Tripura Sundari

Tripurasundari redirects here. For Nepalese village, 2 Story

see Tripurasundari (village).
Lalita redirects here. For the gopi, related to Krishna
worship, see Lalita (gopi).
Shiva is one of the trinity of Hindu pantheons, in charge
of destruction. He married Sati, the daughter of Daksha.
Tripursundar ( - Beautiful (Goddess) Daksha and Shiva did not get along and consequently
of the Three Cities) or Mah-Tripurasundar (Great Daksha did not invite Shiva for one of the great re sacBeautiful (Goddess) of the Three Cities), also called rices that he conducted. However Sati went to attend
hoahi (Sixteen), Lalit (She Who Plays[1] ) and that function in spite of Shivas protest. Daksha insulted
Rjarjevar (Queen of Queens, Supreme Ruler), her husband and she jumped into the re and ended her
is one of the group of ten goddesses of Hindu belief, life. Consequently, at the behest of Shiva, Daksha was
collectively called Mahavidyas or Dasha-Mahavidyas.She killed and later resurrected with a goats head. This inciis the foremost and the most important in Dasha- dent i.e. death of his wife upset Shiva and he entered into
Mahavidyas.All other Mahavidyas concludes in her vidya deep meditation. Sati reincarnated as Parvati, the daughi.e. Sri Vidya. Her consort is Maha Kameswara.She ter of Himavat, king of the mountains, and his wife, the
is the highest aspect of Goddess Adi Shakti.Parvati is apsara Mena as a result of a boon given to them by Adi
the complete incarnation of Lalita Maha Tripura Sun- Para Sakthi (un-manifested form of Lalita Tripura Sundari.Tripurasundari is the primary goddess associated dari or Nirguna Brahman). Naturally, Prvat sought and
received Shiva as her husband.
with the Shakta Tantric tradition known as Sri Vidya
The devas faced an enemy in Tarakasura who had a
boon that he could be killed only by a son of Shiva
and Parvati.So for the purpose of begetting a son from
Shiva and Parvati, the devas deputed Manmatha, the
God of love.Manmatha shot his ower arrows to Shiva
and Parvati in order to induce severe sexual feelings
in them. Shiva in anger for being tricked, opened his
third eye which reduced the God of love to ashes. The
Devas and Rathi Devi, the wife of Manmatha requested
Shiva to give life to Manmatha. Heeding their request
Shiva stared at the ashes of Manmatha. From the ashes
came Bhandasura, who made all the world impotent and
ruled from the city called Shonitha pura. He started
troubling the devas. The devas then sought the advice of Sage Narada and Trinitys, who advised them to
seek the help of Nirguna Brahman,the ultimate god head
which is unmanifested i.e. Sat-Chit-Ananada (TruthConsciousness-Bliss) .Nirguna Brahman took the shape
of Maha Sambhu and Adi Parasakthi(who were unmanifested and beyond the manifest Brahmanda) and appeared before them.Maha Sambhu and Adi Parasakthi
agreed to take the form of Maha Kameswara and Lalita
Tripura Sundari for the benet of the universe.For this a
maha yajna is made where the entire creation i.e. manifest universe is oered as the oblation and from the
re rose Maha Sambhu and Adi Parasakthi as Lalitha
Tripura Sundari and Kameswara.Lalitha Tripura Sundari and Kameswara re-created the entire universe as
it was before.She created Brahma and Lakshmi,Vishnu
and Parvati,Shiva and Sarswati.Thus Vishnu came to be
known as the brother of Parvati (i.e. incarnation of Lalita

As Shodashi, Tripurasundari is represented as a sixteenyear-old girl, and is believed to embody sixteen types of
desire. Shodashi also refers to the sixteen syllable mantra,
which consists of the fteen syllable (panchadasakshari)
mantra plus a nal seed syllable. The Shodashi Tantra
refers to Shodashi as the Beauty of the Three Cities, or
Tripurasundari.[2] There is a very popular saying among
Sri Vidya tradition is that one has to be verily Shiva himself or in ones last birth to get Sri vidya. Since we are not
Shiva, it has to be the last birth or when we get it, it becomes our last birth[3] and One can worship Lalitha only
if she wishes us to do so

