Paper 1 - Set A Solutions: PAPER - 1: General Aspects of Energy Management & Energy Audit

Paper 1 Set A Solutions
Regn No: _________________

Name: ___________________
(To be written by the candidate)
10th NATIONAL CERTIFICATION EXAMINATION July, 2010

FOR
ENERGY MANAGERS AND ENERGY AUDITORS
PAPER 1: General Aspects of Energy Management & Energy Audit
Date: 17.7.2010
Timings: 0930-1230 HRS
Duration: 3 HRS
Max. Marks: 150
General instructions:
o
o
o
o
o
Please check that this question paper contains 14 printed pages

Please check that this question paper contains 64 questions
The question paper is divided into three sections
All questions in all three sections are compulsory
All parts of a question should be answered at one place
Section I:
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
OBJECTIVE TYPE
Marks: 50 x 1 = 50
Answer all 50 questions.

Each question carries one mark.
Please hatch the appropriate oval in the OMR answer sheet with
Black Pen or HB pencil, as per instructions
The type of energy possessed by the charged capacitor is
a) kinetic energy
b) electrostatic
c) potential
d) magnetic
PERT/CPM provides which of the following benefits

a) predicts the time required to complete the project
b) shows activities which are critical to maintaining the schedule
c) graphical view of the project
d) all the above
What is the present share of thermal power in the total installed power generating capacity
in India?
a) about 65%
b) about 50%
c) less than 45%
d) about 18%
Which one of the following is not an example of air pollution from boilers and furnaces?
a) sulphur dioxide (SO2)
c) nitrous oxide (NOX)
b) chloro-fluro carbons (CFC)

d) carbon monoxide (CO)
Select the one with the highest Global warming potential among the following gases
a) carbon dioxide
b) methane
c) sulphur hexafluoride
d) nitrous oxide
1
_______________________
Bureau of Energy Efficiency

The heat required to change a substance from liquid to vapor state without change of
temperature is termed as
a) latent heat of fusion
c) heat capacity
b) latent heat of vaporization

d) sensible heat
The ratio of energy consumption to corresponding production quantity is called

a) energy performance
c) production factor
b) specific energy consumption

d) specific production ratio
CDM stands for

a) carbon depletion mechanism
c) clear development mechanism
b) clean development mechanism

d) carbon depletion machinery
The difference between GCV and NCV of coal is

a) the heat of vaporization of the moisture and atomic hydrogen (conversion to
water vapor) in the fuel
b) the difference in heat released by using theoretical air and allowable excess air
c) difference in accounting the un-burnt content in the ash
d) none of the above
The objective of energy management includes
a) minimising energy costs
c) mitigating environmental degradation caused by energy
b) minimising waste
d) all the above
The instrument used to measure CO2 from boiler stack is

a) infrared thermometer
b) fyrite
c) anemometer
d) pitot tube
Replacement of steam based hot water generation by solar water heating system is an
example of
a) matching energy usage to the requirement
c) energy substitution
b) maximising system efficiency

d) performance improvement
Which among the following statements is not applicable in the case of Sankey diagram?
a) useful tool to represent entire input and output energy flow
b) represents visually, various outputs and losses
c) depicts rejection and wastage of material flow
d) helps energy managers to focus on finding improvements in a prioritized manner
Which of the following sectors is not a designated consumer as per the Energy
Conservation Act, 2001?
a) textile
b) paper and pulp
c) glass
d) chlor alkali
A waste heat recovery system costs Rs. 54 lakh and Rs. 2 lakh per year to operate and
maintain. If the annual savings is Rs. 20 lakhs, the payback period will be
a) 8 years
b) 2.7 years
c) 3 years
d) 10 years
Which is the Designated National Agency (DNA) of India for CDM?

a) Ministry of Environment and Forests (MoEF)
b) Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB)
c) State Designated Agency (SDA)
d) Bureau of Energy Efficiency (BEE)
2
_______________________

A CUSUM graph follows a random fluctuation trend and oscillates around
a) 50% line
b) 100% line
c) 0 line
d) mean value line
The calorific value of coal is 4,200 kCal/ kg. Find out the oil equivalent of 1000 kg of coal if
the calorific value of oil is 10,000 kCal/ kg
a) 42,000 kg
b) 96 kg
c) 420 kg
d) 128 kg
The goal of using energy monitoring and targeting (M &T ) is to

a) determine the relationship of energy use to key performance indicators such as
production, rejects etc.
b) identify and explain increase in energy cost
c) draw energy consumption trends (weekly, seasonal, operational)
d) accomplish all the above
A non-contact method to measure the water flow through a metallic pipe is
a) orifice meter
c) ultrasonic flow meter
b) turbine flow meter

