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    Bs 8006 PDF

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    Naresh Sharma
    This document discusses reinforced soil retaining walls and summarizes a lecture on their design. It covers different design standards, required materials, earth pressure theories, and stability analysis. The lecture outlines external stability calculations, including checks for sliding, overturning, bearing capacity, and slip circles. Load combinations from standards like BS 8006 are presented for evaluating reinforced soil and bridge abutment walls. Key design considerations like wall height and soil properties are also addressed.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Bs 8006 PDF

    Uploaded by

    Naresh Sharma
    3K views26 pages
    This document discusses reinforced soil retaining walls and summarizes a lecture on their design. It covers different design standards, required materials, earth pressure theories, and stability analysis. The lecture outlines external stability calculations, including checks for sliding, overturning, bearing capacity, and slip circles. Load combinations from standards like BS 8006 are presented for evaluating reinforced soil and bridge abutment walls. Key design considerations like wall height and soil properties are also addressed.

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    This document discusses reinforced soil retaining walls and summarizes a lecture on their design. It covers different design standards, required materials, earth pressure theories, and stability analysis. The lecture outlines external stability calculations, including checks for sliding, overturning, bearing capacity, and slip circles. Load combinations from standards like BS 8006 are presented for evaluating reinforced soil and bridge abutment walls. Key design considerations like wall height and soil properties are also addressed.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    3K views26 pages

    Bs 8006 PDF

    Uploaded by

    Naresh Sharma
    This document discusses reinforced soil retaining walls and summarizes a lecture on their design. It covers different design standards, required materials, earth pressure theories, and stability analysis. The lecture outlines external stability calculations, including checks for sliding, overturning, bearing capacity, and slip circles. Load combinations from standards like BS 8006 are presented for evaluating reinforced soil and bridge abutment walls. Key design considerations like wall height and soil properties are also addressed.

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    You are on page 1of 26

    Geosynthetics

    y
    and
    Reinforced Soil Structures
    Reinforced Soil Walls
    continued
    Prof K
    K. Rajagopal
    Department of Civil Engineering
    IIT Madras, Chennai
    e-mail: gopalkr@iitm.ac.in

    Outline of the Lecture


    Different Standards for Reinforced Soil
    Retaining walls
    Materials required
    Fundamentals of earth pressure theories
    Stability Analysis of Reinforced Soil
    R t i i Walls
    Retaining
    W ll

    Reinforced Soil Walls - 3

    2/25

    CodesandDesignStandardsfortheReinforced
    Soil Retaining Walls
    SoilRetainingWalls

    BS 8006 Strengthened/Reinforced Soils and Other Fills,


    British Code of Practice (1995 & 2006)
    FHWA Mechanically Stabilised Earth Walls and Reinforced
    Soil Slopes: Design and Construction Guidelines, FHWANHI 0043 (2001)
    NHI-0043
    Segmental Retaining Walls, National Concrete Masonry
    Association, Herndon, Virginia, USA(2009)
    Seismic Analysis and Design of Retaining Walls, Buried
    Structures, Slopes, and Embankments, NCHRP National
    Cooperative Highway Research Project,
    Project Transportation
    Research Boads, Washington, DC USA (2008)

    Reinforced Soil Walls - 3

    3/25

    CommentsonDesignCodes
    BS 8006-1995
    Limit State Based code
    Covers both polymeric and metallic reinforcements
    Reinforced walls, slopes and Anchored Earth are discussed
    elaborately
    Seismic Loads are not considered
    FHWA NHI-00-0043
    Lumped factor of safety approach
    Covers metallic and polymeric reinforcement materials, but
    not anchored earth
    Slightly more tolerant of fine soils
    Seismic design
    Reinforced Soil Walls - 3

    4/25

    Major differences between BS 8006


    and
    d FHWA
    BS 8006
    BS8006

    FHWA

    Limit
    Limitstate
    state
    Nocheckfor
    overturning and
    overturningand
    eccentricity
    Verticalstress simple
    p
    staticpressure

    Lumped
    LumpedFactorofSafety
    Factor of Safety
    Checksforoverturning
    and eccentricity
    andeccentricity
    Verticalstress
    Meyerhoff
    y
    pressure
    p

    z ws

    Reinforced Soil Walls - 3

    Rv

    L 2e
    5/25

    Soil gradation requirements


    Percent passing
    Particlesize(mm)
    125mm
    90mm
    75mm
    37 5
    37.5
    10mm
    5mm
    600microns
    63microns

    BS80061995
    100%
    80100
    65100
    45 100
    45100
    1560
    1045
    10
    45
    025
    0to12

    particlesizeFHWA
    102mm
    100%
    0.425mm
    060%
    0.075mm
    015%
    Pl i i i d
    Plasticityindex<6%
    6%

