Learning Elementary BIOLOGY with Online Support For Class 7 é PrChennai Guwahati Hyderabad Kochi Lucknow Patna GOYAL BROTHERS PRAKASHAN EDUCATIONAL PUBLISHERS Sales & Rogistored Office = 14/1903, Chuna Mandl, Pakarganj, New Delhi - 110055 Post Sox 5720, Phones : 23584858 & 23582812, E-mal :Info@goyat-books.com Administrative Office : D281, Sector 63, Noida-207307 (U.P) Phone | 0120-3830000, Fax : 0120.3830001 Branches No. 54 (New) 87 (Old), East CIT Nagar, Sth Nain Road, Nandanam, Chennai-300035 (Tamil Nadu), Phones : 044-24922767, Fax No. 044-24922777 Bishop Plaza. Col. J. Ai Road, Lakhtokia, Guwahati ~ 781001 (Assam), Phone : 0361-2735337 F-71041, First Floor, Agarwal Chambers, £-9-1121 King Kothi Road, Hyderabad ~ 500001, Tele-fax : 23211332 Cheliyanthara House, Maplassery Road, \yttla P.O. Kochi - 682010 (Kerala) Phone : 00847036566 No. 203, 2nd Floos, Fomra Towe's, 84-A. Acharya Jagdsh Chandra Bose Road Kolkata - 700014 Phone : 033-22262683 Showrooms 41681/5/4, Ground Floor 3rd Main Ramamohanapuram, Bangalore - 560021, Phone : 080-23320655 Plot No, 203, Zone-H, IMP. Nagar, Bhopal - 462011 (MMP), Tele-fax : 0755-4271371 B.318, SactorB, Mahanagar, Opposite P.A.C Nain Gate, Lucknow - 226006, Phone : 0622-2920044 Ravi Kiran Apartment, Flat No. 2:A, Second floor, Near Water Pumping Staion, Pani Tanki Lane, Pirmehani, Patra — 800C03 © Reserved ‘Thoroughly Revised Editon : 2014 Frinted & Published by Roshan Lal Goyal for Goyal Brothers Prakashan, New DelhiED CTD a 4. BASIC BIOLOGY Unit 1: Cent ano is Pants ‘© Introduction © Paris of a cell ¢ Tast Yourself Unit 2 : Divensiry m Cente ano Cent Drvsion au 848 ‘© Dvorsiy in colls © Coll division ¢ Tost Yoursot ‘© Highlights in Review Chapter Assignment 2. ORGANISATION IN THE LIVING THINGS - | cone 14-28 Unit 41: Onorwieanon rhe Lima Wome nn 14-20 ‘© Introduction ® Levels of organisation in the living world © Lower lovels of organisation « Test Yourselt Unit 2 : Hicier Levers oF Oncuisarion 20-23 ‘© Higher levels of organisation © Ganeralcharactorstioe shared by levels of organisation Test Yourself Unit 3 : Onaan Srsrews w Human oe, 2828 ‘© Organ systems in human body * Tost Yourselt '* Highlights in Reviow ‘Chapter Assignment 3, ORGANISATION IN THE LIVING THINGS - 11 2041 Unit 4: Tissues wm ANMALS a) ‘© Introduction © Tissues in animals ® Test yourselt Unit 2 : Twoure w Pussre on BM ‘© Tissues in planis © Test Youselt ‘© Highlights in Review Chapter Assionme 4, LIFE UNDER A MICROSCOPE won 4286 Unit 1 : Worto oF MickoorGANIsNs we ADS «© Inrroudction © Kinds of microorganisms «© Habitat of microogrenisms # Test Yourself Unit 2 + Bacrema on A064 © Bacteria © Test Yourself Unit 3 : Fuel ano Avon os SST ‘= Fungi « Algae © Tost Yourself Unit 4 : Protoz04 ano Vinuses . 57-60 ‘© Protozoa © Viruses - Non-cellular microbes '© Test Yoursott Unit 5 : Microorcansns, Diseases Ao Foon Presenvarion on 60-68 ‘© Conditions for growth of microorganisms ‘© Microcrgarisms and diseases # Preventive measures 10 avoid infection * Prevention of spoilage o! food ‘© Test Yoursoll # Highlghis in Review ‘Chapter Assignment 5. LIFE PROCESSES — NUTRITION IN ANIMALS AND PLANTS: Unit 4; Mooes oF NutRmow a¥o, Nureieirs m1 Foon e778 ‘© Introduction © Why do we need food? ‘© Nutrition © Heterotrephic nutition in plants ‘© Components of food — Nutrients in food ‘© Types of food based on their role ‘© Composition o! some faod iloms « Tost Yoursolt Unit 2: Encney Vauuce or Nurmicnre aK Bauancen Dict ‘ ‘© Foods and thelr energy valves ® Balanced det ‘© Food addtives © Food fads © Good food habits © Test Yoursell Unit 3: Nuno mw Puan oo 858 ‘© Autotiophic nutrition ~ Photosynthesis ransport of materials « Test Yourself ‘© Highlights in Review Chapter Assignment LIFE PROCESSES ~ INGESTION, DIGESTION, ABSORPTION AND ASSIMILATION 94-104 Unit 1: Stes Wm Dioesnow ano Human Dicesrive Systea 94-100 ‘© Stops in digestion « Digestive system in hamans ‘© Digestion in humans © Test Yourself Unit 2: Teens w Annas 400-104 ‘© Tooth in herbivores, camivores and omnivores ‘© Structure of a tooth © Care of tho tooth ‘© Test Yoursell » Highlights in Review Chapter Assignment 7885 | LIFE PROGESSES ~ RESPIRATION AND EXCRETION IN ANIMALS AND PLANTS ... Unit 1: Reseinanion ~ Tyres, Process sno Reanimation Puasa os O44 « Introduction © Types of respiration ‘© Process of respiraton » Combustion and respiration ‘© Respiration in planis © Test Yoursolt Unit 2 : Resemanon ano Transemavion vw Pants ‘© Rospration in animals ‘@ Respiratory system in humane Transpiration «= Test Yourselt Unit 3 : Excnerion '© Excretion ® Excretory system in humans ‘© Tost Yoursolt » Highlights in Review Chapter Assignment LIFE PROCESSES ~ MOVEMENT IN ANIMALS AND PLANTS: Unit 1: Movement aso Locomotion «© Introduction © Locomotion in Animale © Tost Yourself Unit 2 : Movenenr in Humans: ‘© Movement in humans « Test Yourset Unit 9: Movenenr im Puawts += Plant movements * Test Yoursell ‘© Highlights in Review Chapter Assignment GLOSSARY ott 405-118 atte 116-119 ws ot 204188 oh 20-124 120-129 1129-133BASIC BIOLOGY BBrcarnins OBJECTIVES After learning this chapter you will be able to : = know about the discovery of the basic unit of life, the cell. distinguish the various parts of a cell. = describe the structure and functions of different cell organelles. = prepare slides for examination under the microscope. istinguish between plant cells and animal cells. = learn about cell division. UNIT 1 — CELL AND ITS PARTS Living things are made up of tiny living parts or compartments called cells. Some living things, like the bacteria and Amoeba, have only one cell (unicellular organisms). Large plants and animals contain billions of cells (multicellular organisms). Cells in multicellular organisms are of many different types, each type specially adapted for performing a particular job. Groups of cells of the same type make up the different tissues of the organism, e.g, muscle tissue. Several different types of tissues together form an organ, ¢.8, stomach. A number of organs together form a system, eg., digestive system, A cell is the basic unit of living # Unicellular Organisms : Living organisms made up of only a single cell are called unicellular organisms (Fig. 1.1), gs or life. Unicellular organisms can often be observed only with a microscope. Such living organisms are called microscopic, indicating that the organisms are too smalll to be seen with the naked eye. Examples : Unicellular animals - Amoeba, Paramecium; Unicellular plants — Chlamydomonas, bacteria, Nucleue Amoeba Flagellum Nucleus Chloroplast ‘Chlamydomonas Fig. 1.1 : Unicolular organismsINVESTIGATION 1.1 1. Examine pond water with the help of 2 microscope. Study the different types of microorganisms. Note their shape and size. Classify them into unicellular and multicellular organisms. 