Scribd Logo
Upload

Welcome to Scribd!

  • 100 views

    1 Analog Signals

    Uploaded by

    seenusoft
    This document discusses continuous-time or analog signals. It introduces common test signals used in system analysis such as the unit step function, signum function, unit rectangle function, unit ramp function, unit triangle function, impulse function, and sinc function. It describes operations that can be performed on signals including shifting, scaling, and time scaling. It also covers properties of signals like periodicity and discusses energy and power as ways to quantify the size of a signal.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    1 Analog Signals

    Uploaded by

    seenusoft
    100 views25 pages
    This document discusses continuous-time or analog signals. It introduces common test signals used in system analysis such as the unit step function, signum function, unit rectangle function, unit ramp function, unit triangle function, impulse function, and sinc function. It describes operations that can be performed on signals including shifting, scaling, and time scaling. It also covers properties of signals like periodicity and discusses energy and power as ways to quantify the size of a signal.

    Original Description:

    xzvzxvc

    Copyright

    © © All Rights Reserved

    Available Formats

    PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Did you find this document useful?

    Is this content inappropriate?

    This document discusses continuous-time or analog signals. It introduces common test signals used in system analysis such as the unit step function, signum function, unit rectangle function, unit ramp function, unit triangle function, impulse function, and sinc function. It describes operations that can be performed on signals including shifting, scaling, and time scaling. It also covers properties of signals like periodicity and discusses energy and power as ways to quantify the size of a signal.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    100 views25 pages

    1 Analog Signals

    Uploaded by

    seenusoft
    This document discusses continuous-time or analog signals. It introduces common test signals used in system analysis such as the unit step function, signum function, unit rectangle function, unit ramp function, unit triangle function, impulse function, and sinc function. It describes operations that can be performed on signals including shifting, scaling, and time scaling. It also covers properties of signals like periodicity and discusses energy and power as ways to quantify the size of a signal.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    You are on page 1of 25

    Continuous-time Signals

    (AKA analog signals)

    I. Analog* Signals review


    Goals:
    -Common test signals used in system analysis
    - Signal operations and properties:
    scaling, shifting, periodicity, energy and power

    *Analog = the argument t (time) of the signal g(t) is


    continuous (CT). Also known as CT signals.

    The Unit Step function


    !1 , t > 0
    #
    u ( t ) = "1 / 2 , t = 0
    #0 , t < 0
    $

    Precise Graph

    Commonly-Used Graph

    Note: The signal is discontinuous at zero but is an analog signal


    Note: The product signal g(t)u(t) for any g(t) can be thought of as
    the signal g(t) turned on at time t = 0.
    Used to check how a system responds to a sudden input

    The Signum Function


    " 1 , t > 0&
    $
    $
    sgn ( t ) = # 0 , t = 0 ' = 2 u ( t ) ! 1
    $!1 , t < 0 $
    %
    (

    Precise Graph

    Commonly-Used Graph

    The Unit Rectangle function


    ! 1 , t <1/ 2 %
    #
    #
    rect ( t ) = "1 / 2 , t = 1 / 2 & = u ( t + 1 / 2 ) ( u ( t ( 1 / 2 )
    # 0 , t >1/ 2#
    $
    '

    The product g(t)rect(t) can be understood as the signal


    turned on at t = " 1 and turned off at t = 1
    2

    !
    !

    The Unit Ramp function

    "t , t > 0 % t
    ramp ( t ) = #
    & = + u (( ) d( = t u (t )
    0
    ,
    t
    !
    0
    $
    ' )*

    The Unit Ramp function is unbounded with time

    Unit Triangle function

    #1 ! t , t < 1'
    tri ( t ) = $
    (
    , t " 1 &)
    &%0

    The triangle signal is related to the rectangle


    through an operation called convolution
    (to be introduced later)
    7

    The Impulse function


    The impulse function is not a function in the ordinary
    sense because its value at zero is not a real value

    " (0) = #, " (t) = 0, t " 0

    !
    ! represented
    It is
    by a vertical arrow
    The impulse function is unbounded and discontinuous

    Creating an Impulse
    An impulse can be defined as the limit of the
    rectangle function with unit area as a goes to zero
    "1 / a , t < a / 2
    !a (t ) = #
    , t >a/2
    %$0

    Other approximations are possible


    for example, we can use a triangle function

    The Unit Sinc function


    The unit sinc function
    is related to the unit
    rectangle function
    through the
    Fourier Transform

    sin (! t )
    sinc ( t ) =
    !t

    It is used for noise


    removal in signals
    d
    sin (" t ))
    (
    " cos (" t )
    dt
    lim sinc ( t ) = lim
    = lim
    =1
    t!0
    t!0
    t!0
    d
    "
    (" t )
    dt

