Unit 5 Module 12 Combined

Day, Mudd, Werstlein
Unit 5: The Kingdoms of Life

Module 12: Simple Organisms
NC Essential Standard:
1.2.3 Explain how specific cell adaptations help cells survive in particular
environments
2.1.2 Analyze how various organisms accomplish life functions
What exactly is a germ?

Germ is a commonly used term for tiny living organisms that make us sick! The correct
term for organisms that cause disease is pathogen. Germs or pathogens may include living
organisms such as bacteria, protists, or fungi. Germs also include viruses, although they are
technically not alive!
HOWEVER
Not all tiny living organisms (microorganisms) are germs.There are MANY, MANY more
helpful microorganisms than there are harmful ones!
I.
Is a virus a living thing?

A. Viruses, although not technically living due to the lack of cellular
structure, are classified as microorganisms.
B. Viruses are composed of a protein coat (called a capsid) that
Name 2 reasons that

viruses are not
considered living things:
1.
2.
protects a nucleic acid - either DNA or RNA. The shape of the

capsid determines the type of cell the virus can infect.
C. A virus can only exist by infecting a host cell. Viruses are classified
by the reproductive cycle it uses to infect the host cell.
1. The lytic cycle describes the life cycle in which a virus
uses the host cell to make copies of itself, then quickly kills
the host cell as new virus copies are released.
2. The lysogenic cycle describes the life cycle in which the
virus has a dormant stage in which the virus remains
inactive within the cell. This dormant period may last for
weeks, months, or years. An environmental trigger may
cause the viral DNA to emerge from the host DNA and
begin a lytic cycle of reproduction.
155
Using the diagram,

explain how lytic and
lysogenic are different:
http://images.encarta.msn.com/xrefmedia/aencmed/targets/illus/ilt/T012837A.gif
D. Viruses are pathogenic, or disease-causing microorganisms.

1. HIV causes AIDS. HIV infects T-cells, which are important
for the immune response. Thus, people with AIDS often
Identify 3 viral diseases:
die of opportunistic infections, such as pneumonia.

2. Several different viruses cause influenza (the flu).
1.
Influenza viruses infect respiratory cells. The lysis of these
2.
cells leads to some of the typical symptoms of the flu, such
3.
as sore throat and congestion.

3. A poxvirus causes smallpox. Smallpox starts in the cells of
the lymph nodes and lungs. Symptoms include severe
headaches, muscle ache, and pustules on the skin.
E. Virus Prevention and Treatment
Differentiate between
active and passive
immunity:
1. Vaccines can be developed for viral diseases. A vaccine

uses a dead or weakened form of the virus to turn on the
immune response so that antibodies are produced.
a. Active immunity to a virus is conferred by a vaccine
or by exposure to the virus itself.
b. Passive immunity is conferred when antibodies are
passed between individuals (ie. through breast milk).
2. Antiviral medications work by interrupting the viruss life
cycle. Antibiotics are NOT effective against viruses!
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F. Viruses and Natural Selection

1. Viruses often mutate rapidly, meaning the actual virus
being spread changes with each outbreak.
2. Mutations in the HIV virus make developing a treatment or
vaccine difficult. Viruses that are resistant due to
mutations can survive and reproduce by natural selection.
3. Flu epidemics are caused by viruses that are genetically
different enough from earlier years viruses that people
have little immunity to them.
Check Yourself!
1. What are the two parts of a virus?
2. What are the two reproductive cycles of viruses?
3. What is a pathogen?
4. What type of cell does HIV infect?
5. Why is there a different flu virus each year?
II.
Are all bacteria bad?

A. All bacteria are classified in the kingdoms Eubacteria and
Archaebacteria. They are differentiated by the chemicals found
Identify 3 ways that

bacteria are beneficial:
1.
in the bacterial cell wall. They are all unicellular and prokaryotic.
B. Bacteria reproduce through binary fission, but can also exchange
DNA by conjugation. This allows for genetic variation.
C. The vast majority of bacteria in our world are beneficial. They are
2.
important decomposers and perform many other ecosystem
3.
services. They exist in the intestines of some animals and aid

digestion. They are also important in food production.
D. Some bacteria are pathogenic. One example is the bacterium
Mycobacterium tuberculosis, which causes tuberculosis. The

disease attacks the lungs and causes coughing, chest pain, fatigue
and fever it can be fatal if not treated. This bacterium causes
disease because it destroys cells. The cells are broken down by the
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bacteria as a source of nutrition. Other bacteria harm the host by

releasing toxins such the bacterium that causes food poisoning.
E. Pathogenic bacteria can be treated with antibiotics. Antibiotics
kill the bacteria by destroying the cell wall. Bacteria that are
resistant to antibiotics can survive and reproduce by natural
selection. This means that new antibiotics must continually be
developed.
Check Yourself!
1. Which two kingdoms include bacteria?
2. How do bacteria reproduce?
3. Name two ways that bacteria cause illness.
III.
What is a Protist?
A. Protista is a diverse kingdom of organisms that is divided into 3
Watch It!
main groups: algae (plant-like), protozoa (animal-like) and slime

molds (fungus-like).
B. Algae are important aquatic producers (the base of aquatic food
webs) and produce most of earths oxygen. They may be
unicellular or multicellular (seaweed).
C. Protozoa are unicellular, aquatic protists that are similar to
animals. Protozoa have adaptations to allow them to accomplish
Draw a simple diagram of