2. Study cell structure in onion bulb, Hydra leaf and cheek cells with the hlep of permanent slides. Make sketches of the cells in three cases. Observe the cells for the presence of nucleus, cytoplasm, cell wall and vacuole. (Pini seas-BiTs Call, for the first time, was discovered and named by Robert Hooke in 1865. Discovery of the (Cail Fig. 1.2 : Hooke's | | Fig. 1.3 : Honeycomb Robert Hooke light microscope structure of cork Discovery of the cell was made by en English scientist, Robert Hooke in 1665. He observed thin slices of cork under his crude microscope (Fig. 1.2). He found that the cork was made of box-like compariments, forming a honeycomb structure (Fig. 1.3). He named these compartments cells. INVESTIGATION 1.2 ‘To study cell structure in plants using an onion peel. Take an onion and take out a peel with the help of your class Nucleus Cytoplasm teacher. Place a piece of this peel in a drop of water on a glass side, Put a drop of iodine or safranine on the peel and cover it with a cover slip, Observe it under the microscope. Draw the structures you see. You will observe structures as shown in Fig. 1.4 Fig. 1.4 + Colle in an onion pool INVESTIGATION 1.3 To study cell structure In plants using Hydrilla leat. Take a few thin green leaves of Hydrilla (an aquatic plant). Prepare a slide of leaf peel taking from a Hydra leaf. After staining it in eosin, observe it under the microscope Draw the structures you see, You will observe structures as shown in Fig. 1.5 Can you note any difference in the cell structure between an onion peel cell and a Hydrilla leaf cell? Write about the differences and similarities between the two. Fig. 1.5 : A coll in Hydtila leat peelTo study cell structurelin cheek cells (animal cells). Take a clean microscope slide and put a drop of water on it. Now open your mouth and lightly scrape the inner part of your cheek with a clean cotton bud. Put the scrapping on the slide in the drop of water. slip on it and observe it under a microscope. ‘What do you observe? Make a drawing. twill show the cheek cells as shown in Fig, 1.6 Fig. 1.6 : Cheek cells Now, compare the Figs. 1.4, 1.5 and 16. In what respect is an animal cell similar to the plant cell? In what way are the cells in three cases different? To find answer to these questions, let us study section 12. 1.2 PARTS OF A CELL Alll the life functions take place in every cell. A cell itself is made of certain parts. Also, plant and animal cells are not exactly alike, All plant and animal cells have three cell parts ~ the cell membrane, the cytoplasm and the nucleus (Figs. 1.7 and 1.8). Each cell consists of a mass of living matter called protoplasm. The cytoplasm surrounded by the cell membrane and enclosing the nucleus together constitute the protoplasm (proto = first; plasm = form). Protoplasm, in other words, includes the cell membrane, the cytoplasm and the nucleus. 1, Cell membrane ; Also called the plasma membrane. It is a very thin skin covering the cell. There are very tiny holes in the cell membrane. Goig apparatus The plasma membrane Cell (plasma) performs following functions: — Sab (eiene (i) It protects the cell. (ii) It provides shape to the Large Vacuole} cell. (iii) It allows materials to thick enter and leave the cell fever) through the tiny openings. Mitochondtion {provides energy) Golgi apparatus Nucleolus — Nucleus Contrioles ‘Microtubules Cyfoplasm Ritosome Endoplasmic reticulum Nucleus Nusieolus Ritosome Cyfoplasm ‘Mtocnonarion (provides energy) Fig. 1.8 : Plant cellCell Organelle Orgonelle is a structure found in the eytoplesm of a cell and it performs a specific function Nucleus # This the most prominent part of a cell, ond is called control centre of the cell Red blood cells in our body lack a nucleus. Chromosomes It is only when a cell is dividing that the chromosomes can be seen in it Fig. 1.9 : Structure of nucleus Nuclear membrane Nucleopasm ‘Nucleolis tiny holes in it which allow e Cell Wall : The cell wall is an extra covering that surrounds the cell membrane of a plant cell. It is made of a stiff, non-living material called cellulose, Cell wall is lacking in animal cells, Functions : (i) It provides rigidity to the cell. (ii) It provides protection to the cell. 2. Cytoplasm : The cytoplasm is a jelly-like substance occupying most of the inside of the cell. It occupies the space between the cell membrane and the nucleus. All the life functions take place in the cytoplasm. The cytoplasm contains many important tiny structures called the organelles which perform the various life functions. 3, Nucleus (plural Nuclei) : The nucleus is present inside the cell, surrounded by the cytoplasm. The nucleus is the boss of the cell, just like your school principal. Just as the prineipal controls everything taking place in the school, the nucleus also controls everything that happens in the cells. Most cells have only one nucleus. Cells like the muscle cells have more than one nucleus, Nucleus is a spherical body consisting of four parts (Fig. 1.9) : () Nuclear membrane Nuclear sap or nucleoplasm Nucleolus (plural nucleoli) (ix) Chromatin. ( ‘The outermost covering layer of the nucleus is called the nuclear membrane. It separates the nucleus from the cytoplasm, Nuclear membrane, like the cell membrane, has ange of substances beween the nucleus and the cytoplasm. ‘The jelly-like fluid inside the nucleus is called the Shromatin nucleoplasm. Chromatin and nucleoli are present in the ee nucleoplasm. A network of thread-like siructures called the chromatin network is present in the nucleoplasm. At the time of cell division, the chromatin network gives rise to small structures called chromosomes. These play an important role in the inheritance of characters from one generation to another, that is, from the parents to the children, Functions of the Nucleus : (i) Transmission of characters from one generation to another. (ii) Controls all the life functions taking place inside the cell,wer membrane Inner ‘membrane Fingertke structures Fig. 1.10 (@) : Mitochondrion Fig. 1.10 (b) : Endoplasmic reticulum ° Stroma e Cisternae > Fig. 1.10 (¢) : Chloroplast Fig. 1.10 (¢) : Golgi complex Organelles : A number of organelles occur in the eytoplasm [Fig. 1.10 (a) to (A), These include : 1. Mitochondria (singular mitochondrion) 2. Endoplasmic reticulum: 3. Chloroplasts (present only in plant cells) # The mass of ving | Golei comp etter of a cell is b- Golgi complex called protoplasm. 5. Lysosomes (absent generally from plant cells) ¥ Tt includes the cell 6. Centrosome (present only in animal cells) Hekate te 7. Ribosomes eyroplasm. 