    Real exponentials

    red
    blue
    black

    e0.5t
    et
    e2t

    !
    !
    !
    red
    blue
    black

    !
    !
    !

    e"0.5t
    e"t
    e"2t

    Sinusoids (and Cosinusoids)


    sin(5t)
    sin(3t)
    sin(7t)

    red
    blue
    black
    red
    !
    black
    !

    sin(5t)
    cos(5t)

    !
    for

    !
    cos(
    ! "t + # ) = cos(2$ft + # )
    radian frequency: " (rad/s)

    cyclic frequency: f (cycles/s)


    wavelength or period: 1/ f
    amplitude: 1
    phase: "

    Real and complex sinusoids


    Recall that a complex number is defined as
    (here Re(z) = a Im(z) = b and j = "1 )

    z = a + jb

    j"t
    A complex sinusoid is expressed as e = cos("t) + j sin("t)
    A graphical example for " = 2# : !

    !
    !

    Relation between
    complex and real
    sinusoids:

    e j"t + e# j"t
    cos("t) =
    2
    e j"t # e# j"t
    sin("t) =
    2j

    Analog signals review


    Goals:
    - Common test signals used in system analysis
    - Signal operations and properties:
    shifting, scaling, periodicity, energy and power

    14

    Signal operations: shifting and scaling


    Amplitude scaling

    g(t ) " Ag(t )

    Expansion/contraction of signal along Y axis


    Rotation about X axis for negative A

    Signal operations: shifting and scaling


    Time shifting

    Time shifting

    t " t # t0

    Signal operations: shifting and scaling


    Time scaling t ! t / a

    Expansion/contraction of signal along X axis


    Rotation about Y axis for negative a

    Example: Doppler effect


    Sound heard by firefighters: g(t)
    Sound we hear when truck comes: A(t) g(at), A increasing, a>1
    Sound we hear when truck goes: B(t) g(bt), B decreasing, b<1

    Checkout the website:


    http://www.lon-capa.org/~mmp/applist/doppler/d.htm

    Signal operations: shifting and scaling


    A signal may be expressed by means of basic test
    signals that have been time-scaled and amplified

    Signal operations: shifting and scaling


    Caution! The impulse satisfies special properties
    Time-scaling property

    ! ( a ( t " t0 ))

    1
    = ! ( t " t0 )
    a

    Sampling property
    #

    $ g ( t )! ( t " t ) dt = g ( t )
    0

    "#

    The impulse function


    is not a function in the ordinary sense

    Signal properties: periodic signals


    Periodic signals repeat

    x(t + kT ) = x(t)

    Cycle time is the period T


    Here about 1 second
    2 seconds is also a period
    We only need define the signal
    over one period and we know
    everything about it
    Sinusoids and constant are clearly
    periodic signals
    Other examples include periodic
    pulses (rectangular and
    triangular pulses)

    Signal properties: periodic signals


    The sum of two periodic signals

    x(t) = x1 (t) + x 2 (t)


    with periods T1 and T2 is:

    a2
    a1
    !
    T1
    - periodic when T is rational. If T1 = , T2 =
    b2
    2
    b1
    then
    the
    period
    is
    !
    !
    T=

    LCM(a1,a2 )
    GCD(b1,b2 )

    - not periodic
    !
    !

    T1
    when T is irrational
    2

    Signal energy and power


    Quantifying the size of a signal is important in
    many applications: How much electricity can be
    used in a defibrillator? How much energy should an
    audio signal have to be heard?
    The energy of the signal x(t) is

    "

    Ex =

    # x (t )

    !"

    dt

    Signal energy and power


    Some signals have infinite energy. In that case, we
    may use the concept of average signal power
    For a periodic signal, x(t) , with period T, the average
    signal power is
    !

    1
    Px =
    T

    ! x (t )
    T

    dt

    If the signal is not periodic, then


    T /2

    1
    2
    Px = lim
    x ( t ) dt
    $
    T !" T
    #T /2

    Analog signals summary


    We have seen:
    -Signals can be seen as inputs/outputs to systems
    -Analog signals can be represented as functions of
    continuous time
    -The unit step, impulse, ramp and rectangle functions are
    examples of test signals to systems
    -A general signal can be expressed as a combination of some
    basic test signals by using scaling/shifting operations
    -Properties of signals include periodicity, even/odd,
    continuity, differentiability, etc
    -Power and energy are concepts that measure signal size

    You might also like

    pFad - Phonifier reborn

    Pfad - The Proxy pFad of © 2024 Garber Painting. All rights reserved.

    Note: This service is not intended for secure transactions such as banking, social media, email, or purchasing. Use at your own risk. We assume no liability whatsoever for broken pages.


    Alternative Proxies:

    Alternative Proxy

    pFad Proxy

    pFad v3 Proxy

    pFad v4 Proxy