Etymology

'Tripura' means 'the three cities,' and 'sundar' means

'beautiful,' specically a beautiful female.
Therefore, her name means 'Beautiful (Goddess) of the
Three Cities.Etymologically, Lalitha means She Who
Plays. In the root form (vyutpatti), the word Lalitha
means spontaneous from which the meaning easy
or easy to attain is derived and implicitly extends to
play.She plays with her devotees just like mother plays
with her child.Also the concept of maya(illusion) is referred here.She is also called Maha Maya
1

5 BHANDASURA

or Adi Para Sakthi )

Physical Description

She is described as extremely beautiful, having dark thick

long hair with the scent of Champaka, Asoka and Punnaga owers. She had the musk thilaka on her forehead,
eyelids which appeared as if they were the gate of the
house of the God of love, and having eyes like sh playing in the lake of her face. She had a nose with studs that
shone more than the stars, ears with the sun and moon as
studs, cheeks which were like the mirror of Padmaraga,
beautiful rows of white teeth, and she was chewing Thamboola with camphor. She had a voice sweeter than the
sound emanating from Veena of Sarswathi, and having
such a beautiful smile that Shiva himself could not take
his eyes o her. She was wearing Mangala soothra and
necklaces, with beautiful breasts which were capable of
buying the invaluable love of Kameswara,having wisps of
beautiful hair raising from her belly, her stomach having
three pretty folds, and she was wearing red silk tied with a
string with red bells. She had thighs which steal the heart
of Kameshwara, knees which looked like crowns made
of precious gems, voluptuous legs, upper part of the feet
resembling the backs of tortoises, feet which resembled
lamps made of gems which could dispel worries from the
mind of devotees and a body with the golden red color.
She was given in marriage to Kameshwara by Trimurtis
as priests of the wedding, Varhai and kurukulla stands in
the position of her father and mother, Vishnu stands in the
position of her brother and made to stay in Nagara(city)
at the top of Maha Meru Mountain.Thus Vishnu came to
be known as her brother and Varhai and Kurkulla devi as
her parents (literally, as she has no father & mother i.e.
self-born)

Abode

Her abode,also called Nagara(city) had 25 streets circling

it, made of iron, steel, copper, and lead. An alloy made of
ve metals, silver, gold, the white Pushpa raga stone, the
red Padmaraga stone, onyx, diamond, Vaidoorya, Indra
neela (topaz), pearl, Marakatha, coral, nine gems and a
mixture of gems and precious stones. In the eighth street
was a forest of Kadambas. This is presided by Syamala.
In the fteenth street lived the Ashta Dik palakas. In the
sixteenth lived Varahi alias Dandini who was her commander in chief. Here Syamala also had a house. In
the seventeenth street lived the dierent Yoginis. In the
eighteenth street lived Maha Vishnu. In the nineteenth
street lived Esana, in the twentieth Thara Devi, twenty
rst Varuni, the twenty second Kurukulla who presides
over the fort of pride, twenty third Marthanda Bhairawa,
twenty fourth the moon and twenty fth Manmatha presiding over the forest of love.