8. Vacuoles ‘Vacuoles : AS a result of various life functions taking place inside a cell, a number of chemical products accumulate within the cell. These are generally stored inside clear areas or spaces present in the cytoplasm. These clear spaces which are surrounded by a membrane are called vacuoles. Vacuoles are generally absent from animal cells, and if present they are smaller in size and lesser in. number. In case of plant cells, vacuoles are larger in size and more in number. In Amocba, the vacuoles contain food particles and are called food vacuoles.1. Mitochondria (singular mitochondrion) (Powerhouse of the cell) 2. Endoplasmic reticulum (ER in short) 3. Chloroplast (Kitchen of the plant cell) MR, 4, Golgi complex or Golgi body (Suicide bags) e° ) 6. Centrosome (present in animal cells) 7. Ribosomes a (i) Small, rod-shaped organelles. (ii) Surrounded by a double membrane (two membranes)-outer membrane and inner membrane (iii) Inner membrane infolded into finger-like structures, (i) A network of membranes (tube-like structures) present throughout the cytoplasm, (ii) Outer surface of the membrane is either smooth or rough; presence of ribosomes makes it rough ER; absence of ribosomes makes it smooth ER. (i) Present only in plant cells, (ii) Contains the green pigment called chlorophyll, which helps in food manufacture, (iii) Large oval structure. (iv) Shows two regions-ground substance called stroma in which flat membrane-like structures called grana (singular granum) are present. (¥) Granum contains chlorophyll. (i) Consists of stacks of thin flat membranes called cisternae, and small vesicles. (i) Present in animal cells; plant cells generally lack lysosomes (yeast and some fungi do possess lysosomes). (ii) Small spherical bodies which contain enzymes capable of digesting various cell materials. (i) A small structure located near the nucleus. (ii) Two tiny granules called centrioles are present in it, (i) Membraneless tiny granules, (i) May occur free in the cytoplasm or attached to endoplasmic reticulum (rough endoplasmic reticulum).8. Vacuole (i Larger in plant cells while absent or very small in animal cells. Table 1.2 : Functions of cell organelles Perform the function of respiration provide the cell with energy. ‘Being a network of membranes, it provides a large surface area for life functions to take place; gives support to the cell. 2. Endoplasmic reticulum Collects and distributes the substances made in the cell (for. example, proteins); synthesis and secretion of many materials. Contain enzymes which help in breaking down or destroying the various materials. Concerned with cell division, 5. Lysosomes Features shared between Plant and Animal Cells Plasma membrane present in both, Nucleus present in both. Mitochondria present in both. Endoplasmic reticulum, golgi complex, lysosomes and ribosomes present in both. ae NeThought for you Have you ever thought, why a plant cell has a cell wall and chloroplasts? Imagine standing erect without bones or muscles. Also, can your body make its own food? But a green plant stands erect without having any bones and prepares its own food. A plant cell has special parts that make these things possible. It has a cell wall and chloroplasts. The cell wall stiffens the plant. The chloroplasts help it to make food. Table 1.3 : Differences between animal and plant cells 1. Cell wall is lacking. 2. Chloroplasts are absent. 3. Centrosome (a cell organelle that helps in cell division) is present near the nucleus. 4, Vacuoles are absent; if present, they are smaller in size and lesser in_ number. 1. A rigid cell wall is present. 2. Chloroplasts are present. 3. Centrosome is absent. 4, Vacuoles are larger in size and more in number. |. Multiple choice questions. Tick (/) the correct choice: : 1. Cell was discovered by {a) Rovert Brown ——_(b) G. Linnaeus (e) Robert Hooke (d) C. Darwin 2. Each call has @ (a) Nusleus (b) Cell wall (6) Chioroplast (@) All ne above 8. The cell is surrounded by a membrane called {a) Cel wall (b) Cell membrane (©) Cytoplasm (d) Nuclear membrane 4, Organelles are present in (a) Cytoplasm (b) Vacuoles (©) Nucleus (6) All the above 5. A cell organelle commonly called ‘suicide beg’ is {a) Nucleus (©) Chloroplast (b) Lysosome (d) Ribosome Fill in the blanks using the words given below = Egg. Microscope, Nucleus, Chloroplast, Cytoplasm, Cell membrane, Mtochondia, Robert Hooke, Plant 4. The call. 2. The instrument used to see tiny objects is called is the control centre of the 3. 's called the kitchen of a cell 4, The . and are parts of a cell 5. Energy is produced in 6. The term call was given by 7. Cell wall is present in Which of the followi 1. Most cells have only one nucleus. [_]2. Only the nucleus of a cell represents (@) Protoplasm (e) Cel membrane the protoplasm. Tey (f Mironcopis orpantns: 3. Most calls are microscopic. ia 2. Give three examples of unicellular organisms. 4. All living oiganisms are made of cells. [1 3, Mention the functions of the following 5. Cells must have a nucleus to live. ti) #) Cobmemoree 3.) Cemozones 4, Why are the folowing important to a plant cel? 6. Every cell has a cytoplasm, Ea () Call wall, (i) Chlorepiast 7. Allcells in a multicellular organism can (ill) Mitochondria (iv) Nucleus. live independently (1 5. Which cell organelle is found only in animal 8. The outermost covering in an animal oer cel is called call Wall td 6. Draw an outline diagram of an animal o IV. Match the statements in Column A with those: abe] ts CRS pedes in Column 8: 7. Mention at least four diferences between plant cells and animal cells Column A Column B 8. What features are possessed by both plant ECal (@) Plants cells and animal cells? 2.Nucleus | (b) Tiny structures inside cells 9. Name the cell organelles which are found only 3. Cell wall | (c) Unit of living body se es eae " ear eae : . Name the different cell organelles and the Se ChoropIest' | (@)."Boee of sie: cal functions these organelles perform in the cell Ss Crepeen: || {g)s Conaie:green pemet 11. Give the structure of different cell organelles, 6. Organelles | (*) Jolly-tke substance found in cell alongwith proper diagrams. penweey coe memorae Vi. Unscramble the following words : 4. SUNECUL V, Answer the following questions 2. RAMBENME 1. Define the following : 3, PALCOTMYS (@) Cott (©) Nucleus (¢) Cytopasm 4, SAMPLOTROP UNIT 2 — DIVERSITY IN CELLS AND CELL DIVISION 1.3 DIVERSITY IN CELLS | So far we have considered the basic features of cells in general. But this does not mean that all cells are identical. Structures like nucleus, SCIS mitochondria, cytoplasm are common to virtually all cells, but the shape, | 1 8m = 10mm = 10% m size and contents of individual cells show a lot of variation, These features | 1 mm = 1000 microns are closely linked to the functions which the cells perform, In a unicellular | of metometre = 10°% mm i z a z 1 micron (\) = 0.001 mm organism, all the funetions of the body, like nutrition, respiration, exeretion, | 1 fg-8 m growth and reproduction are carried by the single cell. In a multicellular organism, however, these tasks or functions are divided among groups of cells. All the cells do not do all the jobs. This feature of multicellular organisms is known as division of labour. The group of cells show variability in their shape, size and other features depending upon the function being performed by them.