43 GRAMMAR Linking words This unit includes words and phrases used to organize ideas in speaking and writing. ‘The position of the word or phrase is important. Sometimes a word comes in the middle of a sentence to join two clauses. Other times the word or phrase comes at the beginning ofa sentence and is followed by a comma in writing or a pause in speech. And, both, too, as well, also © And joins words or parts of sentences. Use both ... and to emphasize the fact that there are two things. Helen put on her coat and picked up the suitcase. Helen picked up both her suitcase and her umbrella. © Too, as well, as well as and also describe two actions at the same time. Note the positions. Helen picked up her suitcase and her umbrella too. Helen picked up her suitcase and her umbrella as well. Helen picked up her suitcase as well as her umbrella. Helen picked up her suitcase, her coat and also her umbrella. For example, such as © For example can be used in different positions. Diet varies from place to place. For example, in hot countries, people tend to eat more fruit In hot countries, for example, people tend to eat more fruit, © Use such as or like in the middle of a sentence to give examples. Like is less formal. J Such as cannot be used at the beginning of a sentence. In hot countries, such as/like Greece, people tend to eat more fruit First (of all), secondly etc., finally © Use first (of all) to begin a list of points in formal speech and writing, then continue with secondly etc. Television has changed our lives in several ways. First of all, it has... Secondly, more people ... Finally, it has changed the way that © Use in conclusion to introduce a final point in formal speech and writing, In conclusion, we can say that television has both good and bad features. As well as this, besides this Use these in formal speech and writing to add a point. The meaning is ‘and’ but the phrase comes at the beginning of a sentence. Television has changed our lives in several ways. First of all, it has..... Secondly, more people... As well as this/Besides this, more people ... 189INTERMEDIATE LANGUAGE PRACTICE 190 In fact, actually Use in fact and actually to give more detail, or to give surprising information. Dave has several dogs. In fact, he’ got four. (more detail) I thought Gina was a doctor but, in fact, she’ a vet. (surprise) I thought Gina was a doctor but, actually, she’ a vet. (surprise) In my view, personally Use these in formal speech and writing to introduce our own ideas. Some people believe that television has killed the art of conversation. In my view/Personally, I think it gives people something to talk about, Either, or © Either... or describes a choice or an alternative. ‘We can either go to the cinema, or stay at home. Either we can go to the cinema, or we can stay at home. (NOT Or-weeart-go—) Note that the structure Or... or ... does not exist in English. It is possible to bes sentence with Or only when we complete someone else’ sentence. ‘We could go to the cinema I suppose ... B: ‘... or-we could stay at home and watch a video.” Instead (of) © Use instead (of) to mean ‘in the place of something else’ Instead of cooking I ordered a take-away meal. Jill came to the party instead of her sister. © Use instead without of at the end of a sentence. I didn't cook. I ordered a take-away meal instead. Except Except and except for mean ‘not including. They gave presents to everyone except me. We have painted all the house, except (for) the front door. Even © Use even to say that something is surprising. Sam studies very hard. He even gets up at 5.30 to study! © Use even to emphasize comparative adjectives. This question is even harder than the last one. Time words with other meanings ‘The time words since, yet and while have a different meaning when used as linking words, generally in writing. since meaning ‘as I couldn't swim, since I had a cold. ‘yet meaning ‘although’ No one replied to my knock, yet all the lights were on. while meaning ‘although’ The first two buses were full, while the next was empty.GRAMMAR 43 LINKING WORDS 11 Underline the correct word or phrase in each sentence. 1 Mrs Davis taught us except for/instead of Mr Taylor. ‘We can either/or wait here, or phone for a taxi. Helen plays the guitar and also/too writes songs. In Scandinavian countries, for example/such as Finland, they have very cold winters. Everyone in the team played badly also/except Sam, All the shops were closed, since/yet it was a public holiday. Jack studies and/both geography and history. eee eriaw ‘The Peakworth tent is strong and waterproof, since/yet light to carry. 2 Rewrite each sentence so that it has a si bold. 1 Megan ilar meaning and contains the word in fed both the castle and the museum. too began. visited the. castle. aud the. museun, tee, 2 Jill-was the only person who came late, except 3 Although I said it was raining, it isnt! fact 4 Karen hurt her leg, so she couldnt play tennis. since 5 My opinion is that smoking is bad for you. view 6 Tate the chocolate cake and the apple pie. as well as 7 Daniel played in goal, in his brother's place. instead 8 Finally, Id like to thank the head teacher, Ann Coles. in 191INTERMEDIATE LANGUAGE PRACTICE 192 3 Decide which answer (A, B, C or D) best fits each space. Solving transport problems Nowadays there are many good reasons for using bicycles (1) ...@.... cars to travel in city centres, (2) nui: » bicycles are (3) ........ silent and clean, (4) are easy to park. (5) vase , using a bicycle (6) keeps people fit. However, city centres must (7) sen: have cycle lanes (B) ....... be free of private cars completely. Some large cities, (9) ‘Amsterdam in the Netherlands, are already organized in this way. (10) ........, a combination of the use of bicycles with very cheap or free public transport solves the problem of traffic jams and makes the city centre a more pleasant place, 1 Abut Bexcept for Cinstead of suchas 2 AAswell B First of all Cin fact D Personally 3 Aboth Band Cto0 Das well 4 Aalso Bfor example they C except D and as well as this 5 AAnd BYet While D Secondly 6 Aand B both Calso Dtoo 7 Aincondlusion Beither Cbesides this D both 8 Asuchas B yet Calso Dor 9 Asuch as Bas well Cinmy view — Dwhile 10 APersonally —_B Finally CForexample — D ActuallyGRAMMAR 43 LINKING WORDS | i 4 Complete each sentence with a word or phrase from the box. Use each word or Phrase once only. actually aswellasthis both either except instead personally suchas De Bveryone nano GOR nn Julia remembered to bring their dictionaries 2 We've repaired the roof, and +». We've repainted the whole house. ae » I dont think that there are aliens or flying saucers. 4 I managed to lose.... . My Passport and my wallet. 5 Iwas going to go to the cinema, but I went to the theatre - 6 People think that David is shy, but... somone he’ very talkative, 7 Some illnesses, the common cold, do not have a cure. 8 We're going to go camping, or stay with some friends. 5 Complete the spaces (1-10) with the words (a-). ) fs , Vd like 40 thank everyone who has helped with the school play. (2) wu the actors, and the slage hands, have worked very hard, and everyone who made the costumes worked hard (8) wun « ~~ like 40 thank all those who have sold tickets. This T would (4) year we had an (5) crn. larger audience than last year, and (6) eun.nu Tuesday evening, every single seat was sold. This year the play ran for G WEEK (F) ersee for two days. We did not have a lot of time for rehearsals, QNd (B) cme the play was a great success. (9) oom. , T feel that we should congratulate all the actors for their wonderful performance (10) umm. , Td like to give Judy Walker, the director this present from everyone at the school. even yet as well except for First of all In conclusion: also Personally Both instead of eR Re mae 193