4.1 Center of City

In the center of Nagara is the Maha Padma Vana (the
great lotus forest) and within it the Chintamani Griha
(The house of holy thought), in the north east is the
Chid agni kunda and on both sides of its eastern gate
are the houses of Manthrini and Dhandini. On its four
gates stand the Chaduramnaya gods for watch and ward.
Within it is the chakra. In the center of the Chakra on
the throne of Pancha brahmas on the Bindu Peeta (dot
plank) called sarvanandamaya (universal happiness) sits
Maha Tripura Sundari. In the chakra are the following decorations viz., the square called Trilokya mohanam
(most beautiful in the three worlds), The sixteen petaled
lotus called Sarvasa paripoorakam (fulller of all desires),
the eight petaled lotus called Sarvasamksopanam (the all
cleanser), the sixteen cornered gure called Sarva sowbagyam (all luck), the external ten cornered gure called
Sarvartha sadhakam (giver of all assets), the internal ten
cornered gure called Sarva raksha karam (All protector), the eight cornered gure called Sarva roga haram
(cure of all diseases), the triangle called Sarva siddhi
pradam (giver of all powers) and the dot called Sarvananda mayam (all pleasures).

5 Bhandasura
The devas prayed to her to kill Bhandasura. When she
started for the war with Bandasura, she was accompanied by the powers called anima, mahima, Brahmi, Kaumari, Vaishnavi, Varahi, Mahendri, Chamundi, Maha
Lakshmi, Nitya Devaths and Avarna Devathas who occupy the chakra. While Sampatkari was the captain of
the elephant regiment, Aswarooda was the captain of the
cavalry. The army was commanded by Dhandini riding on the chariot called Giri Chakra assisted by Manthrini riding on the chariot called Geya Chakra. Jwala
malini protected the army by creating a re ring around
it. Lailita Tripura Sundari rode in the center on the chariot of Chakra. Nithya destroyed a large chunk of Bandasuras armies, Bala killed the son of Bandasura, and
Manthrini and Dhandini killed his brothers called Vishanga and Vishukra. When the asuras created a blockade for the marching army, Lalitha Tripura sundari created Ganesha with the help of Kameshwara to remove the
blockade. Then Bandasura created the asuras called Hiranyaksha, Hiranya Kasipu and Ravana. She killed all his
army using Pasupathastra and killed him with Kameshwarasthra. The gods then praised her. She then recreated Manmatha for the good of the world. This story is
contained in the rst 84 names of the rst 34 slokas of
Lalitha sahasranama. All together it contains one thousand names. This is also called the Rahasya Nama Sahasra (the thousand secret names). Reading it, meditating on the meaning of the names would lead to the fulllment of all the wishes of the devotees.

6.2

Structure

Lalita Sahasranama

3
the sages of yore and one of the stars of the constellation Saptarshi (Ursa major). At the request of Agasthya,
Hayagreeva is said to have taught him the thousand holiest names of Lalita. This has been conveyed to us by the
sage Maharishi Vyasa. Lalitha Sahasranama is the only
sahasranama composed by vag devatas under Lalithas direction. All the other sahasranamas are said to have been
composed by Maharishi Vyasa.

