Membrane Filter

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1.

0 Abstract

Membrane filteration is one of the effective separation methods utilized to efficiently

remove salts and other impurities by allowing the feed solution to pass through the

membrane module as it filters. The membrane in the module allows liquid to

permeates through, while other fluid components are ejected by the membrane and

caught in the retentate (concentrate) stream. The membrane filtration unit (Model:

TR16) is used in the experiment to investigate the membrane resistance and

evaluate the effect of differential pressure on salt removal from water using a reverse

osmosis (RO) membrane filtration system. The experiment involved determining the

membrane resistance (Rm) at various pressure differentials and assessing the

effectiveness of the membrane in salt rejection. The calculated fluxes for experiment

1 (Determination of Membrane Resistance), which was conducted at varied

differential pressures of 20, 22, and 24 bar, were, respectively, 0.5781, 0.6563, and

0.6875 L/m2.min. The outcomes demonstrated that raising the membrane's

differential pressure caused flux rates to rise. At these pressure differences, the

membrane resistance values were 647.14, 627.03, and 652.99 bar.m3.min2/kg.L,

respectively. In contrast to what was anticipated, it was found that membrane

resistance somewhat increased at the greatest pressure measured. The salt rejection

for experiment 2 (Reverse Osmosis: Salt Rejection from Water) was measured at

99.32 and 97.01%, respectively, at different pressure differentials of 20 and 25 bar.

The findings demonstrated that the percentage of salt rejection reduced with

increasing pressure. Since RO membranes are not entirely efficient barriers to

dissolved salts in feed water, this decrease in salt rejection can be attributed to some

salt leakage through the membrane. The experiment was successfully carried out

because the objectives were attained.

Membrane filtration is one of the effective separation method utilised to efficiently

remove salts and other contaminants by allowing the feed solution flows through the
membrane module during membrane filtering. In the module, liquid permeates

through the membrane while other fluid components are ejected by the membrane

and caught in the retentate (concentrate) stream. The experiment is performed by

using the membrane filtration unit (Model: TR16) to investigate the membrane

resistance and evaluate the effect of differential pressure on salt removal from water

using a reverse osmosis (RO) membrane filtration system. The experiment involved

determining the membrane resistance (Rm) at various pressure differentials and

assessing the salt rejection performance of the membrane. For experiment 1

(Determination of Membrane Resistance), it is run at different differential pressure of

20, 22 and 24 bar, the calculated fluxes were 0.5781, 0.6563, and 0.6875 L/m2.min,

respectively . The results showed that increasing the differential pressure across the

membrane led to an increase in flux rates. The membrane resistance values at these

pressure differentials were 647.14, 627.03, and 652.99 bar.m3.min2/kg.L,

respectively. It was observed that there was a slight increase in membrane

resistance at the highest pressure tested, contrary to the expected decrease. For

experiment 2 (Reverse Osmosis: Salt Rejection from Water), it is run at different

pressure differential of 20 and 25 bar, the salt rejection was measured at 99.32 and

97.01%, respectively. The results showed that as the pressure increased, the

percentage of salt rejection decreased. This decrease in salt rejection can be

attributed to some salt leakage through the membrane, as RO membranes are not

completely effective barriers to dissolved salts in feed water. The objetives are

successfully obtained, thus the experiment is successfully conducted.

5.0 Apparatus

No. Equipment Description

1. Membrane Filtration Unit To separate the solutes from the liquid

mixture

2. Beaker To collect the sample of permeate at V9

3. Measuring Cylinder To measure the volume of collected


sample water

4. Stopwatch To set 5 minutes when collecting the

sample water

5. Conductivity meter To measure the conductivity of permeate

sample in salt rejection experiment

Figure 1: Membrane Filtration Unit (Model: TR16)

6.0 Methodology

Start-up Procedure
 Pump and Pressure

1. All valves are initially ensured to be closed.

2. The feed tank was filled with 20 liters of tap water.

3. The control panel was switched on.

4. Valve V3 was opened and Plunger pump P1 was switched on.

5. The pressure regulator PR1 was adjusted by using wrench to obtain the desired

maximum working pressure at 35 bar.

6. Valves V16 and V5 were opened for the liquid to flow.

 Heat Exchanger

1. The liquid level inside the hot water tank was ensured to always above the

heater element before operating the plate exchanger.

2. Valve V11 was opened to let the tap water flow in the cooling coil to maintain the

temperature at room temperature.

3. Valve V13 was fully opened while valve V14 is partially opened.

4. The centrifugal pump P2 was switched on to circulate the liquid through the heat

exchanger.

Experimental Procedure (Experiment 1)

1. Valves V3, V16, V5, V7and V15 were ensured to fully open.

2. The desired working temperature was ensured to be stable before taking the

result.

3. The differential pressure across the membrane was set to 20 bar by adjusting

valves V5 and V7 as well as allowing the water to flow for an average of 10

minutes to let the water flow rate stabilized.

4. Valve V15 was closed and valve V9 was fully opened to collect the permeate

sample for 5 minutes using beaker.

5. Then, valve V15 was ensured to fully opened and valve V9 was closed.

6. The Volume of permeate sample was measured using measuring cylinder then

the data was recorded.


7. Steps 3-6 was repeated with differential pressure of 22 and 24 bar.

Experimental Procedure (Experiment 2)

1. NaCl solution was prepared by adding 40g of NaCl into 20L of water in feed

tank.

2. The differential pressure across the membrane was set to 20 bar by adjusting

valves V5 and V7 as well as allowing the water to flow for an average of 10

minutes to let the water flow rate stabilized.

3. Valve V15 was closed and valve V9 was fully opened to collect the permeate

sample using beaker.

4. Then, valve V15 was ensured to fully opened and valve V9 was closed.

5. The conductivity of the sample was measured using conductivity meter.

6. Steps 2-5 was repeated with differential pressure of 25 bar.

Shut-down Procedure

1. Valves V1, V4, V6, V8 and V9 were opened to drain the liquid.

2. Then plunger pump P1 and centrifugal pump P2 were closed.

3. The control panel was switched off.

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