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    Surveying and Measurement

    Uploaded by

    Jireh Grace
    This document provides information on levelling techniques and equipment used in surveying. It discusses how levelling is used to determine elevation differences between points. The key methods described are: - Height of Plane of Collimation (HPC) method, which finds the elevation of the instrument's plane of collimation and uses it as a reference to calculate reduced levels of points. - Rise and Fall method, which determines elevation differences between consecutive points by comparing staff readings and adding rises or subtracting falls. It also covers levelling instruments such as levels, staffs, and common errors and tests like the two peg test used to check for collimation errors.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Surveying and Measurement

    Uploaded by

    Jireh Grace
    264 views51 pages
    This document provides information on levelling techniques and equipment used in surveying. It discusses how levelling is used to determine elevation differences between points. The key methods described are: - Height of Plane of Collimation (HPC) method, which finds the elevation of the instrument's plane of collimation and uses it as a reference to calculate reduced levels of points. - Rise and Fall method, which determines elevation differences between consecutive points by comparing staff readings and adding rises or subtracting falls. It also covers levelling instruments such as levels, staffs, and common errors and tests like the two peg test used to check for collimation errors.

    Original Description:

    surveying measurement, hand signals

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    This document provides information on levelling techniques and equipment used in surveying. It discusses how levelling is used to determine elevation differences between points. The key methods described are: - Height of Plane of Collimation (HPC) method, which finds the elevation of the instrument's plane of collimation and uses it as a reference to calculate reduced levels of points. - Rise and Fall method, which determines elevation differences between consecutive points by comparing staff readings and adding rises or subtracting falls. It also covers levelling instruments such as levels, staffs, and common errors and tests like the two peg test used to check for collimation errors.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    264 views51 pages

    Surveying and Measurement

    Uploaded by

    Jireh Grace
    This document provides information on levelling techniques and equipment used in surveying. It discusses how levelling is used to determine elevation differences between points. The key methods described are: - Height of Plane of Collimation (HPC) method, which finds the elevation of the instrument's plane of collimation and uses it as a reference to calculate reduced levels of points. - Rise and Fall method, which determines elevation differences between consecutive points by comparing staff readings and adding rises or subtracting falls. It also covers levelling instruments such as levels, staffs, and common errors and tests like the two peg test used to check for collimation errors.

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    At a glance
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    The key takeaways are that levelling is used to determine differences in elevation between points and involves using a level and staff to measure these differences. Levels, staffs, and turnings points are some of the main components involved.

    The main equipments used in levelling are rods (staffs), levels, and tripods. Common types of rods discussed are the Philadelphia rod and double faced rods. The level is mounted on a tripod to stabilize it.

    The two peg test is carried out to check for any collimation errors in the level. It involves taking staff readings at two pegs with the level set up at different distances between the pegs. The difference in the height differences calculated can indicate any collimation error.

    Surveying & Measurement

    Levelling

    Levelling

    The general term applied to any of the


    various processes by which elevations of
    points or differences in elevation are
    determined.

    Levelling

    To measure the difference in height (H)


    between two points and !" vertical rods are
    set up at each of these two points and a level
    somewhere between them.

    The height difference between and ! is the


    difference between the rod (staff) readings.

    #nce the elevation of a point is


    determined" that point can be used for
    determining the elevations of other points.


    Some $efinitions (%)

    Levelling & surveying operation carried out to


    determine the elevation of points or to find the difference
    in elevation of points

    Spirit Level/Engineers Level & surveying instrument


    used to carry out levelling

    Backshot (BS) & sighting with a level bac' to a point


    of 'nown elevation

    Foreshot (FS) & sighting with a level to determine the


    elevation of a point

    Turning Point & point at which you have established


    an elevation with (S and on which you will subse)uently
    ta'e a !S

    Intermediate Shot & foreshot to a point at which you


    want to 'now the elevation but which will not be used as
    a turning point

    Some $efinitions (*)

    Peg Test & Surveying operation carried out to determine


    if the levelling bubble and telescope line+of+sight are
    parallel

    Elevation o Instrument (EI) & ,levation of the


    telescope cross+hairs

    Balancing shots & ttempt when doing a levelling


    survey to 'eep the lengths of (S and !S at any given
    instrument setup as close as possible.