(@) Acetabularia Hen ecg Humming bia ‘26g 138 mm Ostich o99 $70 = 198 me (b) (€) Rod-shaped bacteria (magniied 1000 times) Fig. 1.11 : Different cel sizes Onion cells (rectangular) : =o Q Se (Gloogated) v Cell Number : Unicellutar organisms are formed of single cells. Multicellular organisms are formed of many cells, which in turn may be of many types. Even in multicellular organisms, the number of cells may vary a lot. It may be just a few (as in some algae), to a few hundred (as in some algae) to several million (as in most plants and animals). (Cell Size (Fig. 1.11) : Some plant and animal cells are visible to the naked eye. Most cells, however, are visible only with a microscope. For example, an ostrich egg is the largest animal cell. It is as big as 170 x 135 mm, Smallest known cell is that of a bacterium, PPLO. This bacterium measures about 0-1 to 0-5 microns (micrometres) in size, One micron (41) is one thousandth of a millimetre (mm). In plants, some algae have very big cells. For example, an alga, Acetabularia (a unicellular organism), consists of a single cell which is about ten centimetres in length. In our body, nerve cells are the largest, measuring about 90 micrometres in length. Some nerve cells are longer than a metre. Some blood cells are the smallest. Most other cells (as that of kidney. liver, intestine. etc.) are between 20 to 30 microns (micrometres) in length. vendita Condon Nuceus wt oo cll cetbody & ‘stomata ‘Call wall Cytoplasm Nuceus Cheek cells ‘Leaf mesophyll cell (ersten cored} anes ‘Axon endings (rectangular) sec Fig. 1.12 : Different cell shapes (thiead-like very long)Cell Shape : Cells are of diverse shapes (Fig. 1.12). Some cells like those of Amoeba and white blood cells of our blood continuously change their shapes. These are irregular in shape. Most cells, however, maintain a constant shape all through their existence. The shape of a cell is related to its function. A nerve cell clearly exhibits this relationship. It is tong and has thread-like projections, as it has to convey messages to different parts of the body. ‘An important characteristic of living beings is the capa Cytoplasm divides & cl Cale a pa ty: Nucleus divides reproduce. Cells do so, Cells arise > > only from other cells by a proces & called cell division. Most cells are capable of growing Fig: 1118 y Cell division in Amoaba Two daughter and splitting into two similar cells ‘The cells so produced are called the daughter cells. These are identical to the mother cell During the formation of daughter cells, the nucleus of the mother cell divides into two, so that each daughter cell gets one nucleus each. This is followed by division of the cytoplasm. Finally, two daughter cells are formed. This mode of division is well exhibited by Amoeha unicellular organism (Fig. 1.13). In a mukticellular organism, however, besides the cell dividing for reproduction, the body cells have to multiply for growth of the organism itself. How does a small seedling grow into a big tree or a young infant grow into an adult? This growth is brought about an increase in the number of cells by ceil division. The cells so produced in due course of U change ¢ and shape. The whole organism, thus, shows overall growth, While plants grow throughout their life, animals grow up to a certain age and then stop growing. Cell division in most organisms is of two types : (a) Mitosis and (b) Meiosis. Mitosis takes place in normal cells (vegetative or non-reproductive cells) of the body. It is responsible for the growth of organisms. Meiosis is the type of cell division which occurs only in the reproductive parts of the body. It is a common observation that a child has some features of the mother, and other ones of the father. It is the meiotic division which is responsible for the passing on of characters from the wo parents to the child. cells (Petal SCLS-BITS Cell division The process by which a cell divides, forming two new cells an you think of some ‘cells in your body which grow and divide all through the life? Yes, the calls in the skin possess this property. Have you seen a lizard Growing its tail once again when cut ? Cell mutiplication helps a lizard to grow its tail back. The new tail is of the same shape and size as the original tail.— OJwsrvoursee 2. Smallest known coll is that of 3. Growth of organisms takes place by . body? 4. The cell division which is responsible for the (a) Nerve cell (0) Intestine cell passing on the characters from the parents to (©) Liver call (A) Red blood cell the chid is oalled The laigest animal cell is that of faites sea (©) humming bra egg ll! Answer the following question: (©) ostrich ego (A) elephant egg 1. Wiite about 3. Imegular shape is found in (a) Cel sizes Coll shapes a) Skn cells (b) Onion cells S a ae i oars (c) Amoeba (d) Guard cells ne: cel-cviaion. “Al. Fill in the blanks : 3. Mention the two types of call division. 1. White blood cells are in shape. 4, How do cells increase in number? E HIGHLIGHTS IN REVIEW a | « Living things are made up of one or more cells, In unicellular organisms, like the bacteria and Amoeba, all lite functions are performed by the single cell. In multicelular organisms, the cells are specialized to perform ‘certain functions (division of labour). * Cells have three parts. The outer covering (cell membrane) encloses a jelly-ike cytoplasm. Within the ytoplasin is present the controlling centre of the cell, the nucleus. * In adaition to nucleus. cell organelles such as the chloroplast, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum. golgi ‘complex, centrosome and vacuoles are present in the cytoplasm, Plant cells gitter from animal cells in some respects. Call wall and chloroplasts are present in plant cells, and absent from animal cells. On the other hand, centrosome is present in animal cells, and absent from plant cells. © Cells show great variation in their sizes and shapes. + Coll shape is related to its function. '* New cells for growth and reproduction are formed by cell division. + Al living beings possess the capacity of cell division. HAPTER ASSIGNMENT EE 2. Nuclear membrane, nucleolus, mitochondria, (©) cytoplasm (d) lysosome chromatin 3. Centrosome helps in 3. Chloroplast, chlorophyll, centrosome, granum (a) producing energy (b) cell division (c) photosynthesis (d) protein synthesis Wl, Multipte Choice Questions. Tick (7) the correct answer : 1. Which organelle is known as the power house of the call? (a) lysosome —_—_(b) Chloroplast (c) Mitochondrion (4) Golgi body Wl, Answer the following questions 1. Which part of the cell controls all activities? 2. What is the difference between cell membrane and coll wall? 3. Who discovered the cell?IV. Crossword Puzzle 7 z y ACROSS 5. Single-celled organisms (11) a 6. Structure outside the cel membrane in plant cells (4,4) 7. Kitchen of the cell (11) 8. Process by which a cell divides (12) 9. Smallest known cell (9) 7 own 1. Example of a single-celled organism (6) 2. Control centre of the cel (7) 3. Tiny structures present inside ceyteplasm (10) 4. Power house of the cell (12) V. How to make a slide to see under a to obtain suitable contrast to facilitate easy microscope? viewing.) 1, Take a clean glass slide. 4, Hold the cover slip over tho object in such a 2. With a dropper put a drop of water in the middle manner that it touches the edge of the drop of of the slide. water. Gently lover the cover slip onto the water. 