Lalita Sahasranama contains a thousand names of the

Hindu mother goddess Lalita.[4] The names are organized
in a hymns (stotras). It is the only sahasranama that does
not repeat a single name. Further, in order to maintain the
meter, sahasranamass use the artice of adding words
like tu, api, ca, and hi, which are conjunctions that do
not necessarily add to the meaning of the name except
in cases of interpretation. The Lalita sahasranama does
not use any such auxiliary conjunctions and is unique in 6.2 Structure
being an enumeration of holy names that meets the metrical, poetical and mystic requirements of a sahasranama The slokas are organized in such a way that Devi is described from Head to Feet (kesadhi padham).There are
by their order throughout the text.
basically ve works (pancha krtyam). They are creation
Lalita Sahasranama begins by calling the goddess Shri (srishti), protection (sthiti), destruction (samharam), hidMata (the great mother), Shri Maharajni (the great queen) ing (thirudhanam) and blessing (anugraham). Devi herand Shrimat Simhasaneshwari (the queen sitting on the self has been described as pancha krtya parayana in the
lion-throne).[5] In verses 2 and 3 of the Sahasranama she sloka and the ve tasks are described as follows:
is described as a Udayatbhanu Sahasrabha (the one who
is as bright as the rays of thousand rising suns), Chatur- This means Devi is the aspect of Brahma, while creatbahu Samanvita (the one who has four hands) and Ragas- ing srshti, aspect of Vishnu while sustaining sthiti, asvarupa Pashadhya (the one who is holding the rope).[6] pect of Rudra during dissolution samhara.These ve entiChidagnikunda Sambhuta (one who was born from the al- ties (Brahmma, Vishnu, Rudra, Isvara and Sadasiva) are
tar of the re of consciousness) and Devakarya samudy- known as pancha-brahma. Lalitha has designated the
ata (one who manifested Herself for fullling the objects ve functions to these brahmam. Sometimes, Devi will
of the devas) are among other names mentioned in the take away the life from these ve brahmmam and make
them inactive, performing all the ve tasks herself. At
sahasranama.
that time they will be called pancha pretam that is lifeless bodies.The rst three slokas are:srimata, the (great
mother) Srshti; sri maharajni the (great ruler) Sthithi; sri6.1 Composition
mat simhasaneswari the (one who sits on the simhasanam
Lalitha sahasranama is said to have been composed by and manages) Samharam. Here there is no direct refereight vak devis (vaag devathas) upon the command of ence to samharam. But managing here includes creating
Lalitha. These vaag devis are Vasini, Kameshwari, Mod- balance between birth and death.The rest of the slokas
hinee, Vimala, Aruna, Jayinee, Sarveshwari, Koulini. cover thirodhanam and anugraham.
The sahasranama says that One can worship Lalitha
only if she wishes us to do so. The text is a dialogue between Hayagriva, an (avatar) of Mahavishnu and
the sage Agastya. The temple at Thirumeyachur,near
Kumbakonam is said to be where Agastya was initiated
into this sahasranama. Another alternative version is the
Upanishad Bramham Mutt at kanchipuram is where this
initiation happened.
This sahasranama is held as a sacred text for the worship
of the Divine Mother, Lalita, and is used in the worship
of Durga, Parvati, Kali, Lakshmi, Saraswati, Bhagavathi,
etc. A principal text of Shakti worshipers, it names her
various attributes, and these names are organized in the
form of a hymn. This sahasranama is used in various
modes for the worship of the Divine Mother. Some of the
modes of worship are parayana (Recitations), archana,
homa etc.
This stotra (hymn of praise) occurs in the Brahmanda Purana (history of the universe) in the chapter on discussion
between Hayagreeva and Agasthya. Hayagreeva is an incarnation of Vishnu with the head of a horse who is held
to be the storehouse of knowledge. Agasthya is one of

The next namas - chidhagnikunda sambhutha devakarya

samudhyatha tells us that devi arose from the re of
knowledge to help devas in their task (war against asuras bhandasura).From the namAa- Udhyath bhanu sahasraba
till sinjanamani manjeera manditha sree padambuja, all
her parts like her face, fore head, eyes, mouth, tongue,
voice, hands, hip, legs have been described.Thereafter,
Devis place (Chintamani gruham), her war against bandasura, kundalini shakti, her properties (such as who can
reach her and who cannot, etc.) have been described.The
General picture of the Goddess depicts a Parrot and
a Sugarcane stick with her. Sugarcane represents the
sweetness of her mind.[7]

7 Srichakra
In the Shri Vidya school of Hindu tantra, the Sri Yantra
("sacred instrument"), also Sri Chakra is a diagram
formed by nine interlocking triangles that surround and
radiate out from the central (bindu) point. It represents
the goddess in her form of Shri Lalita Or Tripura Sundari,

9 ICONOGRAPHY
starting from the outside or bottom layer are:[8]
1. Trailokya Mohana or Bhupara, a square of three
lines with four portals
2. Sarva Aasa Paripuraka, a sixteen-petal lotus
3. Sarva Sankshobahana, an eight-petal lotus
4. Sarva Saubhagyadayaka, composed of fourteen
small triangles
5. Sara Arthasadhaka, composed of ten small triangles
6. Sarva Rakshakara, composed of ten small triangles
7. Sarva Rogahara, composed of eight small triangles
8. Sarva Siddhiprada, composed of 1 small triangle
9. Sarva Anandamaya, composed of a point or bindu

The Sri Yantra in diagrammatic form, showing how its nine interlocking triangles form a total of 43 smaller triangles.