To identify the energy conservation opportunity in a plant, the best option is to carry out:
a) energy audit
c) seminars and workshops
b) training and awareness programme

d) analysis of the plant energy bills
The ratio of annual net cash flow to capital cost is ____________

a) net present value
c) return on investment
b) internal rate of return

d) discount factor
Name plate kW rating of an induction motor indicates

a) input kW to the motor
c) minimum input kW to the motor
b) output kW of the motor

d) maximum input kW to the motor
Which of the following equation is used to calculate the future value of the cash flow?
a) NPV (1 i)n
b) NPV (1 + i)n
c) NPV + (1 i)n
d) NPV / (1 + i)n
Normally the maximum demand is charged for

a) kWh
b) kWAh
c) kVA
d) kVArh
The fixed energy consumption of a company is 1000 kWh per month. The line slope of the
energy (y) versus production (x) chart is 0.3. The energy consumed in kWh per month for
a production level of 80,000 tons/month is
a) 24,000
b) 24,100
c) 25,000
d) 38,000
For an electric heater, voltage remaining constant, the heat output ----------------- when
resistance decreases.
a) decreases
b) increases
c) first increases then decreases
d) remains same
The active power consumption of AC 3-phase motive drive is determined by using which
one of the following relations.
a) 3 x V x I
b) 3 x V2 x I x Cos
c) 3 x V x I x Cos
d) 3 x V x I x Cos
Air velocity in ducts can be measured by using _________

a) pyrometer
c) pitot tube and manometer
b) bourdon gauge
d) anemometer
3
_______________________

For a project to be viable, the ROI must always be ___ the interest rate.
a) lower than
b) higher than
c) equal to
d) no relation to
The simplest technique for scheduling of tasks and tracking progress is

a) CPM
b) Gantt chart
c) PERT
d) CUSUM
Changing from furnace oil firing to natural gas firing will result in
a) increased CO2 emissions
c) decreased % of wet flue gas loss
b) decreased SO2 emissions

The law of conservation of energy states that energy

a) can be created and destroyed
b) is destroyed in the process of burning
c) cannot be converted from one form to another d) is neither destroyed nor created
Latent heat is best described as the amount of heat required to cause a change in
a) both temperature and state
c) state without a change in temperature
b) specific heat
d) temperature without a change in state
Absolute pressure is
a) gauge pressure
c) atmospheric pressure
b) gauge pressure + atmospheric pressure

d) gauge pressure atmospheric pressure
When heat flows from one place to another by means of liquid or gas, it is being
transferred by
a) radiation
b) conduction
c) sublimation
d) convection
How many Watts are equivalent to one HP?

a) 760
b) 725
c) 740
d) 746
Which of the following terms does not refer to specific energy consumption?
a) kWh/ton
b) kCal/ton
c) kJ/kg
d) kg/kCal
The Ozone layer is found in

a) stratosphere
b) atmosphere
c) ionosphere
d) troposphere
A process requires 100 kg of fuel with a calorific value of 5000 kCal/kg. If the system
efficiency is 80%, then the losses would be
a) 100000 kCal
b) 400000 kCal
c) 50000 kCal
d) 20000 kCal
Ozone depletion process is due to

a) carbon dioxide
c) nitrogen
b) UV light breaking the ozone

d) chlorine atoms destroying ozone molecules
The major share of energy loss in a thermal power plant is in the

a) generator
b) boiler
c) condenser
d) turbine
Which of the following is a renewable energy source?

a) bitumen
b) bagasse
c) Diesel oil
d) natural gas
4
_______________________

Which of the following is not true of IRR?
a) it takes into account time value of money
b) it considers the cash flow streams in its entirety
c) does not distinguish between lending and borrowing
An analysis which helps to bring into focus the negative and positive forces in an
organization is
a) energy action planning
b) force field analysis
c) energy policy
d) energy analysis
The lagging reactive power is required for

a) inductive load
b) resistive load
c) capacitive load
d) all of the above
The internal rate of return is the discount rate for which the NPV is
a) zero
b) positive
c) negative
d) less than 1
Fast track approval procedures for CDM projects are applicable to renewable energy
projects with output capacity up to
a) 5 MW
b) 10 MW
c) 15 MW
d) 20 MW
The performance parameter for thermal power station is

a) kWh/kCal
b) kCal/kWh
c) kWh/MT
d) kCal/kg
The process of removing the impact of various factors on energy use so that energy
performance of facilities and operations can be compared is called
a) Averaging
b) Normalization
c) Tracking
d) Optimization
. End of Section I .
5
_______________________
Section II: SHORT DESCRIPTIVE QUESTIONS

