CIRE 2131: Lab 9: Optoelectronic Devices

Nick Shiels & Zach Matzke, CIRE 2131, Formal Lab Report.
School of Science and Engineering Technology
CIRE 2131 (10267)

Lab 9: Optoelectronic Devices
Prepared for: Lauren Fuentes (ext. 2276)
lauren.fuentes@durhamcollege.ca
Submitted by: Nick Shiels (100496993)

Nick.Shiels@dcmail.ca
Partner: Zach Matzke (100573597)

jane.do@durhamcollege.ca
Date submitted: November 24, 2015

Class time: Wednesday, 12:10 p.m.
I John Do, do hereby submit this work to be of my own creation. I have reviewed its entire
contents before submitting for marking. None of the work submitted herein has been solicited or
obtained from any other person or sources other than as prescribed in the lab or assignments
handed out by the professor. THIS IS MY ORIGINAL WORK ONLY! Further to this I
understand the term plagiarism and know fully well that I and all those involved will receive
an immediate 0 on any lab or assignment that constitutes plagiarism. This includes protecting
my work from others both electronically and on paper. I have read the student hand book
(specifically Section 2 Student responsibilities Academic Dishonesty) and fully understand
and agree with its intent and meaning.
Signed: NickShiels________Date: September9,2015
1
Abstract
The following report covers the steps taken during an experiment to observe
the function of optoelectronic devices. During the procedure different signals
from a function generator as well as music signals were transferred via a
wireless connection between a transmitter and a receiver and then played
through a speaker. While this was happening circuit data was also recorded
using LabView and a VI DAQ.
Table of Contents
Abstract....................................................................................... 2
List of Illustrations.......................................................................2
Introduction................................................................................. 2
Observations................................................................................ 3
Required Components.............................................................................3
Lab Procedure.......................................................................................3
Conclusion...................................................................................5
References................................................................................... 6
Appendix.....................................................................................6
Rubric..................................................................................................6
List of Illustrations
Introduction
During this lab experiment an optical communication circuit was constructed
to observe the operation of optoelectronic devices. Optoelectronics are
devices that source, detect, and control light. During this experiment we
used a phototransistor which is a light sensitive transistor. When light is
emitting on the base-collector junction of the transistor the electrons
generated by photons in the light are amplified by the transistors current
gain and current begins to flow through the transistor. The circuit constructed
will consist of the components listed below in the observations section, but
most importantly it will consist of an infrared LED to act as a source or
transmitter and an infrared phototransistor to act as a detector or a receiver.
A square wave will then be sent through the circuit and transmitted between
the transmitter and receiver while being observed using a LabView program.
Circuit information will also be recorded using LabView and a VI DAQ
integration.
Observations
Required Components
Audio Jack
LM386 IC
Speaker
IR LED
IR Transistor
2N2904 Transistor
Function Generator
NI USB DAQ
Power Supply
Breadboard
Jumper Wires
Resistors: two 10, 4.7K, 1K, 50K, 220K, 100k, 24k, 1.2k
Capacitors: two 47F, three 10F, 4.7F, 100F, 51nF
Lab Procedure
Step 1: The first step was to prepare the audio jack to be integrated into the
circuit. The jack was unscrewed from the jacket to reveal the terminals. After
viewing the polarity of the two terminals a few hoot-up wires were attached
by simply tightly bending them around the terminals. Different colour wires
were used (red and black) to distinguish between the positive and negative
terminals.
Step 2: Next the circuit that is shown in figure 1 below was constructed on
the breadboard using the components previously listed.
Figure 1: IR Wireless Audio Link

3
Step 3: The circuit was then powered up and a portable music player was
connected to the audio jack to send a music signal through the optical link to
verify that the transmitted signal is actually being received by the receiver
via optical link. If the link is successful there will be music playing out of the
speaker.
Step 4: Next we establish the biasing of the transistors, diodes, LEDs, and
IR set. The 2N3904 transistor in the transmitter half of the circuit is voltage
divider bias while the transmitting LED is forward bias. The receiving IR
transistor is configured as a common emitter biasing.
Step 5: In this step an experiment was done where the signal path was
blocked by and object to observe the effects it would have on the signal
path. With music being transmitted via the audio jack we interrupted the
signal with a hand and what was discovered was that the receiver is
dependent on a strong signal connection with the transmitter in order for a
signal to be received. When there was an object interrupting the signal path
there was no signal on the receiving end.
Step 6: Next another experiment was done where the distance between the
devices continuously increased to observe the effects on the signal. What
was found was that as the distance between the transmitter and IR transistor
increased the signal strength began to get more and more weak as the
distance increased. What was heard was that the music got more and more
quite as well as more distorted as the distanced was increased.
Step 7: For this step a function generator is connected to the circuit as
shown below in figure 2. The output is set to a square wave with 4 Vpp at
1KHz and a duty cycle of 50%. The input signal is connected to the 10F
input capacitor (C9) on the transmission side of the circuit.
Figure 2: IR Wireless Link Circuit with Function Generator

Step 8: With the signal from the function generator being transmitted
through the circuit a buzzing sound can be heard through the speaker which
verifies that there is a signal being transmitted to the IR receiver. When the
frequency of the signal is changed on the function generator the pitch of the
sound changes and when the amplitude is changes volume changes.
Step 9: For this step the maximum frequency of operation of the optical link
is determined. To do this we view the output waveform of the LM386 on an
oscilloscope and begin to increase the frequency of the function generators
output until the output of waveform of the LM386 is no longer a square wave.
An example of this waveform can be seen below in figure 3. The maximum
operational frequency for this circuit that was experienced in the lab was
approximately 8.3MHz.
Figure 3: Maximum Frequency of Operation Waveform

Step 10: In this step we use the VI USB DAQ and Lab view to read an analog
input of the photocell and log the data for 3 minutes and have the program
record the data into an excel spreadsheet. To do this we fist modify a
LabView program to log the data with the DAQ. The block diagram and front
panel for the for the LabView program used during the portion of the
experiment is shown below. As for the DAQ, one of its pins was connected to
the input of the photocell and the ground pin was connected to ground on
the breadboard. Next, we tell the program when to start and stop recording
the data. To do this we check to make sure that the current time window on
the front panel in LabView is set to the correct time and then we set the start
5
and stop data logging times so that data is being logged for 3 minutes. Now
data will record for the time designated and an excel spreadsheet will
automatically be generated and saved to a location on the PC set in the
LabView program.
Conclusion
References
Appendix
Rubric

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Nick Shiels & Zach Matzke, CIRE 2131, Formal Lab Report.

School of Science and Engineering Technology

CIRE 2131 (10267)

Submitted by: Nick Shiels (100496993)

Partner: Zach Matzke (100573597)

Date submitted: November 24, 2015

Figure 1: IR Wireless Audio Link

Figure 2: IR Wireless Link Circuit with Function Generator

Figure 3: Maximum Frequency of Operation Waveform

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