3. Gently put the object to be observed in the drop 5. Dry the extra water that may come out from under ‘of water on the slide with tho help of a brush: the cover slip wih the help of a blotting paper. (Objects, if transparent, are first stained with a Take care that the slide thus prepared is clean proper chemical and then observed. This is done and dry, Cover sip Cosrse adjustment Gloss side Fine adjustment Miror Method ef slide preparation Microscopeaa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.vascular bundles (vascular tissue) help in conduction of water and eo food materials con O “nll these: tissues ean be observed by eking s wection ofthe roOY 0 stem or leaf (Fig. 2.2), nervous tissue, and muscular tissue. As in plants, different tissues in animals also perform different functions, For example, nervous tissue helps in the conduction of messages from one part of the body to another. Epithelial protective tissue. Skin is an epithelial tissue, Cones 1g of cartilages and bones provides support to the body. zy Tissue sue is a ive tissue consis! Organs Tissues combine to form organs. An organ is made of different kinds of tissues (Fig. 2.3). Your stomach is an organ. It is made up of EB different tissues like nerve tissue, blood tissue, fat tissue and muscle e@ @ Ge Tissues in animals — Epithelial tissue, connective tissue, | tissue. Brain Lungs Stomach Your stomach, mouth, food pipe, and small intestine are all ‘ogane organs. These are organs of digestion. An organ performs a specific Fig. 23 : Organisation of cells into function. chal ‘Stomach is an organ of digestion. It is made up of different tissue: like epithelial tissue, nervous tissue, blood tissue and muscular tissue. Different parts of the stomach help in the job of digestion of food. One part ‘causes contractions and expansions, so that the food is thoroughly mixed. Digestive juices are secreted by another part of the stomach. Different tissues take part in each of these activities. Similarly, your heart is an organ. The heart pumps blood, It is made ‘An organ is a mostly of muscle tissue, with some blood tissue and fat tissue, These structure made up of tissues work together to allow the heart to pump blood. Your lungs and different tissues windpipe are organs used for breathing, working together to perform a specific function. For example, @ leaf is an organ for Likewise, your kidneys are the organs of excretion. You also possess organs for sensing what is happening around you. The ear is a sense organ, Your eyes, tongue, skin and nose are sense organs too, performing the Largest organ in the body is your skin. It covers and protects your function of body. It helps you to get rid of three waste materials — salts, water and photesynthesis heat. rly, stomach is ‘an organ of digestion Organs may be external or internal. The organs described above a in animals. like the stomach, heart, kidneys, intestine are internal organs, External organs, for example, include ear, eye, arms, legs, hands and feet.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.There are 22 joints in our body. The joints help us to bend our body. Skeleton is the term used to describe the framework of the body formed by the peel ee Have you ever seen an X-ray unit in a hospital? Doctors use X-rays to examine the bones in our body, particularly when you suffer from a fracture, Parts of Skeletal System Bones of the skull, ribs (chest), vertebral column (backbone or spine) and the limbs (hands and legs). Functions of Skeletal System ) 1. Protection : It protects delicate internal organs from injury. 2, Provides form and shape to the body. 3, Movement : Bones provide « surface to which muscles are attached, Contraction and relaxation of muscles produce movement. 8. Muscular System ‘Muscular system consisting of muscles (Fig 2.13) helps in locomotion } and movement. Fig. 2.13 : Muscular Locomotion is the result of co-ordinated action of muscles of the limb aN é ystem in humans. and bones. The contraction and rela of muscles move the bones. Many bones of the skeleton act as levers, When muscles pull on these levers, they produce movements, such as the breathing movements of the ribs, the chewing action of the jaws and the flexing of the arms. — @Orsrvourser |. Multiple Choice Questions — Tick mark (7) the (c) Circulatory system (d) Excretory system correct choice : 1. Trachea is a part of (@) Digestive system (b) Excretory system (©) Respiratory system (4) Circulatory system 2, Bones and cartilages are a part of (a) Skeletal system (0) Respiratory system (©) Muscular system (d) Excretory system 3. Which of the following organs is a part of excretory system? ieiageat ties sama corpane ehiGwetewiaccris systems : 1. Digestive system 3. Circulatory system 5, Excretory system 2 Resiratory system 4, Nervous system 6. Skeletal system Ml, Answer the following quetions : 1. Give the functions of each of the following systems: {@) Digestive system (b) Respiratory system (©) Circulatory system (d) Nervous system a) Kidney Stomach a ieee. 3 Nose. (e) Excretory system (f) Skeletal system 4. Production of energy from food is carried out 2. Draw a labelled diagrams of — by (a) Digestive system () Respiratory system {a) Digestive system (0) Respiratory systemaa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.ORGANISATION IN THE LIVING THINGS -II Q LEARNING OBJECTIVES After learning this chapter you will be able to : = describe the structure of different animal and plant tissues, = learn the functions of different animal and plant tissues. = know about the distribution of different tissues in animals and plants. & UNIT 1—TISSUES IN ANIMALS Having learnt about the cells and their organisation into higher levels, namely, the tissues, organs, organ systems and the organism, let us now study in greater detail the tissues, which are found in animals and plants, In higher animals including man, cells are organised into four basic types of tissues, These are : ‘Animal Tissues 1. Epithelial tissue 2. Muscular tissue eee 3. Nervous tissue 4. Connective tissue. 1 Epithelial tissue 1. Epithelial Tissue 2, Muscular tissue ‘You are familiar with the cheek cells. These cells are nothing but the 3, Nervous tissue cells of the epithelial tissue lining the mouth cavi 4s Commecthe tea Epithelial tisue is a protective tissue. It forms « continuous outer layer all over the body as a part of the skin. It also forms a lining of all ‘organs such as the stomach, oesophagus (food pipe), mouth, intestine, and trachea (wind pipe).aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.corpuscles) — red blood cell (RBC), white blood cell (WBC) and platelets. Functions 1. Connective tissues connect different tissues of the body and provide support to the body. 2. Blood, being a liquid connective tissue, connects every part of the body (Fig. 3.4 c) and transports substances to all body parts. Table : 3.2 : Different animal tissues and their functions ‘Type of tissue Functions (i) Epithelial tissue (ii) Muscular tissue (iii) Nervous tissue (iv) Connective tissue (a) Protection (b) Absorption (c) Secretion Movement of different organs. (a) Conducts messages from one part of the body to another (b) Receives stimuli from the outside environment and sends the message to brain. (a) Connects other tissues of the body. (b) Provides support and shape to the body. (c) Stores reserve food material in the form of fat. INVESTIGATION 3.1 To study permanent slides of animal tissues. Focus permanent sides power of a microscope. of different animal tissues (epithelial, muscular, nervous and connective) under the low Observe the slides and make drawings of each one of them Label the important