a paramecium. Label the
cilia, contractile vacuole,
and eyespot.
life functions:
1. Adaptations for movement include a whip-like tail called a
flagellum, tiny hair-like projections called cilia, or
extensions of the cell membrane called pseudopodia.
2. An adaptation for water balance is the contractile
vacuole. This vacuole pumps excess water out of the cell,
since these aquatic organisms may take in more water
than necessary by osmosis.
158
3. An adaptation for response to stimuli is the eyespot. This

structure allows for responses to light.
D. In protozoa, reproduction is asexual through binary fission, and
many algae use fragmentation. Some protists may exchange DNA
though conjugation.
E. Some protists are pathogenic. Malaria is a disease caused by
parasitic protists called plasmodia. Malaria is transmitted by a
mosquito. Any organism which transmits/carries a disease without
being affected by the disease is called a vector. The symptoms of
malaria include headache, shaking, chills, and fever. Some forms
of malaria may lead to comas, convulsions, or even death.
Check Yourself!
1. What are the 3 groups of protists?
2. Name 2 reasons that algae are important.
3. What protist causes the disease malaria?
IV.
How are fungi different from plants?

A. Fungi are eukaryotic organisms that may be uni- or multicellular.
B. Fungi are heterotrophic. They obtain food through extracellular
digestion, secreting digestive chemicals and absorbing nutrients.
List 2 ways that fungi can

reproduce:
C. Fungi may reproduce asexually, such as budding in yeast.

Spores may be used for asexual or sexual reproduction.
1.
2.
D. Some fungi are pathogenic. Candida is yeast that is a normal

inhabitant of moist human epithelial tissue, such as the throat and
vagina. Certain circumstances can cause Candida to become
pathogenic by growing too rapidly and releasing harmful
substances. This leads to conditions such as oral thrush, yeast
infections, and/or kidney infections.
Check Yourself!
1. How do fungi obtain food?
2. What reproductive structure can be used for sexual or asexual reproduction?

159
3. What is the name of the fungus that causes thrush?

Concept Map: Reproduction of Simple Organisms
Reproduction
requires
a
Viruses
becaus
e
_________
Asexual by
Bacteria
____________
Exchang
e DNA
by
not living
conjugation
Protozoa
binary fission
___________
Exchang
e DNA
by
Asexual by
__________
fragmentation
Algae
Asexual by
Fungi
or produces
__________
spores
may be
Word Bank:
Conjugation
Sexual
Protists
budding
host
binary fission
__________
_
asexual
160

Unit 5 / Module 12
Problem Solving Set
1. On the picture of the virus,
label the capsid and nucleic acid.
2. On the viral reproduction diagram, label:

Host cell, Virus, Viral DNA, and Bacterial (host) DNA
3. Label what is occurring in each diagram of bacterial reproduction:
___________________
____________________
4. Identify the type of movement being used by the protists in the diagrams.
_______________________
______________
_________
161

5. The Euglena shown below is a protist that has the ability to move (animal-like)
but also contains chloroplasts (plant-like). Explain the importance of the
EYESPOT for this organism.
Importance of eyespot:
eyespot
6. The paramecium shown below lives in a freshwater environment. Explain the

importance of the contractile vacuole for this organism.
Importance of contractile vacuole:
Contractile
vacuole
7. Complete the chart below on the benefits of simple organisms:

Organism
Ways this organism is beneficial
Bacteria
Protists
Fungi
8. Complete the chart for the following diseases. The cause should be the
pathogen (for example, virus or bacteria or fungus or protist).
Disease
Cause
Effects
Treatment/
(pathogen)
(symptoms/signs)
Prevention
HIV
Influenza
Smallpox
Tuberculosis
Malaria
Thrush
162
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Day, Mudd, Werstlein

Unit 5: The Kingdoms of Life

What exactly is a germ?

Is a virus a living thing?

Name 2 reasons that

protects a nucleic acid - either DNA or RNA. The shape of the

Day, Mudd, Werstlein

Using the diagram,

D. Viruses are pathogenic, or disease-causing microorganisms.

die of opportunistic infections, such as pneumonia.

Influenza viruses infect respiratory cells. The lysis of these

cells leads to some of the typical symptoms of the flu, such

as sore throat and congestion.

1. Vaccines can be developed for viral diseases. A vaccine

Day, Mudd, Werstlein

F. Viruses and Natural Selection

Are all bacteria bad?

Identify 3 ways that

important decomposers and perform many other ecosystem

services. They exist in the intestines of some animals and aid

Mycobacterium tuberculosis, which causes tuberculosis. The

Day, Mudd, Werstlein

bacteria as a source of nutrition. Other bacteria harm the host by

main groups: algae (plant-like), protozoa (animal-like) and slime

Draw a simple diagram of

Day, Mudd, Werstlein

3. An adaptation for response to stimuli is the eyespot. This

How are fungi different from plants?

List 2 ways that fungi can

C. Fungi may reproduce asexually, such as budding in yeast.

D. Some fungi are pathogenic. Candida is yeast that is a normal

2. What reproductive structure can be used for sexual or asexual reproduction?

Day, Mudd, Werstlein

Day, Mudd, Werstlein

2. On the viral reproduction diagram, label:

3. Label what is occurring in each diagram of bacterial reproduction:

Day, Mudd, Werstlein

6. The paramecium shown below lives in a freshwater environment. Explain the

7. Complete the chart below on the benefits of simple organisms:

Day, Mudd, Werstlein

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