The Sri Chakra (called the Shri Yantra) is the symbol of

Hindu tantra, which is based on the Hindu philosophy of
Kashmir Shaivism. The Sri Yantra is the object of devothe beauty of the three worlds (earth,atmosphere and tion in Sri Vidya.
sky(heaven)"(Bhoo, Bhuva and Swa). The worship of the
Sri Chakra is central to the Shri Vidya system of Hindu The two dimensional Sri Chakra, when it is projected into
worship. Four isosceles triangles with the apices upwards, three dimensions is called a Maha Meru (Mount Meru).
representing Shiva or the Masculine. Five isosceles triangles with the apices downward, symbolizing female embodiment Shakti. Thus the Sri Yantra also represents the 8 References in Hindu literature
union of Masculine and Feminine Divine. Because it is
composed of nine triangles, it is known as the Navayoni The Lalitha Sahasranama describes her as extremely merChakra.[8] These nine triangles are of various sizes and ciful and leads a devotee to liberation.
intersect with one another. In the middle is the power
The Soundarya Lahari of Adi Shankaracharya deals expoint (bindu), visualizing the highest, the invisible, eluhaustively about the nature of the Goddess and her worsive centre from which the entire gure and the cosmos
ship.
expand. The triangles are enclosed by two rows of (8 and
16) petals, representing the lotus of creation and repro- The Lalitopakyana tells of the epic battle between her
ductive vital force. The broken lines of the outer frame forces and the forces of the arch-demon Bhandasura.
denote the gure to be a sanctuary with four openings to The Tripura Sundari Ashtakam by Adi Shankaracharya
the regions of the universe.[9]
describes her as a Mother wearing a blue and red-spotted
In a recent issue of Brahmavidya, the journal of the dress and holding a pot of honey[12]
Adyar Library, Subhash Kak argues that the description
of Sri Yantra is identical to the yantra described in the
vetvatara Upanisad.[10]
9 Iconography
Together the nine triangles are interlaced in such a way
as to form 43 smaller triangles in a web symbolic of the
entire cosmos or a womb symbolic of creation. Together
they express Advaita or non-duality. This is surrounded
by a lotus of eight petals, a lotus of sixteen petals, and an
earth square resembling a temple with four doors.[8] The
various deities residing in the nine layers of the Sri Yantra
are described in the Devi Khadgamala Mantra.[11]

Tripurasundari is described as being of dusky, red, or

golden in color, depending on the meditational form, and
in union with Shiva. The couple are traditionally portrayed on a bed, a throne, or a pedestal that is upheld by
Brahma, Vishnu, Rudra, Ishana(another form of Shiva,
depicted in the Tantras) and Sadashiva forming the plank.
She holds ve arrows of owers, a noose, a goad and a
The Shri Chakra is also known as the nava chakra be- sugarcane as a bow. The noose represents attachment,
cause it can also be seen as having nine levels. Nine the goad represents repulsion, the sugarcane bow reprecomes from Nava of Sanskrit. Each level corresponds sents the mind and the arrows are the ve sense objects.
to a mudra, a yogini, and a specic form of the De- Bala Tripurasundari is a goddess, depicted as an indepenity Tripura Sundari along with her mantra. These levels dent young pre pubescent goddess who is 9 years of age,