    !losure Error & $ifference in elevation determined from


    the levelling survey and the 'nown elevation of a
    benchmar'.

    The -se of Levelling

    To design highways" railroads" canals" sewers"


    water supply systems etc" having grade lines
    that best conform the e.isting topography"

    To lay out construction pro/ects according to


    planned elevations"

    To calculate volume of earthwor's and other


    materials"

    To investigate drainage characteristics of an


    area" etc.

    The ,)uipments 0
    1od (Staff) (%)

    The ,)uipments 0
    1od (Staff) (*)
    2hiladelphia 1od (front)
    2hiladelphia 1od (rear)
    $ouble faced levelling
    rod

    The ,)uipments 0
    1od Level and Tripod

    3arrying and Setting -p a Level

    lways carry it in the container.

    Screw the head snugly on the tripod.

    (or bull eye4s bubble" alternately turn one screw


    and then the other two.

    #n side+hill setups" place one leg on the uphill


    side and other two on the down hill side.

    -se hand level to chec' for proper height of the


    setup before precisely levelling the instrument.
    vial

    3arrying and Setting -p a Level

    3arrying and Setting -p a Level

    2ond !ubble

    5hen pond bubble is centred the instrument4s


    standing a.is is appro.imately vertical.

    The compensators in the instrument ta'e over


    and ad/ust the optical Line of 3ollimation so that
    it is hori6ontal.

    5hen the instrument is rotated the


    compensators ensure that a hori"ontal plane o
    collimation is swept out.

    #utomatic Levels
    fter the pond bubble
    is manually centered"
    an automatic
    compensator levels the
    line of sight" and 'eeps
    it level.

    utomatic Level

    ,+type Levelling Staff (%)

    ,+type Levelling Staff (*)
    %.788
    %.7%8
    %.7*8
    %.798
    %.79*

    ,+type Levelling Staff (9)
    %.%88
    %.%%8
    %.%*8
    %.%98
    %.%99

    3ommon ,rror Sources

    Level rod not vertical

    Levelling rod not fully e.tended or


    incorrect length

    Level instrument not level

    :nstrument out of ad/ustment

    ,nvironment + wind and heat



    Suggestions for ;ood Levelling

    nchor tripod legs firmly

    3hec' the bubble level before and after


    each reading

    Ta'e as little time as possible between !S


    and (S

    Try to 'eep the distance to the !S and the


    (S e)ual

    2rovide the rod person with a level for the


    rod

    ,limination of 2aralla.

    2aralla. is the apparent movement of the


    image produced by movement of the
    observer<s eye at the eyepiece.

    :t is eliminated by focusing the telescope


    on infinity and then ad/usting the eyepiece
    until the cross+hairs appear in sharp focus.
    The setting will remain constant for a
    particular observer<s eye.

    Types of Levelling =ets

    #pen leveling nets

    3losed loop leveling nets


    height
    kno$n

    Types of Level>ng =ets

    3losed lin' or closed connecting leveling nets

    Leveling between two points is performed in two


    steps0 forward (HAB) and bac'ward (HBA).
    The height differences" HAB and HBA should
    be theoretically e)ual.

    HAB - HBA d
    height
    kno$n
    height
    kno$n

    HPC Method
    Height of the Plane of Collimation Method

    :t consists in finding the elevation of the


    plane of collimation for every set up of the
    instrument and then obtaining the reduced
    levels (1L) of point with reference to the
    respective plane of collimation.

    The ?23 method is generally used in


    profile levelling and in setting out levels for
    constructional wor'.

