CG601 Geodesi2
CG601 Geodesi2
Topic 1
INTRODUCTION TO PHYSICAL GEODESY
SYLLIBUS:
1.1 Understand the earths gravity.
1.1.1 Explain the gravity field of the earth.
1.1.2 Describe principles of gravity measurement and
equipment.
1.1.3 Describe the terrestrial gravity measurement.
1.1.4 Describe the gravity reduction and topographic
effect(temporal variation).
1.2 Know the gravity data.
1.2.1 Calculate the gravity data observation correction.
1.2.2 Calculate the gravity data reduction.
1.3 Understand the dynamic satellite.
1.3.1 Explain the dynamic satellite in Geodesy.
INTRO
WHAT IS GEODESY?
American Geophysical Union Definition:
"The science that determines the size and shape of the earth,
the precise positions and elevations of points, and lengths
and directions of lines on the earth's surface, and the
variations of terrestrial gravity"
Functions of Geodesy:
Establishing reference datums and coordinate systems for
the definition of
horizontal positions of points
distances and directions between points
elevations of points
Determination of geophysical properties such as the
gravity field on or near the surface of the earth, geoid
(mean sea level) and deflection of vertical (plumbline) .
Study and monitor the geo-dynamics phenomena such as
ocean and earth tides, crustal (tectonic) movements,
polar motion, and the variations in earth rotation and
gravity field .
CONT
Observation Techniques in Geodesy
Astronomical
Terrestrial
Space
Terrestrial Observations
Arc measurements (historic)
Triangulation, Trilateration, Traversing
Leveling
Zenith or vertical angles
Gravity
CONT
Applications of Geodesy
Surveying and mapping
Defense
Geophysical explorations
Space explorations
Communication, Navigation, etc.
Bumi tidak berbentuk bulat (sfera) tetapi mirip kepada bentuk elips.
Nilai graviti berubah daripada 978 gal di garis khatulistiwa ke nilai 983 gal di
titik kutub.
Rumus graviti antara bangsa digunakan untuk mengira nilai graviti bumi di
mana-mana titik di atas permukaan bumi.
Tarikan graviti bumi ini adalah disebabkan oleh tarikan inti bumi. Hanya 0.3 %
tarikan berasal daripada kerak bumi dan 15 % daripadanya disebabkan oleh
bahan-bahan bumi pada kedalaman diantara 0 - 5 km iaitu 0.01 % daripada
keseluruhan daya tarikan graviti bumi.
Equipment:
Gravimeter G888
KAEDAH TERABAS:
Nilai graviti dicari
Jenis Drif
c. Pembetulan Ketinggian:
i ) Pembetulan Udara Bebas
gf = 2 g h / R
= 0.3086 h miligal ( h ialah ketinggian dalam meter)
= 0.09406 h miligal ( h ialah ketinggian dalam kaki)
ii) Pembetulan bouguer
gb= 2. G . .h miligal
= 0.04191. . h miligal ( h ialah ketinggian dalam meter)
= 0.01277. .h miligal ( h ketinggian dalam kaki )
di mana , = ketumpatan.
ANOMALI GRAVITI
gm = go + gq - g f + gb + gt ( jika h - ve )
= go + gq + g f - gb + gt ( jika h + ve )
jika gm = 0 ,
Ia menunjukkan jisim dibawah paras datum adalah
homogen ie. Nilai ketumpatan adalah tetap.
gm= beza graviti antara stesen lapangan dan stesen bes
go = beza graviti sebelum pembetulan(graviti cerapan)
gq = pembetulan latitud ,
gf = pembetulan udara bebas ,
gb = pembetulan bouguer ,
gt = pembetulan terain
perisian berikut:
o Ortocor.exe/Glap.exe(Tertib Pertama & Kedua)
oGravprov2b.exe (Tertib Ketiga)
CHAMP
CHAllenging Minisatellite
Payload
German small satellite mission
for geoscientific and
atmospheric research and
applications.
Designed and built by the
Daimler Chrysler Aerospace Jena
Optronik GmbH.
Managed by Geo Forschungs
Zentrum Potsdam (GFZ),
Germany's National Research
Center for Geosciences.
Generate for the first time
simultaneously highly precise
gravity and magnetic field
measurements over a 5 years
GRACE
Joint satellite mission between the National Aeronautics and Space
Administration (NASA) and the Deutsches Zentrum fr Luft- und
Raumfahrt (DLR) (German Center for Air and Space Travel).
Successor of the CHAMP mission.
Mission: to provide, with unprecedented accuracy, estimates of the
global high-resolution models of the Earth's gravity field for a
period of up to five years.
Uses two satellites on the same orbital track, separated by about 200
kilometers.
Satellites are interconnected by a K-band microwave link that will
measure the separation distance and its rate of change to an accuracy
of 1 m/s .
GRACE
SEKIAN..TERIMA KASIH