features which you obseve in each slide, and identify the type of tssue seen in each slide giving reasons. oO TEST YOURSELF |. Multiple Choice Questions — Tick mark (/) the 3. Nervous tissue consists of correct choice (a) Nerve calls (0) Tendons 1. Which of the following is a protective tissue? (6) Cyton (@) Lymph (@) Muscular tissue b) Connective tissue 4. Short branching structures arising from the cell (©) Epithelial tissue d) Nervous tissue body of a neuron are called 2. The fissue which conducts messages rom one (a) Axons (©) Cyton part of the body to the other is (c) Denarites (@) Lymph {@) Nervous tissue __(b) Epitholia tissue 5. The muscles which take part in breathing (©) Connective tissue {d) A muscle movements areaa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.2. Permanent Tissues Permanent tissues are derived from meristematic tissues. These tissues form the bulk of the plant body. The cells comprising permanent tissue show following features : (i) Cells may no longer be small and thin-walled, i) Cytoplasm is much less, Nucleus is small. (iii) Cells do not divide. Table 3.3 : Differences between Meristematic and Permanent tissues (iv) May be living or dead. Permanent tissues can be classified in two ways : 1, Based on their place or origin, permanent tissues are of three types : (a) Dermal tissue (>) Vascular tissue (c) Ground or fundamental tissue 2. Based on the kinds of cells constituting a permanent tissue, the permanent tissues are of two types : (a) Simple tissues (b) Complex tissues Simple tissues consist of only one type of cells while more than one type of cells are present in a complex tissue. Examples of simple tissue — parenchyma, collenchyma and sclerenchyma, Examples of complex tissue — xylem and phloem. Table 3.4 : Differences between Simple and Complex plants tissue consists of differentiated cells, derived from meristematic cells, ‘nd has lost the bility to divide. (ii) Examples + Parenchyma, (ii) Examples : Xylem, phloem collenchyma, scierenchyma,aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.‘* In animals, there are four basic types of tissues — epithelial, muscular, connective and nervous tissues. ‘© Epithelial tissue forms a lining of various organs all over the body and protects them, '* Musoular tissue is responsible for the movement of body parts, and is of three types — skeletal, cardiac and ‘smooth muscles. ‘+ Nervous tissues consist of nerve cells called neurons. A neuron consists of a cell body, dendrites and a long ‘axon. This tissue conducts messages from one part of the body to the other. ‘* Connective tissue connects or binds different tissues of the body and provides support to the body. Bones, carlage, tendons and ligaments are all sold connective tissues. Blood and lymph are liquid connective tissues. ‘ In plants, broady, there are two types of tissues — meristematic and permanent tissues. ‘+ Meristematic tissues are capable of division and contribute towards growth in length and width of the plant. ‘They are present at the tips of the roots and stems. Permanent tissues have lost the abiity 10 divide. ‘* Permanent tissues are of thee types — dermal, vascular and ground tissues. Based on the kinds of cells present in @ peimanent tissue, there are two types of permanent tissues — simple (have one type of cells) and complex (having more than one type of cells). ‘+ Doral tissue is a protective tissue forrring a protective covering on the outer surfaco of plant organs. ‘+ Vascular tissue is responsibie for the conduction of water, minerals and food to different parts of the plant body. Xylem and phloem constitute vascular tissues. Xylem transports water and minerals trom the roots upwards to different parts whereas phloem transports food manfactured by the leaves to other parts of the plant body. Xylem and phloem are complex tissues.|. Multiple Choice Questions. Tick (7) the correct answer : 1, In animals reserve food material in the form of fat is stored in (@) connective tissue (b) muscular tissue (c) norvous tissue (4) opitholial tissue 2. Dead cells are found in a) phloem (b) parenchyma (©) xylem (@) collenctyma 3. Which of the following is a conducting tissue? (a) Epidermis _(b) Selerenchyma (c) Parenchyma (4) Xylem ll, Answer the following questions : 1. How will you identify the skeletal, cardiac and smooth muscles? Give the characteristic features. 2. Differentiate between xylem and phloem. 3. What are the major functions of vascular tissues. Ml. Crossword Puzzle ACROSS 5. Protective and covering tissue in animals (10) 6. Hard connective tissue (4) 9. Small pores in epidermis in plants (7) 10. An example of complex tissue (5) 1 ce ‘Structure consisting of cell body, dendrites and tail (5, 4) Tissue consisting of only one type of cells (6, 6) Fluid connective tissue (5) Tissue consisting of thick-walled dead cells (12) Tissue through which food is conducted to different plant parts (6) Tissue consisting of thin-walled living cells (10) 3 is 10LIFE UNDER A MICROSCOPE a LEARNING OBJECTIVES After learning this chapter you will be able to : = define microorganisms. = know the different kinds of microorganisms. 1 describe the three basic shapes of bacterial cells. = mention the places of occurrence and important features of bacteria. « describe the different kinds of fungi, their structure, nutrition and common methods of reproduction. 1 describe the different types of algae. = know about the protozoa and viruses. = describe the useful and harmful microorganisms, their roles in environment, agriculture and industry. «= learn the conditions required for the growth of microorganisms. « list the diseases caused by different microorganisms. = mention the preventive measures to be adopted to avoid infection. «= learn the methods for the prevention of spoilage of food. Po UNIT 1 — WORLD OF MICROORGANISMS You have studied about the flowering plants in earlier classes. These plants have root, stem, leaves, flowers, fruits and seeds. They are green in colour and make food for all animals, ‘You might have seen mushrooms during the rainy season in the gardens. These are also plants, although they are not green in colour, These are examples in which plants are quite big and can be seen with the naked eye. Is it true for all living things? Are there any other type of living things? Let us perform the following three activities to find answers to the above questionsaa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.These are minute living organisms which connot be seen with the naked eye. A magnifying gloss or a microscope is needed to see them. [in SCIS~BITS A feature shared by all these microorganisms is that they are very hardy. Under unfavourable environmental conditions, they form a hard outer covering called the cyst. Consequently, they can survive under extreme temperature conditions, and dryness. Major kinds of microorganisms include : (i) bacteria, (ii) fungi, (ii) algae, (iv) protozoans, and (v) viruses. Viruses are the smallest of all microorganisms. They, strictly speaking, cannot be grouped along with living things. They lie on the borderline separating the living things from the non-living things. Viruses lack