    Reinforced Soil Walls - 3

    6/25

    Electrochemical properties of soils


    Property

    criteria

    Limits for backfills when using steel reinforcement


    Resistivity
    >3000Ohmcm
    pH
    5 10
    510
    Chlorides
    <100ppm
    Sulphates
    <200ppm
    Organiccontent<1%
    g
    Plasticityindexofsoil<6%
    Limits for backfills when using geosynthetic reinforcement
    Polyester(PET) pH39
    Polyolefin(PP&HDPE)pH>3
    Plasticityindexofsoil<6%
    Reinforced Soil Walls - 3

    7/25

    S it bl Type
    Suitable
    T
    off B
    Backfill
    kfill S
    Soils
    il
    Soil should be granular so that it has good permeability and
    less corrosive effects on reinforcements.
    Good drainage is essential to minimise the hydrostatic
    pressures on the
    th retaining
    t i i structures.
    t t
    Soil should have low PI value so that volume changes
    during
    g the service life are minimal ((both expansive
    p
    and
    contractive)
    Soil should not have very large size particles as they are
    difficult to compact and installation damage of
    geosynthetics could be high.

    Reinforced Soil Walls - 3

    8/25

    Shear Strength Properties


    ShearStrengthProperties
    Direct
    Directshearstrengthvaluesareused
    shear strength values are used
    Peakfrictionangleisusedforallsteepslopes
    and retaining walls
    andretainingwalls
    Largestrainfrictionangle(constantvolume
    fi i
    frictionangle)isusedforshallowslopesand
    l )i
    d f h ll
    l
    d
    soilstructuressupportedonsoftsoils
    Cohesionisusuallyneglectedasitgivesan
    additionalfactorofsafety
    Reinforced Soil Walls - 3

    9/25

    Sacrificial thickness on each surface due to corrosion


    Design service life, Reinforce material Sacrificial thickness, mm
    years
    Land based
    Fresh water
    structure
    structure
    (out of water)
    60
    B
    1 35
    1.35
    1 68
    1.68
    G
    0.38
    0.63
    S
    0.05
    0.09
    70
    G
    0.45
    0.7
    S
    0.05
    0.1
    120
    G
    0.75
    1.0
    S
    0.1
    0.2
    NOTE 1. B black steel (un galvanized); G galvanized steel; S stainless steel.
    Black steel should not be used as a reinforcement material for a design service
    life greater than 60 years.
    NOTE 2. Linear interpolation may be used for intermediate service lives.
    NOTE 3.
    3 These
    Th
    values
    l
    apply
    l to
    t steels
    t l embedded
    b dd d in
    i fills
    fill off class
    l
    6I
    6I, 6J
    6J, 7C
    7C, 7D
    in the Specification for Highway Works [1].
    NOTE 4. Sites of special aggressiveness are to be assessed by specific study.

    (Extracted from BS 8006-1995)


    Reinforced Soil Walls - 3

    10/25

    Lateral Earth Pressures


    LateralEarthPressures
    Activeearthpressuresareusedastheyare
    ct e ea t p essu es a e used as t ey a e
    developedevenatsmallstrains
    p
    y
    Thelateralstressesatshallowdepthsinverytall
    structuresmaybeinfluencedmoreby
    compaction thesemaybeneartoKo ratherthan
    t Ka.
    toK
    Theabovehappensduetotheincremental
    nature of construction of soil structures topof
    natureofconstructionofsoilstructures
    top of
    thewallmaynotdeformmuchascomparedto
    thebottom
    Reinforced Soil Walls - 3

    11/25

    Rankine LateralEarthPressures
    Lateral Earth Pressures
    Horizontal ground surface and smooth vertical wall
    Horizontalgroundsurfaceandsmoothverticalwall
    Ka

    1 sin
    1 sin

    x K a z 2c K a K a q
    Cohesion, c is usually neglected

    1
    P K a H 2 K a qqH
    2
    M

    H/2

    H/3
    KaH

    Kaq

    1
    H 1
    2 H
    3 1

    q
    H
    Ka H
    Ka
    Ka H
    KaqH2
    2
    3
    2 6
    2
    Reinforced Soil Walls - 3

    12/25

    Rankiness theory
    Rankine
    theory SlopedFill
    Sloped Fill
    Ka

    cos cos cos


    2

    cos cos 2 cos 2

    cos


    1
    P a H 2 cos
    2

    Reinforced Soil Walls - 3

    13/25

    Coulombssequation
    Coulomb
    equation
    Ka

    sin 2 ( )

    sin( ) sin( )
    2
    sin sin( ) 1

    sin(

    = back slope angle


    = angle at back face of retaining wall
    = friction angle of the soil
    interface
    =
    i t f
    ffriction
    i ti angle
    l b
    between
    t
    wallll
    and backfill soil

