Physics Investigatory Project On Logic Gates

NAMECLASS-12
SECROLL NO-
THIS IS TO CERTIFY THAT

OF CLASS XII,
SECTION-C, ROLL NOHAS PREPARED A PROJECT
ON THE TOPICLOGIC GATESAND HAS SATISFACTORILY
COMPLETED THE REQUIRED PHYSICS PROJECT UNDER
THE GUIDANCE OF MRS PREETILATA MAM DURING THE
SESSION 2015-2016, TOWARDS PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF
CREDIT FOR THE PHYSICS PRACTICAL EVALUATION OF
CBSE 2016 AND SUBMITTED SATISFACTORY REPORT AS
COMPILED IN THE FOLLOWING PAGES UNDER MY
SUPERVISION.
PRINCIPAL/DIRECTOR SIGNATURE
SEAL
TEACHER SIGNATURE
SIGNATURE
SCHOOL
EXAMINER
I SELECTED THIS PROJECT AS A PART OF MY STUDIES ,

TITLEDLOGIC GATES.
AS A GRATITUDE, I CONVEY MY SINCERE THANKS TO MRS

............. MAM WHO WAS A CONSTANT GUIDE DURING
THE PERIOD OF STUDIES AND THE PRINCIPAL OF OUR
SCHOOL MRS. .. WITHOUT WHOSE HELP IT
WOULD NOT HAVE BEEN POSSIBLE FOR ME TO
COMPLETE THIS PROJECT. I WOULD ALSO LIKE TO THANK
THE DIRECTOR OF OUR SCHOOL .. FOR HELPING
ME.
WE USE THE INTEGRATED CIRCUITS TO CONSTRUCT A

LOGIC CIRCUIT AND VERIFY THE TRUTH TABLES OF
AND,OR,NOT GATES AND THEIR COMBINATIONS.
1.INTRODUCTION
2.TYPES OF GATE
3.NOT GATE
4.OR GATE
5.AND GATE
6.NAND GATE
7.NOR GATE
8.PROCEDURE
9.OBSERVATION
10.INFERENCE
11.CONCLUSION
12.BIBLIOGRAPHY
INTRODUCTION
LOGIC GATES
A gate is a digital circuit that follows certain relationship
between the input and output voltages. Therefore, they
are generally know as logic gates-gates because they
control the flow of information.
I.NOT GATE
This is the most basic gate, with one input and one
output. It produce a 1 output if the input is 0 and vice
versa. That is, it produces inverted version of the input as
its output.
II.OR GATE
An OR gate has two or more inputs with one output. The
output is 1 when either of the inputs are 1 that is if any
of the input is high the output is high.
III.AND GATE
AnAND gate gas two or more inputs and one output.
The output of AND gate is 1 only when the inputs are 1.
THE NOT GATE

The NOT gate is a one input and output logic gate. It
combines the input A with the output Y following the
Boolean expression.
Y=A
i.e.Y equals A. The way, the NOT gate gives the output, it
is also called invertor. It is represented by the symbol:
It produces 1 output if input is 0 and vice-versa. That is it

produces an inverted version of the input at its output.
ELECTRONIC
REALIZATION OF NOT
GATE
In practice a NOT gate can be realized by using transistor
as shown in the figure below:
An electronic circuit of a NOT gate using n-p-n transistor

is shown in the above figure. The base of the transistor is
connected to the input through a resistance Rb and the
emitter E is earthed. The collector is connected to a 5V
battery and the output Y is the voltage at C w.r.t earth.
The resistor Rb and Rc are so choosen that if the input is
at 0voltage connected to the collector. The operation
can be understood as shown.
When input is earthed, the base of the transistor also

gets earthed. The base emitter junction is not forward
biased but the base collector junction is reversed biased.
As the emitter is 1 the base current is 0. Hence
collector current is also 0. Under such conditions the
transistor is in cut off mode and voltage at C will be +5V
w.r.t earth due to battery in the collector circuit. Hence
the output Y=1.
When the input is connected to the positive terminal of
the battery, the base emitter junction gets forward
biased. There will be emitter current, base current and
collector current . The values of resistors Rb and Rc are so
adjusted that in this arrangement a large collector
current flows. In this situation, the transistor is said to
have gone to saturation state. The voltage drop across
Rc due to forward biasing of emitter is just equal to 5V,
which is equal and opposite to the potential drop across
Rc due to battery in collector circuit. Hence voltage at
C=0 volt. Therefore the output is at 0level. Thus the
operation of the output is based on the following rule.
The output of the NOT gate assumes 1 if both inputs

are at 0level or vice-versa.
THE OR GATE
The OR gate is a two inputs and one output logic gate. It
combines the inputs A and B with output Y following the
Boolean expression.
Y=A+B
i.e. Y equals A or B. The OR gate is represented by the
symbol:
The output gate has two or more inputs with one output.
The output Y is 1 when either input A or input B or both
are 1, that is, if any of the input is high, the output is
high.
ELECTRONIC
REALIZATION OF OR
GATE
In practice an OR gate can be realized by electronic
circuit making use of 2(two) ideal p-n junction diodes D1
and D2. Here negative terminal of the battery is
grounded and corresponds to 0level and the positive

terminal of the battery(i.e.voltage 5V here) corresponds
to 1level. The output Y is at voltage C w.r.t earth. The
operation of the OR gate can be understood as follows.
When both A and B are connected to earth(i.e. A-0 and