5
also known as a kumari. She is said to be the daughter of Lalita Maha Tripurasundari and Kameswara. Bala
Tripurasundaris mantra and yantra diers completely
from that of Maha Tripurasundari. The only Temple of
Bala Tripurasundari Bhagawati is located at Tripurakot
of Dolpa district of Nepal where Adi Shankaracharya
had prayed and worshipped due to renowned exaltation
of Bala Tripurasundari Bhagawati Temple. Tripurasundari is also worshipped as the Sri Yantra, which is considered by practitioners of Sri Vidya to be a more true
representation of the goddess.
Tripurasundari combines in her being Kali's determination and Durgas charm, grace, and complexion. She has
a third eye on her forehead. Usually four-armed and clad
in red, the richly bejeweled Tripurasundari sits on a lotus
seat laid on a golden throne. An aura of royalty characterizes her overall bearing and ambiance.

I in the 11th century. The Trisula Nathar Temple is dedicated to Sri Shiva as Trisula Nathar and Divine Mother
Shakti as Tripura Sundari Amman.[13][14]
There are literally countless temples dedicated to Tripura
Sundari in India and most of them are located in South
India

12 See also
Parvati
Shakti
Sri Chakra
Pandit Jia Lal Saraf
Lalita Sahasranama

10

Inuences on Indian History

13 Notes
and Culture

The Indian state of Tripura derives its name from the goddess Tripura Sundari.
Kashmiri Pandits have a collection of ve ancient hymns,
collectively known as Panchastavi, that were composed
ages ago in praise of Tripura Sundari. These ancient
hymns still remain very popular among this community. Panchastavi was translated into Kashmiri by the
renowned Kashmiri scholar, Pandit Jia Lal Saraf, which
it remains popular among Kashmiris to this day.
Sri Ramakrishna worshipped his wife Ma Sarada Devi as
Tripura Sundari during their lives.

11

Temples dedicated to worship of

Mother Tripura Sundari

Her most important temple is the Kanchi Kamakshi temple in Kanchipuram,Tamil Nadu. Kanchipuram is one of
the moksha puris.Sagu Durvasa done intense penance in
Kanchipuram and the pleased Lalita Tripura Sundari appeared and agrees to reside in Kanchi for the benet of
her devotees.Sage Durvasa installed the Sri Chakra in this
temple.It is also the place of Kanchi Kamakoti mandali.

[1] Frawley, David: Tantric Yoga and the Wisdom Goddesses, page 89. Motilal Banarsidass Publishers, reprint
2005
[2] Danielou, Alain (1991). The Myths and Gods of India.
Rochester, Vermont: Inner Traditions International. p.
278.
[3] SriVidya the secret path. Retrieved May 12, 2015.
[4] Dalal, Roshen (2010). The Religions of India: A Concise
Guide to Nine Major Faiths. Penguin Books India. p. 207.
ISBN 978-0-14-341517-6.
[5] Venkatasubramanian, Krishnaswamy (1999). The Spectrum: festschrift, essays in honor of Dr. K. Venkatasubramanian. Variant Communications. p. 343.
[6] Deshpande, Madhusudan Narhar (1986). The Caves of
Panhle-Kj, Ancient Pranlaka: An Art Historical Study
of Transition from Hinayana, Tantric Vajrayana to Nath
Sampradya (third to Fourteenth Century A.D.). Archaeological Survey of India, Government of India. p. 108.
[7] Tripura Sundari
[8] Shankaranarayanan, S. (1979). Sri Chakr (3rd ed.). Dipti
Publications.
[9] Kuiper, K (2011). Understanding India: The Culture
of India. Britannica Educational Publishing. ISBN
9781615302031.

