Concepts of Elementary Mathematics

Enduring Understandings & Essential Questions

First through Fourth Grade Content Areas:
Numbers and Operations
Algebra
Geometry
Measurement
Data Analysis and Probability

Above all, students should feel enchanted by

the beauty of mathematics, empowered by
their increasing abilities, and captivated by
new concepts.
- Annette Raphel

NUMBER AND OPERATIONS

Enduring Understandings

Essential Questions

Numbers can represent quantity,

position, location, & relationships.

How is math relevant to me?

- relate and apply concepts & skills to daily life
What do numbers convey?
- identify amount (cardinal)
- name position (ordinal)
- indicate location (nominal)
How can numbers be expressed, ordered, and compared?
- read and write positive numbers, decimals, and fractions
- sequence numbers: zero through one billion
- compare quantities as more, less, equal (>, <, =)

Numbers can be classified

by attributes.

What are properties of whole numbers?

- understand odd and even
- identify prime and composite
- create figurate numbers (ex: square, triangular)

Counting finds out the answer

to how many in objects/sets.

What are different ways to count?

- count all
- count on
- count back
- skip count
- count groups
What are efficient ways to count?
- count up (or back) from largest number
- count sets of items
- count to/using landmark numbers (ex: 10, 25, 50, 100)

NUMBER AND OPERATIONS

Enduring Understandings

Essential Questions

Grouping (unitizing) is a way to

count, measure, and estimate.

In what ways can items be grouped?

- recognize common clusters (ex: tallies, dozens)
- create groups for efficiency (ex: 10s, 100s, etc.)
- make exchanges for unit of higher value (ex: 10 pennies for 1 dime)
How do units within a system relate to each other?
- understand relationships between and among:
time:

minute, hour, day, week, month, year, decade, century

penny, nickel, dime, quarter, dollar
length: inch, foot, yard, mile; millimeter, centimeter, decimeter, meter, kilometer
volume: fluid ounce, cup, pint, quart, gallon
weight: ounce, pound, ton; gram, kilo, metric ton
money:

Place value is based on

groups of ten.

How does the position of a digit in a number affect its value?

- identify place value positions
- add & subtract multiples of 10, 100, 1000
- multiply & divide by powers of 10
In what ways can numbers be composed and decomposed?
- use expanded notation (ex: 349 = 300+40+9)
- rename numbers (ex: 83 = 70+13, 8 tens + 3 ones = 7 tens + 13 ones)
How are place value patterns repeated in numbers?
- understand pattern of 10s as structure of our number system
- identify patterns in digits and periods when numbers are sequenced
How can place value properties aid computation?
- apply single digit facts to multi-digit computation (ex: use 5x5 for 50x50)
- regroup numbers for efficiency

Estimation is a way to get

an approximate answer.

What are strategies to make a reasonable estimate?

- determine possible range for answer
- use anchoring, partitioning, and visualization techniques
- round quantities to find approximate sum, difference, product, quotient
3

NUMBER AND OPERATIONS

Enduring Understandings

Essential Questions

Computation involves taking apart

and combining numbers using a
variety of approaches;

What are different models of and models for addition and subtraction?
- join and/or separate items
- interpret diagrams: part-part-total, start-change-end, open number lines
- understand and generate variety of number models

Flexible methods of computation

involve grouping numbers in
strategic ways;
Proficiency with basic facts aids
estimation and computation of
larger and smaller numbers.

What questions can be answered using addition and/or subtraction?

- problem solve in context
What are efficient methods for finding sums and differences?
- use identity property of addition and subtraction
- apply tens partners; doubles & near-double neighbors; see 9, think 10
- demonstrate fluency with addition and subtraction facts within 20
- split addends or subtrahends for ease of multi-digit computation
- regroup 1s, 10s, 100s for multi-digit addition and subtraction
- add any series of five-digit addends
- subtract any five-digit minuend with a smaller subtrahend
- use and examine algorithms for efficiency: partial sum, regrouping, trade first
What are different models of and models for multiplication and division?
- make equal sets/groups, create fair shares
- represent with objects, diagrams, arrays, area models
- identify multiplication patterns
- understand remainders
What questions can be answered using multiplication and division?
- problem solve in context
What are efficient methods for finding products and quotients?
- use identity and zero properties of multiplication and division
- apply doubling/halving concepts to multiplication (ex: 16x5 is half of 16 x10)
- demonstrate fluency with multiplication facts of factors 0-12
- identify factors/divisors of a number and multiples of a number
- multiply any whole number by a two-digit factor
- divide any whole number by a two-digit divisor and interpret the remainder
- use and examine algorithms: partial product & partial quotient, and traditional 4

NUMBER AND OPERATIONS

Enduring Understandings

Essential Questions
How do the four operations related to one another?
- construct fact families for addition/subtraction and multiplication/division
- recognize inverse relationships: addition/subtraction and multiplication/division
- understand whole number multiplication as repeated addition
- comprehend whole number division as repeated subtraction
- apply commutative, associative and distributive properties
How are parenthesis used in numeric expressions?
- indicate operation to be performed first in written expression containing
more than two terms and different operations
What computation tools are best suited to which circumstances?
- determine when to use objects, number line, number chart, mental math,
pencil/paper, calculator

Fractions, decimals, and percents

express a relationship between two
numbers.

How can fractions be modeled, compared, and ordered?