(i)
(ii)
S-1
Marks: 8 x 5 = 40
Answer all Eight questions

Each question carries Five marks
Name the instrument to measure each of the following in an energy audit

a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
O2, CO, CO2 and temperature in flue gas

Illumination levels
Non-contact type speed measurement
kW, kWh, kVAr, kVArh, kVA, kVAh and power factor
Non-contact type surface temperature measurement
Ans:
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
Combustion analyser
Lux meters
Stroboscope
Power analyser
Infrared temperature indicator
1 Mark each
S-2
Explain the concept of Energy Service Companies (ESCOs)?
Ans:
ESCOs are companies that provide a complete energy project service, from
assessment to design and to construction or installation, along with engineering
and project management services, and financing.
The ESCO contract involves the capitalization of all of the services and goods
purchased, and repayment out of the energy savings that result from the project.
In ESCO contract, an end-user (such as an industry, institution, or utility), seeking
to improve its energy efficiency, contracts with ESCO for energy efficiency
services and financing.
In some contracts, the ESCOs provide a guarantee for the savings that will be
realized, and absorbs the cost if real savings fall short of this level.
Energy efficiency projects generate incremental cost savings that can be turned
into incremental cash flows to the ESCO based on the commitment of the energy
user to pay for the savings
5 Marks
S-3
What is Time of Day (TOD) Tariff and how is it beneficial for the power system
and consumers?
Ans:
In Time of the Day Tariff (TOD) structure incentives for power drawl during offpeak hours and disincentives for power drawl during peak hours are built in.
6
_______________________

2 Marks
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
v.
Many electrical utilities like to have flat demand curve to achieve high plant
efficiency, minimize the peak power cost and line congestion.
TOD tariff encourage user to draw more power during off-peak hours (say
during 11pm to 5 am, night time) and less power during peak hours.
TOD meter will record peak and off-peak consumption and normal period
separately.
TOD tariff gives opportunity for the user to reduce their billing, as off peak
hour tariff is quite low in comparison to peak hour tariff.
This also helps the power system to minimize in line congestion, in turn
higher line losses and peak load incident and utilities power procurement
charges by reduced demand
3 Marks
S-4
A chemical plant in the year 2007-08 (reference year) produced 30,000 tonnes
per annum (TPA) of chemicals with an annual energy consumption of 90 million
kWh.
During the year 2008-09, the annual production was 25,000 TPA, with an annual
energy consumption of 80 million kWh.
Calculate the Plant Energy Performance.
Ans:
Production Factor
= 25000 / 30000
= 0.833
2 Marks
Reference year equivalent
= Reference year energy use x Production factor

= 90 x 0.833 = 75 million kWh
2 Marks
Plant Energy Performance (PEP)
= [(75 - 80) / 75] x 100

= (-) 6.67 % Ans
1 Mark
S-5
What is meant by the following terms ?

a) Normalising of data
b) Benchmarking
Ans:
a) Normalising of data
The energy use of facilities varies greatly, partly due to factors beyond the energy
efficiency of the equipment and operations. These factors may include weather or
certain operating characteristics. Normalizing is the process of removing the
impact of various factors on energy use so that energy performance of facilities
and operations can be compared.
3 Marks
b) Benchmarking
7
_______________________

Comparison of energy performance to peers and competitors to establish a
relative understanding of where our performance ranks.
2 Marks
S-6
Write short notes on the causes of acid rain and its effects?
Ans:
Acid rain is caused by release of SO x and NOx from combustion of fossil fuels,
which then mix with water vapour in atmosphere to form sulphuric acid and nitric
acid respectively.
3 Marks
The effects of acid rain are as follows:
Acidification of lakes, streams and soil
Direct and indirect effects (release of metals which washes away plant
nutrients)
Killing of wild life (trees, crops, aquatic plants and animals)
Health problems (respiratory, burning skin and eyes)
2 Marks
S-7
Calculate fixed energy consumption for a rolling mill consuming 1,00,000 units of
electricity to produce 600 MT product per month and having specific energy
consumption of 100 kWh/MT?
Ans:
Total energy consumption