a cellular structure (a non-living feature) but can grow only on other living cells (a living feature), ‘These microorganisms, in structure, may be unicellular (consisting of only one cell) or multicellular (many celled). Unicellular Microorganisms A. Plant (i) Algae — Chlamydomonas, Chioreila, desmids and diatoms. (i) Fungi — Yeast (iii) Bacteria B. Animals (i) Protozoa — Amocha, Euglena, Paramecium (also written as Paramoecium) Multicellular Microorganisms (i) Algae — Volvor, Spirogyra, Nostoc (i) Fungi — Bread mould, Aspergillus, Penicillium Microorganisms are found all around us in all types of places — in air, in water, in soil, on plants, inside our bodies and bodies of all other animals, They can survive in extremely harsh environmental conditions like hot springs, desert soil, saline water, ice-cold water and marsh lands. They are also found at the boitom of sea. Microorganisms are also present in dead and decaying organic matter. These organisms help in the release of minerals to the soil after the death of living organisms by decomposing them. Some microorganisms live as parasites either outside or inside the body of other organisms. The nose, throat, mouth and intestine of manyaa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.1. Retting of Fibres : Fibres from certain plants are obtained by submerging the stems in water for variable periods. The fibres are acted upon by the bacteria growing in water, and the fibres are set free from the stem. 2. Curing of Cheese, Tobacco and Tea : The flavour of cheese, tea and tobacco depends upon the type and degree of fermentation and putrefaction that it has undergone. The process is known as curing and is brought about by different species of bacteria. 3. Production of Vinegar : Ethyl alcohol is converted into acetic acid (vin- egar) by the action of aerobic bacteria, like Acetobacter. 4, Formation of Curd (dahi) : Making of curd is a process in which the lactose (milk sugar) of the milk is converted into lactic acid by the action of certain bacteria (mainly Lactobacillus). How curd is made? Have you ever seen your mother making curd? She adds a small amount ‘of curd to warm milk to make fresh curd, and keeps the milk-containing vessel in a warm place. The curd, in fact, contains some bacteria, of which Lactobacillus is the one which promotes the formation of curd. When warm milk is mixed with the curd, Lactobacillus starts growing and converts mike sugar (lactose) of the milk into lactic acid. This in turn begins to make the milk thicker. Finally, curd is made. Once the curd is made, it is transferred to a cooler place. This is done in order to reduce further growth of bacteria. Otherwise, the bacteria would make it sour by ‘excessive production of lactic acid. 5. Production of Fuel : Scientists have developed a way to produce methane from the manure (solid wastes) of cattle with the help of anaerobic bacteria. Methane is an inflammable gas and a valuable fuel. It is used for heating homes and factories and for other energy needs. ‘When methane gas is produced, protein and minerals in the manure are removed and can be used as fertilisers in fields. 6. Treatment of Sewage : Treatment of sewage consists of three steps : (i) Primary treatment (ii) Secondary treatment (ii Primary treatment is a mechanical process by which large suspended and floating materials are removed. Sewoge Sewage is the waste water from kitchens, toilets and industries. “Tertiary treatmentSewer pipe ‘Sewage —>: water ‘Screening Methane (used for cooking, lighting) Sold as bed. ir a ee ett, Sedimentation poration tank Chlorination rene as Fig 45 : Set up of a sewage plant — basic plan Secondary treatment is a biological process and involves the use of bacteria and other microbes. ‘Tertiary treatment consists of advanced biological, chemical and physical processes, It aims at further purifyng waste water and also in its recycling. Chlorination, to kill germs, is done during tertiary treatment. Let us discuss the secondary treatment of sewage in more details, As mentioned above, secondary treatment involves microbial activity. Aerobie bacteria are used for this activity. The bacteria are put in large sewer tanks through which oxygen (air) is also pumped. The bacteria, in the presence of oxygen, bring about rapid decomposition. Undigested sewer is then transferred to another anaerobic digestion tank, Aerobic bacteria are left behind, In the second tank, anaerobic bacteria cause digestion and produce a mixture of gases. The main gas produced is methane, ‘The mixture Of gases so produced is called biogas witich is used as a fuel. The sludge left bacteria is rich in nitrogen. after digestion of sewer by aerobic and anaerobii After drying, it is used as manure. (a) Other Uses of Bacteria : Scientists have discovered ways to change bacteria so that they produce valuable medical, agricultural and industrial products, This involves changing certain characteristics, or traits, that are inherited. Units of heredity, called genes, pass on traits from generation to generation. Genes are made up of long, twisted chains of a chemical called deoxyribo-nucleie acid (DNA). To change particular traits of an organism, scientists make changes in its genes, using genetic engineering. This method is also called recombinant DNA and gene splicing. For example, gene splicing is used to change bacteria so that they produce human insulin. This substance is extremely important in regulatingaa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.Fig. 4.6 : Hyphae of a fungus (a) b) ©) @ Fig. 4.7 : Different types ‘of Fung! (a) Yeast {b) Mushroom (c) Penicitium (@) Aspergillus yacuola ucius, Hplaar Fig. 48 : Budding in Yeast ‘© Greyish-white patches on stale bread, old pickles and jams. '* Greenish patches during the rainy season on old shoes and damp shoes. These patches are all made of different types of fungi (Figs. 4.6 and 4.7), ‘Callect and examine (do not eat) various types of mushrooms growing on tree trunks and shady localities. - Structure : Fungi are both unicellular and multicellular, Multicellular forms consist of long threads called hyphae (Fig. 4.6), that grow close together. Hyphae collectively form a highly inter-woven compact mass called mycelium. The three common types of fungi are — (i) yeasts, which are unicellular, (ii) moulds, which are multicellular, for example, common bread mould, and (ii) mushrooms which are also multicellular (Fig. 4.7), The structures which you observed in investigation 4.2 represented the common bread mould. Yeasts and moulds are microscopic organisms, while mushrooms are quite big and macroscopic. Nutrition : Absence of chlorophyll means that fungi cannot synthesize food, Fungi are either saprophytic or parasitic. The parasitic ones live on or in the tissues of another living organism, the host, absorbing nourishment from its body. Some of the most devastating diseases of crops are due to parasitic fungi, e.g., potato blight and wheat rust. The saprophytes derive their food from dead and decaying materials. Examples are the moulds which develop on stale, damp food and the many fungi which live in the soil and feed on the humus