    Effect of wall friction is to reduce the active lateral


    earth pressures
    Reinforced Soil Walls - 3

    14/25

    Design Loads
    Self weight loads
    Live loads due to point loads or uniform
    surcharge
    Horizontal Loads from the crash barrier
    Horizontal loads due to breaking forces on
    bridge abutments
    Vertical loads from Bridge abutments
    Seismic loads
    Reinforced Soil Walls - 3

    15/25

    External Stability Calculations

    Stability Against Lateral Sliding


    Stability against Overturning
    Stability Against bearing capacity failure
    Slip circle or overall failure mechanism

    The length of the reinforced soil block is determined


    from these calculations.
    For the purpose of external stability calculations, the
    reinforced block is treated as a rigid
    g block.

    Reinforced Soil Walls - 3

    16/25

    Resistanceforcealongthebase

    L t l Slidi F il
    LateralSlidingFailureMechanism
    M h i
    Reinforced Soil Walls - 3

    17/25

    Overturningmechanismoffailure resistanceduetoself
    weightofthereinforcedsoilblock
    Reinforced Soil Walls - 3

    18/25

    Bearingcapacityofsettlementfailuremechanism

    Reinforced Soil Walls - 3

    19/25

    SlipcirclefailureorGlobalfailuremechanism lengthof
    reinforcement layers should be large enough so that most critical
    reinforcementlayersshouldbelargeenoughsothatmostcritical
    slipcirclewillhaveadequatefactorofsafety thisisespecially
    criticalforstructuresbuiltonsoftfoundationsoilorstructuresbuilt
    onhighslopes
    hi h l
    Reinforced Soil Walls - 3

    20/25

    Load combinations in BS 8006


    Partial load factors for load combinations associated with walls
    Effects
    Combinations
    A
    B
    C
    Mass of the reinforced soil body
    1.5
    1
    1
    Mass of the backfill on top of the
    1.5
    1
    1
    reinforced soil wall
    Earth pressure behind the structure 1.5
    1.5
    1
    Traffic load on reinforced soil block Fq=1.5
    Fq=0.0
    Fq=0
    and behind reinforced soil block
    Fq=1.5
    =1 5
    Fq=1.5
    =1 5
    Fq=0

    Reinforced Soil Walls - 3

    21/25

    Partial load factors for load combinations for bridge abutment walls
    Effects
    Combinations
    A
    B
    C
    Dead load of the structure
    1.5
    1
    1
    Dead load of the fill on top of the
    1.5
    1
    1
    structure
    Dead load of bridge and bank seat
    1.2
    1.0
    1
    Backfill pressure behind the bank seat 1.5
    1.5
    1
    Backfill pressure behind the structure 1.5
    1.5
    1
    Horizontal loads due to creep and
    12
    1.2
    12
    1.2
    1
    shrinkage
    Traffic Loading
    Over the
    Behind
    entire
    reinforced
    structure
    zone
    Fq=1.5
    Fq=1.5
    Bridge
    dge vertical
    e t ca live
    e load
    oad HA
    Fq=1.5
    q 5
    Fq=1.5
    q 5
    HA & HB
    Fq=1.3
    Fq=1.3
    Breaking dynamic load
    HA
    Fq=1.25
    Fq=1.25
    HA & HB
    Fq=1.1
    Fq=1.1
    Temperature effects
    1.3
    1.3
    Reinforced Soil Walls - 3

    22/25

    Combination-A: Considers the maximum values of all loads and


    therefore normally generates the maximum reinforcement tension
    and
    d foundation
    f
    d ti
    b i
    bearing
    pressure. It may also
    l
    d t
    determine
    i
    th
    the
    reinforcement requirement to satisfy pull-out resistance although it
    is
    usually
    governed
    by
    combination-B.

    Combination B: Causes maximum overturning loads together


    Combination-B:
    with minimum self mass of the structure and superimposed traffic
    loads.
    Dictates the reinforcement requirement for pull-out
    resistance
    i t
    and
    d
    sliding
    lidi
    along
    l
    th
    the
    b
    base.

    Combination-C: Dead loads only without partial load factors.


    Used for foundation settlement calculations and for generating
    reinforcement tensions for checking the serviceability limit state.
    state
    Reinforced Soil Walls - 3

    23/25

    What is the height of the wall


    wall, H to consider
    for design purposes ?

    Reinforced Soil Walls - 3

    24/25

    Recap
    This
    Thislecturehasdescribedthedifferentdesign
    lecture has described the different design
    standardsforthereinforcedsoilretaining
    walls and some design issues
    wallsandsomedesignissues
    Discussedtheexternalstabilitycalculationsfor
    these walls
    thesewalls

    Reinforced Soil Walls - 3

    25/25

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