= Fixed energy consumption + (specific energy consumption x production)
Fixed energy consumption
= Total energy consumed - (specific energy consumption x production)
2 Marks
Given:
Total energy consumption
Specific energy consumption
Total production
=
=
=
1,00,000 kWh
100 kWh/MT
600 MT
Fixed energy consumption

= 1,00,000 (100 x 600)
= 1,00,000 - ,60,000
= 40,000
units
3 Marks
S-8
A gas fired water heater heats water flowing at the rate of 10 litres per minute
from 30 oC to 95 oC. If the GCV of the gas is 4 x 10 4 kJ/kg, what is the gas
consumption in kg/min (Assume efficiency of water heater= 60%, density of water
=1000 kg/ m3, specific heat of water= 4.2 kJ/kg/oC)
Ans:
Volume of water heated
Mass of water heated
10 litres/min = 10x10-3 m3/min

10 x 10-3 m3/min x 103
= 10 kg/min
8
_______________________

Heat supplied by gas x efficiency
Heat required by water
4
Mass of gas kg/ min x ( 4 x 10 kJ/kg) m x Cp x ( t2-t1)
x 0.6
2 Marks
o
10 kg/min x (4.2 kJ/kg/ C ) x (9530) oC / (4x104 x 0.6)

0.113 kg/min
3 Marks
. End of Section II .
Section III: LONG DESCRIPTIVE QUESTIONS

(i)
(ii)
L-1
Marks: 6 x 10 = 60
Answer all Six questions

Each question carries Ten marks
Construct a PERT Diagram for the following project and find out the critical path.
Activity
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
i)
ii)
iii)
iv)
Duration
in Days
2
3
5
4
6
5
7
3
1
Precedent
Start
A
A
B
B
C
D
E
F, G, H
What is the critical path?

What is the total duration required to complete the project?
What is the available slack period in days for activity C & E?
If duration of activity G is reduced by 2 days by crashing, what is the new
critical path and duration?
9
_______________________
Answer
C
A
2
1
D
3
F
G
7/5
H
3
E
6
1. Critical path is
=A - B - D - G - I
2. Total completion of the project
= 17 days
3. Slack time available for C
= 4 days
I
1
2 Marks
2 Marks
2 Marks
4. Slack time available for E
= 2 days
2 Marks
5. If the duration of activity of G is
reduced by 2 days, then there will be 2 critical paths namely
A - B- D - G I & A B E H I
2 Marks
L-2
Prepare the energy balance of a Diesel Generator based on following details and
draw a Sankey diagram
Calorific value of Diesel: 10,000 kCal per litre,
Average energy generated by DG Set: 4.07 kWh per litre. The efficiency of the
alternator is 96%.
Losses:
33% stack losses through flue gases
24% coolant losses
10
_______________________

balance radiation losses
Ans:
Input: 100% Thermal Energy

Outputs:
Electrical output
= [4.07 kWh X 860 kCal per kWh/10,000 kCal/kg] X100]

= 35%
4 Marks
Alternator Losses
= (100 96) = 4%
1 Mark
Stack Loss through Flue Gases = 33%
Coolant Losses
= 24%
Radiation losses
= 100 (35+4+33+24)
= 4%
2 Marks
Draw Energy Balance (Sankey) Diagram
3 Marks
L-3
Write short notes on the following with reference to Energy Conservation Act
2001
a) Standards and labeling of equipment and appliance
b) Designated consumer
Ans: - a) Standards and Labeling

Standards and Labeling (S & L) has been identified as a key activity for energy
efficiency improvement. The S & L program, when in place would ensure that
only energy efficient equipment and appliance would be made available to the
consumers.
The main provision of EC act on Standards and Labeling are:
Evolve minimum energy consumption and performance standards for

notified equipment and appliances.
Prohibit manufacture, sale and import of such equipment, which does not
conform to the standards.
Introduce a mandatory labeling scheme for notified equipment appliances
to enable consumers to make informed choices
Disseminate information on the benefits to consumers
5 Marks
b) Designated Consumers
The main provisions of the EC Act on designated consumers are:
The government would notify energy intensive industries and other

establishments as designated consumers;
Schedule to the Act provides list of designated consumers which covered
basically energy intensive industries, Railways, Port Trust, Transport
11
_______________________