    HPC Method
    Height of the Plane of Collimation Method

    Same staff position as last reading


    therefore the same row

    =ew staff position therefore a new row


    ?23 @ 1educed Level (1L) A !S
    1L @ ?23 + (S
    1L @ ?23 + :S

    !L%SE&'L%%P LE(ELI)* !%+P,T#TI%)
    !ollimation +ethod

    -od -eadings (m) Bench
    +arks
    &istance
    (m)
    BS IS FS
    !ollimation
    .eight
    .eights !orrected
    .eights (m)

    /

    *

    9

    B

    C

    D

    E

    F

    /


    B8

    F8

    E8

    C8

    D8

    E8

    FB

    B*

    *.%BE

    %.D%9

    %.8E7

    9.BC*

    8.9%B

    8.*E%

    *.EBC

    8.DF*




    8.B7%

    *.9%*

    8.*FD

    8.%E7

    9.C7F

    %.8C*

    %.B*9

    *.7C9

    %*F.D*%

    %*7.EB9

    %*F.C%8

    %9%.DED

    %9%.F%%

    %*F.BFB

    %98.%EE

    %*7.B9D

    %*D.BEB

    %*F.%98
    +%

    %*E.B9%
    +*


    %*F.**B
    +9


    %9%.B7E
    +B


    %*F.*%9
    +C


    %*E.B9*
    +D


    %*F.ECB
    +F


    %*D.BF9
    +7


    /012343

    %*F.%*7

    %*E.B*7

    %*F.**%

    %9%.B79

    %*F.*8F

    %*E.B*D

    %*F.EBD

    /012343
    L @ B7D m
    !S
    @%*.989 %*D.BF9 G %*D.BEB @ 8.887 m

    3hec' 0
    !S
    +
    (S
    @%*.989 G %*.*7B @ 8. @ 8.887m


    HPC Method
    Height of the Plane of Collimation Method



    !alculation checks
    (S + !S @ %st 1L + Last 1L
    :S A (S A (1Ls e.cept first)
    @ (each ?23 . number of applications)
    !heck +isclosure
    llowable Misclosure @ H C= mm. (I1ule of ThumbI)
    5hen calculations are chec'ed and
    if the misclosure is allowable
    $istribute the misclosure.
    Simple check
    Full check

    1ise and (all Method

    :t consist in determining the difference of level


    between consecutive points by comparing each
    point after the first with that immediately
    preceding it.

    The difference between their staff reading


    indicates a rise or a fall according as the staff
    reading at the point is smaller or greater than
    that preceding point.

    The 1L of each point is then found by adding


    rise or subtracting fall to or from the 1L.

    The 1( method provides complete chec' on :S.

    :t is commonly used for differential levelling.



    !L%SE&'L%%P LE(ELI)* !%+P,T#TI%)
    -ise 5 Fall +ethod
    -od -eadings (m) &. (m) Bench
    +arks
    &istance
    (m)
    BS IS FS -ise (6) Fall (')
    .eights (m)

    /

    *

    9

    B

    C

    D

    E

    F

    /



    B8

    F8

    E8

    C8

    D8

    E8

    FB

    B*

    *.%BE

    %.D%9

    %.8E7

    9.BC*

    8.9%B

    8.*E%

    *.EBC

    8.DF*




    8.B7%

    *.9%*

    8.*FD

    8.%E7

    9.C7F

    %.8C*

    %.B*9

    *.7C9


    %.DCD
    +%




    8.E79
    +%


    9.*E9
    +%






    %.9**
    +*






    8.D77
    +%






    9.*FB
    +%


    8.EF%
    +%




    *.*E%
    +%


    /012343

    %*F.%*7

    %*E.B*7

    %*F.**%

    %9%.B79

    %*F.*8F

    %*E.B*D

    %*F.EBD

    /012343
    L @ B7D m
    !S
    @%*.989
    (S
    @%*.*7B

    @ E.8BB @ E.89C

    3hec' 0
    !S
    +
    (S
    @%*.989 G %*.*7B @ 8.887
    1:S,
    +
    (LL
    @ E.8BB + E.89C @ 8.887


