krs
gq, Jhyadk osQ rfeyksa dks larq"V djus osQ fy, mUgsa mfpr vfkdkj vkSj Lok;krk nku djsA nwljk i{k Jhyadk dh rjiQ ls ;g
Fkk fd Jhyadk ljdkj vius ns'k ls fdlh Hkh dkj dh Hkkjr fojkskh vkradoknh xfrfofk ij jksd yxk,xhA Hkkjr ,oa Jhyadk
osQ chp gq, le>kSrs osQ ckn Hkkjr dk ,d frfufk ny bl ms'; ls Jhyadk Hkstk x;k fd og ny mio xzLr rfey {ks=k dk
fujh{k.k djosQ ;g irk yxk, fd ogk 'kkafr LFkkfir gks ldh gS ;k ughaA O;ogkj esa bl ny dk ms'; ,y-Vh-Vh-bZ- osQ lnL;ksa
dks fu%'kL=k djuk FkkA jktuhfrd Lrj ij Jhyadk us ,sls ;kl 'kq: fd, ftlls fd laxfBr karh; ifj"knksa dks lkk esa 'kkfey
fd;k tk losQA ,slk djosQ ljdkj mkjh vkSj iwohZ kUrksa dks ,dhr djuk pkgrh Fkh ysfdu rfeyksa dk ekuuk Fkk fd ;g {ks=k
mudh ^ikjaifjd Hkwfe* gSA
Hkkjr vkSj Jhyadk osQ chp gq, le>kSrs dh ,d deh Fkh vkSj og ;g fd bls ,y-Vh-Vh-bZ- us Lohdkj ugha fd;k FkkA
,y-Vh-Vh-bZ- osQ eq[k osYyqfiYybZ Hkkdj.k us ;g dgdj bl le>kSrs dks vLohdkj fd;k fd blesa rfeyksa dh ekxksa] tSls
vlaoSkkfud lgyh mifuos'k dh lekfIr] rfeyksa dks ,d i`Fkd jkT; osQ :i esa ekU;rk] mkjh vkSj iwohZ kUrksa dk foy; rFkk kUr
ls JhyadkbZ lsuk dks gVkus vkfn dks 'kkfey ugha fd;k x;k gSA lgfy;ksa osQ Hkh oqQN oxks vkSj ;gk rd fd kkuea=kh senklk
dks Hkh ;g le>kSrk jkl ugha vk;kA blosQ ckn ls jk"Vifr dh yksdf;rk ?kVus yxh vkSj mUgsa ekjus osQ Hkh ;kl fd, x,A Hkkjr
ljdkj vkSj ,y-Vh-Vh-bZ- osQ lEcUk cgqr [kjkc gks x,A ,d vksj ,y-Vh-Vh-bZ- dks jktuhfrd lkk ugha feyh rks nwljh vksj ,yVh-Vh-bZ- us Hkh vius gfFk;kjksa dk ifjR;kx ugha fd;kA

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