Her temple, the Tripura Sundari temple is located on top

of the hills near Radhakishorepur village, a little distance [10] http://ikashmir.net/subhashkak/docs/SriChakra.pdf Subaway from Udaipur town and in Banaswara, Rajasthan
hash Kak, The Great Goddess Lalit and the r Cakra.
.In West Bengal, there is a temple of Ma Tripura Sundari
Brahmavidy: The Adyar Library Bulletin, vol. 72-73,
pp. 155-172, 2008-2009
Devi located in Boral, near Garia.In Madhya Pradesh,
Jabalpur, there is Tripura Sundari temple about 12 km
[11] http://sripoornamahameru.org/downloads/
from city on Bhedaghat road in village Tewar.In the outskirts of Chennai, is the Shri Tirusoolanathar Tripurasun- [12] http://www.stutimandal.com/gif_adi/tripura_sundari_
dari temple, an ancient temple built by Kulothunga Chola
ashtakam.htm

16

[13] http://drlsravi.blogspot.in/2013/08/
shri-tirusoolanathar-tripurasundari.html
[14] http://www.tamilbrahmins.com/temples-pilgrimage/
14934-tirusula-nathar-temple-trisulam-chennai-suburb.
html

14

References

Brooks, Douglas R. (1990), The Secret of the Three

Cities: An Introduction to Hindu Sakta Tantrism,
Chicago & London: University of Chicago Press
Brooks, Douglas R. (1992), Auspicious Wisdom, Albany: State University of New York Press
Kinsley, David (1997), Tantric Visions of the Divine
Feminine: The Ten Mahavidyas, New Delhi: Motilal
Banarsidass, ISBN 978-0-520-20499-7
books released by Sathguru sri seshadri swamigal
brindavanam trust ( regd) web site:www.seshadri.
info

15

Further reading

Kinsley, David. Hindu Goddesses: Vision of the

Divine Feminine in the Hindu Religious Traditions.
Berkeley: University of California Press, 1998.
Dikshitar, V.R. Ramachandra. The Lalita Cult.
Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass Publishers Pvt Ltd,
1991.

16

External links

Lalita Tripura Sundari Mantra Sadhana

Ma Tripursundari
Tripursundari Sadhana
The Lalita Cult

EXTERNAL LINKS

17
17.1

Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses

Text

Tripura Sundari Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tripura_Sundari?oldid=671065706 Contributors: RichardHolmes, Fvw,

Goethean, Reinyday, Raj2004, Wiki-uk, Dangerous-Boy, Bhadani, Swami Vimokshananda, DaGizza, Tsch81, Gaius Cornelius, Seemagoel, Tropylium, SmackBot, JonHarder, Victor D, ShaktaScholar, Skinsmoke, Hu12, Bharatveer, Veeoo sam, Keithh, Cydebot, Satori
Son, Rakeshinnovation, Rimibchatterjee, Hekerui, Bhaskar an, Freeboson, Captain panda, Ian.thomson, Dadhikravas, Squids and Chips,
Redtigerxyz, VolkovBot, Instantnematode, Snehilsharma, Prodigyhk, Javaboy.ms, Khvalamde, Altzinn, Gireeshelemec, ImageRemovalBot,
Podzemnik, Czarko, Navvis, Nocowardsoulismine, Vinayak.razdan, Fastily, Addbot, LatitudeBot, Yobot, Materialscientist, ArthurBot,
Xqbot, Sastha08, .., Rosomak~enwiki, Mitrasn, FrescoBot, I dream of horses, Krishgaay, World8115, EmausBot, GoingBatty, Nayansatya, Sanshlistha m, Helpful Pixie Bot, BG19bot, Arjunkanagal, Souradipgupta, Khazar2, Goldginger7, Suryasivan, Lk56835,
Bladesmulti, Drindranil, Arjunkrishna90, Narcm4, Vedpriyaa, Kvicknesh, KasparBot and Anonymous: 56

17.2

Images

File:AUM_symbol,_the_primary_(highest)_name_of_the_God_as_per_the_Vedas.svg Source:
wikipedia/commons/b/b7/Om_symbol.svg License: Public domain Contributors: ? Original artist: ?

https://upload.wikimedia.org/

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