    1ise and (all Method

    1ise and (all Method
    (all @ (S + !S
    (all @ :S + !S
    1ise @ !S + (S
    1L @ 2revious 1L A 1ise
    1L @ 2revious 1L + (all


    3ollimation ,rror
    Two 2eg Test
    The true height difference" h
    T

    The visi7le height difference" h
    S
    %
    @ S
    %
    4

    A . and S
    *
    @ S
    *
    4 A .
    ?ori6ontal
    Line of sight
    !
    d
    .
    S
    %
    S
    %
    4
    S
    *
    S
    *
    4
    L J *
    L
    L J *
    .
    h
    T
    @
    S
    %
    4
    +
    S
    *
    4
    @ S
    %
    + S
    *
    h

    h

    @ S
    %
    4

    + S
    *
    4
    @ h
    T
    h

    @ (S
    %
    4

    A .) + (S
    *
    4 A . )
    Since the instrument
    is the same distance
    from both staff
    positions and the
    errors . are e)ual
    and cancel out.

    3ollimation ,rror
    Two 2eg Test
    ?ori6ontal

    !
    S
    9
    S
    9
    4
    S
    B
    S
    B
    4
    L J %8 L
    :f =#T then the error is @
    The visi7le height difference
    !ut the true height difference
    :f h

    @ h
    T
    then the instrument is #K
    (S
    %
    + S
    *
    ) + (S
    9
    + S
    B
    )
    J L
    mm J m
    h

    @ S9 + SB
    h
    T
    @ S% + S*

    3ollimation ,rror
    Two 2eg Test

    2lace two pegs about L @ 98m (to B8m) apart.

    Set up level midway between the two pegs.

    1ead staff on each peg" and calculate true


    height difference .

    Move level about L J %8 @ 9m (or Bm) beyond


    one of the pegs.

    1ead staff on each peg again" and calculate


    height difference.
    3ollimation ,rror" @ difference in the differences
    and is e.pressed as a number of mm per L m

    3ollimation ,rror
    Two 2eg Test

    cceptable errors

    -ren and 2rice %mm per *8m

    5impey Bmm per C8m

    Test should be carried out regularly.



    ?ori6ontal
    Line of sight
    !
    d
    S
    %
    S
    *
    L J *
    L
    L J *
    ?ori6ontal

    !
    S
    9
    S
    B
    L J %8 L
    3ollimation error" @ (S
    %
    + S
    *
    ) + (S
    9
    + S
    B
    ) J L" mmJm

    /2834 m
    /2/49 m
    /2:38 m
    02;09 m
    # t$o peg test gave the ollo$ing results<

    True difference between points & !0
    h
    T
    @ b
    %
    G a
    %
    h
    T
    @ %9BE G %%EC
    h
    T
    @ %E* mm

    pparent difference between points & !0
    h

    @ a
    *
    G b
    *
    h

    @ *8*C G %FB9
    h

    @ %F* mm

    :f the distance between the two pegs is 98 m and
    the error is %8 mm (%F*+%E*) then
    the collimation error" is %8 mm per 98 m
    the collimation correction is 8.8% 98 @ 8.88899 mJm

    2eg Test L*M


    2eg Test results are reported in
    degrees and as slopes.
    useful way to e.press peg test
    results is in the
    units of
    NOO mm (highJlow) per m length
    of shotP.

    Surveyor4s ?and Signals (%)

    Surveyor4s ?and Signals (*)
    %. ll right.
    *. Move right or left.
    9. ;ive me a bac' sight.
    B. ;ive me a line or this is a hub.
    C. 2lumb the rod.
    D. ,stablish a turning point.
    E. This is a turning point.
    F. 5ave the rod.

    Surveyor4s ?and Signals (9)

    Surveyor4s ?and Signals (B)
    %. (ace the rod.
    *. 1everse the rod.
    9. !oost the rod.
    B. Move forward.
    C. Move bac'.
    D. -p or down.
    E. 2ic' up the instrument.
    F. 3ome in.

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