Sector, Power Stations, Transmission & Distribution Companies and
Commercial buildings or establishments;
The designated consumer to get an energy audit conducted by an

accredited energy auditor;
Energy managers with prescribed qualification are required to be

appointed or designated by the designated consumers;
Designated consumers would comply with norms and standards of

energy consumption as prescribed by the central government.
5 Marks
Note: the evaluator may also consider other relevant point explained by the
candidate.
L-4
A foundry has an induction furnace of 5 TPH with a specific energy consumption

of 620 kWh / tonne of liquid metal. The yield of the foundry castings is 60%.
Further the castings are heat treated in an oil fired furnace which consumes 75
kgs of oil / tonne of castings. Find out the energy consumption per tonne of
finished product in terms of oil equivalent. (GCV of oil = 10,000 kCal / kg & 1 kWh
= 860 kCal)
Ans:
Specific energy consumption per tonne of liquid metal = 620 kWh/T

Consumption after accounting for yield
= 620/ 0.6
= 1033 kWh/T
3 Marks
Consumption in heat units
= 1033 x 860
= 8,88,380 Kcal/T
2 Marks
Heat required for heat treatment
= 75 x 10,000
= 7,50,000 Kcal/T
2 Marks
Total kCals required per tonne of finished casting
= 16,38,380 Kcals/T
In terms of oil equivalent
= 16,38,380 / 10,000
= 163.8 kg of oil/Tonne of finished product
3 Marks
Note : Incase the yield has not been appropriately considered, marks may
be allotted to other steps even though the answer may be wrong.
L-5
A 15 kW, 415 V, 27 A, 4 pole, 50 Hz, 3 phase rated squirrel cage induction motor
has a full load efficiency and power factor of 90% and 0.86 respectively. An
energy auditor measures the following operating data of the motor.
Supply Voltage
= 406 V
Current drawn
= 22A
PF
= 0.82
12
_______________________

Find out the following at motor operating conditions:
a) Power input in kW
b) % motor loading
Ans:
a)
Power Input
=
=
1.732 x 0.406 x22 x 0.82

12.68 kW
5 Marks
b)
% motor loading
=
=
=
=
(Power input/rated input) X 100

(12.68/ (15/0.9)) X 100
(12.68/16.66) X 100
76.11 %
Or
=
=
(12.68 x / (1.732 x 27 x 0.415x 0.86) X 100

76 %
5 Marks
L-6
Briefly explain Preliminary energy audit and Detailed energy audit?
Ans:
Preliminary energy audit is a relatively quick exercise to:

Establish energy consumption in the organization
Estimate the scope for saving
Identify the most likely (and the easiest areas for attention)
Identify immediate (especially no-/low-cost) improvements/ savings
Set a reference point
Identify areas for more detailed study/measurement
Preliminary energy audit uses existing, or easily obtained data
5 Marks
Detailed energy audit
A comprehensive audit provides a detailed energy project implementation plan
for a facility, since it evaluates all major energy using systems.
This type of audit offers the most accurate estimate of energy savings and cost.
It considers the interactive effects of all projects, accounts for the energy use of
all major equipment, and includes detailed energy cost saving calculations and
project cost.
In a comprehensive audit, one of the key elements is the energy balance. This is
based on an inventory of energy using systems, assumptions of current
operating conditions and calculations of energy use. This estimated use is then
compared to utility bill charges. In effect a detailed energy audit:
Provides a detailed energy project implementation plan for a facility, since

it evaluates all major energy using systems.
Offers the most accurate estimate of energy savings and cost.
Considers the interactive effects of all projects, accounts for the energy
13
_______________________
use of all major equipment, and

Includes detailed energy cost saving calculations and project cost.
Arrives energy balance based on an inventory of energy using systems,
assumptions of current operating conditions and calculations of energy
use. This estimated use is then compared to utility bill charges
5 Marks
Note : the evaluator also may consider other relevant points in

awarding marks
. End of Section III .
14
_______________________

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Paper 1 Set A Solutions

Regn No: _________________

10th NATIONAL CERTIFICATION EXAMINATION July, 2010

Timings: 0930-1230 HRS

Max. Marks: 150

Please check that this question paper contains 14 printed pages

Answer all 50 questions.

PERT/CPM provides which of the following benefits

c) less than 45%

b) chloro-fluro carbons (CFC)