B=0)both the diodes do not conduct and therefore no
voltage develops across the resistance R. The voltage at
C is 0/ w.r.t earth. Hence the output Y=0.
When one of the terminals is connected to earth and the
other positive terminal of the battery, the junction diode
with 0 input(connected to earth) does not conduct
while 5V takes place across resistance R with C at 5V w.r.t
earth. Therefore the output Y=1.
When both are connected to the positive terminal of the

battery, the two diode become forward biased and they
will both conduct. Since connected in parallel voltage
drop across R cannot exceed 5V with C at +5Vw.r.t earth.
Hence the output is Y=1.
ELECTRONIC
REALIZATION OF OR
GATE
TRUTH TABLE:
DIAGRAM:
THE AND GATE

The AND gate is also a two inputs and one output logic
gate. IT combines the inputs A and B with the output Y
following the Boolean expression.
Y=A.B
i.e.Y equals A and B. The AND gate is represented by the
symbol
An AND gate has two or more inputs and one output. The
output Y of AMD gate is 1 only when input A and B are
both 1,that is ,both the inputs should be high than the
output will be high. The truth table is given as:
Truth table
ELECTRONIC
REALIZATION OF AND
GATE
In practice an AND gate can be realized by electronic
circuit making u se of 2 ideal p-n junction diodes D1 and
D2 as shown in the figure below
Here negative terminal of the battery is grounded and

corresponds to 0level and the positive terminal of the
battery(i.e.voltage 5V here)corresponds to1level. The
output Y is at voltage C w.r.t earth. The operation of the
AND gate can be understood as follows.
When both A and B are connected to earth(i.e. A=0 and

B=0)both the diodes gets forward biased and hence
conduct. No voltage drop takes place across the diodes.
Therefore a voltage drop of 5V takes place across the
resistance R with C at 0 potential w.r.t earth. Thus the
output Y=0
When one of the two terminals is connected to earth and

the other positive terminal of the battery the junction
diodes with0 input(connected to earth) will conduct
while the other connected to battery does not conduct.
No voltage drop takes place across diode which is
earthed. Therefore, a voltage drop of 5V takes place
across resistance R having D at +5V and C at 0v w.r.t
earth. Now the output Y=0.
When both are connected to the positive terminal of the

battery, none of the diodes will conduct. There will be no
current through R. Now potential at C=0 potential at D
which is +5V w.r.t earth. Hence output Y=1.
Thus the operation of the output is based on the

following rule. The output of the AND gate assumes 1
only if all the inputs assume 1.
ELECTRONIC
REALIZATION OF AND
GATE
DIAGRAM
PROCEDURE
The logic gate circuit board is connected to the mains
The power of the board is switched on.
For AND gate:

The plug wire is put inside the socket named AND
gate.
Observations are noted for input having first high and

then low value.
Similarly the observations are taken for OR gate and

NOT gate.
All the observations are recorded.
OBSERVATION
Following are the observations made from the

experiment
INFERENCE
>For AND gate, when either of the inputs were low, the
output was also low. When both inputs were low, output
was low but when both the inputs were high, output was
also high.
>For OR gate, when either of the inputs were low or high
alternatively, the output was high. When both inputs
were low, outputs was low but when both the inputs were
high, output was also high.
>For NOT gate, when input is high, output is low and vice
versa. It inverses the input current.
CONCLUSION
Developing such a project was an enormous task but an

enlightening one too. The project work that has perceived
in our minds and the final outcome is slightly different.
While working on this project we encountered many
problems, theoretical as well as practical which were
reasonably difficult to manage. This was partly due to my
inexperience with the process of experimenting to get
the desired result and the approach in which the initial
project study was conducted.
Overall I have learnt a lot during the process of

development of this project and I have tried my level
best to make it as good as possible keeping in minds the
time constrain and the project allocated to me.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
1)Comprehensive practical for physics class 12.
2)Internet:
www.google.com
www.cbseprojects.com

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NAMECLASS-12

THIS IS TO CERTIFY THAT

I SELECTED THIS PROJECT AS A PART OF MY STUDIES ,

AS A GRATITUDE, I CONVEY MY SINCERE THANKS TO MRS

WE USE THE INTEGRATED CIRCUITS TO CONSTRUCT A

THE NOT GATE

It produces 1 output if input is 0 and vice-versa. That is it

An electronic circuit of a NOT gate using n-p-n transistor

When input is earthed, the base of the transistor also

The output of the NOT gate assumes 1 if both inputs

grounded and corresponds to 0level and the positive

When both A and B are connected to earth(i.e. A-0 and

When both are connected to the positive terminal of the

THE AND GATE

Here negative terminal of the battery is grounded and

When both A and B are connected to earth(i.e. A=0 and

When one of the two terminals is connected to earth and

When both are connected to the positive terminal of the

Thus the operation of the output is based on the

For AND gate:

Observations are noted for input having first high and

Similarly the observations are taken for OR gate and

Following are the observations made from the

Developing such a project was an enormous task but an

Overall I have learnt a lot during the process of

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