there. Reproduction : Reproduction takes place both by sexual and asexual means. Asexual reproduction may be through binary fission, budding Yeast belongs to genus Saccharomyces. It is a unicellular, saprophytic fungus. it may be spherical, eliptical or cylindrical in shape. it has a cell wall, cell membrane, a distinct nucleus, a large vacuole, numerous granules and fat globules. Yeast cells can be stored in dry form up to 4 years. Ithowever, geis destroyed at a temperature: of 60°C. ‘The common mode of reproduction is asexual — budding. Sexual reproduction is also reported. ‘Common species of yeast — Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Saccharomyces grows rapidly in sugary medium, ike sugarcane juice, grapes and nectar of flowers. Due to fermentation, ethyl alcohol and CO, are produced. Fermentation of fruits and fruit juices by yeasts makes their taste unpleasant and thus ‘spoils the foods and food products. Fig. 4.9 : Structure of Yeastaa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.KEY IDEAS Chlorella and Bales Both these algae are unicellular and similar in structure except that Chlorella is non- motile (lacks flagella) while Chlamydomonas is mobile (possesses two flagella, Fig. 4.11) 2. In day-to-day household food items like idli and dosa too, yeast finds its use. For making idli and dosa, the mixture of ground rice and dal is first allowed to stand for a few hours. This mixture rises and becomes sour, due to the growth of yeast cells. (e) Saprophytic fungi break down dead material for their own food, and re- turn to the soil chemicals or nutrients for plant growth. Fungi, thus, help in recycling of nutrients. (8) Some fungi (Aspergillus and Penicillium) are added to cheese to give a special flavour, ‘The commonly used terms like “pond scum” or sea weeds in fact refer to organisms, collectively termed as algae. ‘You would have seen a green layer floating on the surface of a pond or a lake. It also tends to develop on the sides of tanks which have not ‘been cleaned for some time. These are all algae. ‘The term algae refers to many types of aquatic, photosynthetic organisms, Often scientists classify these organisms along, with plants, as they possess chlorophyll and distinet cell walls. Occurrence : Algae are aquatic organisms — found in ponds, lakes, ditches, sea shores, moist soil, bark of trees. Some are even found in snow and hot water springs. They also occur symbiotically within the bodies of other living organisms, as in lichens. In structure, algse exhibit a wide variety (Fig. 4.11). ‘They may range from tiny unicellular microscopic forms like Chlamydomonas, Chlorella, barely 1.0 micron in size, to multicettular giant seaweeds or kelps, several metres in length. Unicellular algae may be of various shapes — spherical, oval, rod-shaped or spindle-shaped. Diversity in structure is much more in multicellular forms. These forms may exist in colonies (for example, Volvox) or form filaments (Spirogyra), or even plant-like bodies (Fucus).{@)) (cup-shaped) Flagetum Chioroplast , (Spral shaped) iyelous ‘Chloroplast © 8 & ) © ® © Fig. 4.11 : Types of algae — (a) Chiamydomoras (b) Ohiorelia (¢) Valvox(d) Spiregyre (¢) Nosioc (*) Oscilatoria (q) Fucus. Algae are often named after their colour as green algae, blue-green algae, red algae, brown algae, yellow-green algze and so on. The difference in their colour is due to the presence of certain other pigments in addition to chlorophyll. Examples : Green algae = Chlamydomonas, Spirogyra, Chlorella, Volvox. Blue-green algae — Nostoc, Oscillatoria, Anabaena. Brown algae — Fucus, Laminaria Red algae = Polysiphonia Selngl S¢us-BITS Golden-brown algae — Diatoms ia 4.6.1 Blue-Green Algae ‘jewels of the plant woric’. These are single celled or multicellular algae (like Nostoc, Oscillatoria, Fig. 4.11 (e) and (f)), blue-green in colour. Some cells in multicellular forms are modified to perform a special function of nitrogen fixation, The modified cell is called the heterocyst. Blue-green algae resemble bacteria in many respects. For this reason, these algae are also called cyanobacteria, Both have a primitive cell structure, lacking membrane-bound cell organelles and a well-defined nucleus. Reproduction in blue-green algae is commonly by binary fission or by fragmentation (asexual reproduction). 4.6.2 Diatoms Diatoms are golden-brown microscopic algae, rich in marine places. These algae have variously designed bodies impregnated with glass silica (Fig. 4.12). They may be unicellular, colonial or filamentous. The cell wall consists of two overlapping halves, hence named as diatom. - Diatoms after their death leave large amounts of silica deposits called diatomaceous earth. This being rough, it is used for polishing and SSS in making filters. Fig. 4.12 : Some forms of Examples — Navicula, Pinnularia, Cyclotella. diatoms:aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.mentioned so far. These are not considered to be organisms at all since they do not possess cellular organisation, They have no life until they enter another living cell. They are unable to carry out any of the typical life functions until Veccinia vis they are inside a host cell. Outside a host cell, Viruses are like any non-living substance. They sipsecou can be crystallized and stored. Viruses are, thus, = Geral obligate parasites. The relationship between prtein—? Material pt awed the host and the virus is known as parasitism as © (aeretia the virus (parasite) benefits and the host is eee harmed. In size, viruses are smaller than bacteria, : Stricture of HIV and cannot be seen with simple microscopes. aeteiophage They vary from 15 mye to 275 my, and can be Fig. 4.15 : Different ypes of viruses viewed only under an electron microscope. They Protein exhibit a wide variety of shapes (Fig. 4.15). In a Prin 5 coat virus, a small amount of genetic material (in the Solent form of DNA or RNA) is enclosed inside a F protein coat (Fig. 4.16). Genetic Viruses are generally named on the basis of (i) the pen host, or (ii) the disease that they produce. For example, Y\ tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) is so named as its host is Fo Nf a tobacco plant, and the virus produces mosaic pattem [TMi Bacteriophage on the leaves, in man, larly, the measles virus causes measles The virus which attacks bacteria is called bacteriophage (meaning bacterium-eater). In humans, viruses cause measles, mumps, flu, smallpox and the common cold. As viruses lack their own metabolism, antibioties have no effect on them. Fig. 4.16 = intemal structure of cifferent viruses Obligate parasite is fon organism which incapable of living on its own; dependent completely on the host. |. Multiple Choice Questions "correct choice, 1. Sleeping sickness is caused by a/an Tick mark (7) the 3. Organisms belonging to protozoa are ee iby runes (a) Single called (b) Many called (©) Alga {@) Bacterium (©) Colonial (d) Filamentous Malaria is caused by 4. TMV isa (a) Paramecium (>) Amoeba (a) Virus (b) Bacterium (€) Plasmocium (@) Entamoeba (©) Fungus, (9) Protozoanaa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this 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