Lab 4 - Cod Test

UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA
KAMPUS SAMARAHAN 2
DIPLOMA IN CIVIL ENGINEERING (EC110)
WASTE & WASTE WATER ENGINEERING (ECW 351)
EC1105C
TITLE: LAB 5 CHEMICAL OXYGEN DEMAND TEST

PREPARED BY:
1)
2)
3)
4)
NORHAZERAH BINTI YUSSOP (2013251252)- LEADER

MOHAMMAD SYAFIQ AKMAL BIN ABDULLAH (2013431936)
NUR HAFIZAN BINTI ASMAIL (2013617608)
NUR AMYRA HIDAYAH BINTI AMIRUL (2013224456)
PREPARED FOR : MISS BEATRICE BIDAUN

DATE OF SUBMISSION: 4 AUGUST 2015
TABLE OF CONTENTS
ELEMENTS
PAGE
Experiment title
Objective
Introduction
1-2
Apparatus
Procedure
Data Acquisition& Calculation
Analysis of data
Discussion
Conclusion
Reference
EXPERIMENT TITLE
Chemical Oxygen Demand
OBJECTIVE
To obtain the value of COD of water sample using open reflux method.
INTRODUCTION
Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) is defined as the amount of a specified
oxidant that reacts with sample under controlled conditions. It is
commonly used to indirectly measure the amount of organic compounds

in water. Most applications of COD is to determine the amount of organic
pollutants found in surface water.
It is measured expressed in milligrams per litre (mg/L), which indicates the
mass of oxygen consumed per litre of solution.
The advantages of the COD test as compared to the BOD test are:
1. COD results are available much sooner.
2. The COD test requires fewer manipulations of the sample.
3. The COD test oxidizes a wider range of chemical compounds.
4. It can be standardized more easily.

However, the disadvantage of the COD test is that the results are not directly applicable to the
5-day BOD results without correlation studies over a long period of time. The samples used
for the COD analysis may be grab or composite. Preservation of the sample can be
accomplished by adding sulphuric acid to depress the pH to 2 and the holding time with
preservation is 7 days.
On the other hand, the value of COD should always higher than BOD. This is because COD
or Chemical Oxygen Demand is the total measurement of all chemicals in the water that can
be oxidized. BOD or Biochemical Oxygen Demand is supposed to measure the amount of
food (or organic carbons) that bacteria can oxidize (in 5 days). A COD test result (that can be
performed in about 2 hours) can be correlated to an expected BOD result (which takes 5
days). It is also because of the chromate refluxing procedure used to measure COD, almost
all organic compounds will be oxidized. Hence, the value of COD is higher than BOD.
In this experiment, the value of Molarity is already given which is 0.1 M. However, the value
of molarity also can be calculated by using this formula:
Molarity of FAS, M =
K 0.25
F
Where, K = volume of 0.04167 M K2Cr2O7 solution titrated (ml)

F = volume of FAS used in titration (ml)
APPARATUS
Reflux apparatus
Beaker
Conical flasks
Burette
Graduated cylinder
Pipette
Distilled water
Analytical balance
Glass rod
Mercuric sulphate crystals/powder
Glass beads
Ferroin indicator solution
Concentrate sulphuric acid containing argentum sulphate
Standard potassium dichromate solution , 0.04167M
Standard ferrous ammonium sulphate titrant
PROCEDURES
Reflux of water samples
1. 50 ml of distilled water is poured into refluxing flask A and 50 ml
sample into refluxing flask B.
2. 1 g of mercuric sulphate (HgSO4), 3-4 glass beads is added into each
flask.
3. 5 ml of sulphuric acid (H2SO4) reagent containing argentum sulphate
(Ag2SO4) was slowly added to each flask and HgSO 4 is dissolved by
mixing it well.
4. 25 ml 0.04167 M potassium dichromate (K2Cr2O7) solution is added
to each flask and mixed well.
5. The remaining 70 ml H 2SO4 is slowly added and swirling and mixing
is continued while adding the acid.
Caution: to prevent local heating of flask bottom and a possible
blowout of flask contents, the reflux mixture must be mixed
thoroughly before applying the heat
6. Both flasks is attached to condenser and been reflux for 2 hours.
7. The switch if off after 2 hours and let the flasks cool down.
8. The flasks is disconnected from the condenser and let the cool down
in the sink.
9. The flask is poured into 500 ml of conical flask and distilled water is
added until 350 ml.
10.
The solution was titrated with ferrous ammonium sulphate (Fe
(NH4)2(SO4)2) titrant using 2 3 drops ferroin indicator (the colour
changes from yellow to blue- green to reddish brown).
Molarity of Fe (NH4)2(SO4)2, FAS titrant
1. 25 ml of 0.04167 M K2Cr2O7 solution is poured 250 ml conical flask.
2. Distilled water is added to 100 ml.
3. 30 ml concentrated H2SO4 is added and let it cooled.
4. Using 2- 3 drops of ferroin indicator, the solution is titrated with
Fe(NH4)2(SO4)2
5. The molarity of FAS solution is calculated:
Molarity of FAS, M =
K 0.25
F
Where, K = volume of 0.04167 M K2Cr2O7 solution titrated (ml)

F = volume of FAS used in titration (ml)

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UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA

TITLE: LAB 5 CHEMICAL OXYGEN DEMAND TEST

NORHAZERAH BINTI YUSSOP (2013251252)- LEADER

PREPARED FOR : MISS BEATRICE BIDAUN

Data Acquisition& Calculation

commonly used to indirectly measure the amount of organic compounds

4. It can be standardized more easily.

Where, K = volume of 0.04167 M K2Cr2O7 solution titrated (ml)

Where, K = volume of 0.04167 M K2Cr2O7 solution titrated (ml)

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