- understand fractions as division of two whole numbers
- identify fractions as part of a whole, part of a set, part of an area,
and locations on the number line
- read and write symbolic notation for unit fractions and common fractions
- recognize and name equivalent fractions
- order fractions, including improper fractions (ex:3/2) and mixed numbers (ex:1 )
How are common fractions, decimals and percents alike and different?
- compare fraction and decimal models using pictures, objects and numbers
- identify and describe relationship between fractions and decimals
- relate fractions and decimals to percents
- recognize common equivalent fractions, decimals and percents
How is computation with rational numbers similar and different to whole number
computation?
- add and subtract fractional numbers with like denominators
- add and subtract decimals using standard algorithms
5

ALGEBRA

Enduring Understandings

Essential Questions

Patterns can be found in

many forms.

Where are patterns in nature, architecture, music, words, and numbers?

- identify patterns in daily life and through integrated classroom studies

Patterns can grow and repeat.

What is the repeating and/or increasing unit in the pattern?

- identify and continue numerical sequences
- identify and continue figure patterns

Patterns can be generalized.

What strategies can be used to continue a sequence?

- express pattern as a rule (ex: frame & arrows, whats my rule?)
- use a rule to determine unknowns (ex: complete a function table)
How does finding patterns help in counting and/or computation?
- problem solve in context

Mathematical expressions
represent relationships.

How is an equation like a balance scale?

- understand equal to mean both sides of the number model have
an equivalent value
How can relationships be expressed symbolically?
- use and interpret notation: >, <, =,

Number patterns and relationships

can be represented using variables.

Why are variables used?

- express generalizations (ex: N+1= 1+N)
- interpret formulas (ex: area = length x width)
What strategies can be used to solve for unknowns?
- apply models to determine what is known (ex: part-part-whole)
- work backwards to identify missing number

GEOMETRY

Enduring Understandings

Essential Questions

Objects can be described

and compared using their
geometric attributes.

How are geometric properties used to solve problems in everyday life?

- problem solve in context

Points, lines and planes

are the foundation of
geometry.

How can plane and solid shapes be described?

- understand properties of polygons (ex: closed, straight, flat/2-dimensional)
- identify quadrilaterals (ex: square, rectangle, parallelogram, rhombus, trapezoid)
- relate 3-dimensional objects to 2-dimensional counterparts (ex: cube to square)
- classify angles as right, acute and obtuse
- compare polyhedrons by edges, vertices, and shape of faces
- identify parallel and perpendicular lines and figures
How are geometric figures constructed?
- use straight edge, ruler, compass and technology
- identify and label points, lines, line segments, and rays
- identify and label the vertex of an angle
What strategies can be used to verify symmetry and congruency?
- create model (ex: trace shape on paper: cut, fold, or place on top of shape)
- measure
- use mirror

Transforming an object
does not affect its attributes.

Ordered pairs show an exact

location on a coordinate plane.

How will a shape look when rotated, reflected, and/or translated?

- practice slides, flips, and turns with variety of objects
- predict the results of transforming two-dimensional shapes
How is the location of a point on a grid described? How is this useful?
- find and record coordinates on grid
- relate to mapping skills

MEASUREMENT

Enduring Understandings

Essential Questions

Objects have distinct attributes

that can be measured.

What types of problems are solved with measurement?

- problem solve in context

Standard units provide common

language for communication
measurements.

What are tools of measurement and how are they used?

- tell time with clocks
- calculate elapsed time
- describe temperature with thermometers
- determine length/height with rulers and measuring tapes
- measure weight with variety of scales
- find area of rectangles
- calculate perimeter of polygons

The choice of measurement

tools depends on the measurable
attribute and the degree of
precision desired.

What is the purpose of standard units of measurement?

- record with customary and metric units
- communicate measurements
How do units within a system relate to each other?
- understand the relationships between and among units;
- identify equivalent periods of unit within a system;
- carry out conversions with units of:
time: minute, hour, day, week, month, year, decade, century
money: penny, nickel, dime, quarter, dollar
length: inch, foot, yard, mile; millimeter, centimeter, decimeter, meter, kilometer
volume: fluid ounce, cup, pint, quart, gallon
weight: ounce, pound, ton; gram, kilo, metric-ton

When is an estimate more appropriate than an actual measurement?

- use of judgment in context
What strategies help estimate measurements?
- select appropriate anchor or benchmark for measurement
- apply multiplicative reasoning (ex: anchor measurement x frequency of anchor)
8

DATA ANALYSIS AND PROBABILITY

Enduring Understandings

Essential Questions

The quality of the question used

impacts the data collected and the
validity of the results.

How can information be gathered, recorded, and organized?

- design investigate to address pertinent question or problem
- determine wording and/or categories to generate fair, unbiased information
- collect data via observations, surveys, samplings, experiments

Graphs convey data in a

concise way.

How does the type of data influence the choice of display?

- understand purpose of different graphs
- create bar graph, chart/table, circle graph/pie chart, glyph
line plot, line graph, pictograph, Venn Diagram
What aspects of a graph help people understand and interpret the data easily?
- read and write parts of a graph: title, labels on x-axis and y-axis,
- understand different type of scales
- create and interpret keys/legends
What kinds of questions can and can not be answered from a graph?
- understand data landmarks: minimum & maximum value, range
- find measures of center: mode, median, mean
- interpret salient points and key relationships in the data set

The expected outcome of an event

is a prediction of what might happen
in the long run.

Sources:

How is the probability of an event determined and described?

- experience activities with random generators (ex: dice, spinners)
- test predictions
- develop vocabulary to express probable outcomes
- represent probability by a number from 0 to 1
- understand impact of law of large numbers on any single outcome

About Teaching Mathematics K-8 (Burns, 2007)

Everyday Mathematics (University of Chicago, 2007)
Principles and Standards for School Mathematics (National Council of Teachers of Mathematics, 2000)
Teaching Mathematics Developmentally, Grades K-2 and Grades 3-5 (Van de Walle, 2005)