Well Foundations

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Well Foundation for Bridge Structures

Useful as foundations where uplift


loads

are

large

(in

case

of

transmission towers).
It is monolithic and relatively rigid in
its structural behaviour,

Types of Wells
Open Caissons (Wells)
Box Caissons and
Pneumatic Caissons

The top and bottom of the caisson is


open at the time of construction,
It can be constructed upto any depth
and cost of construction is low,
Progress

of

construction

in

boulder

deposits is very slow,


Concrete seal placed under water is not
effective and also the bottom cannot be
inspected.

Pneumatic Caissons:
These are of box-shape, closed at the
top, with a working chamber at the
bottom from which water is kept off
with the aid of compressed air.
Thus excavation is facilitated in the dry,
and the Caisson sinks as excavation
proceeds.
Finally, the working chamber is filled
with concrete, upon reaching the final
location at the desired depth.

Floating or Box Caissons:


These are also of box-shape, closed at
the bottom and open at the top.
This type of Caisson is cast on land,
launched in water, towed to the site,
and sunk into position by filling it with
sand, gravel, concrete, or water.

Foundation bed has to be prepared in


advance.
Bearing capacity of base has to be
properly assessed.
Care has to be taken to protect the
foundation from scouring action.

Shapes of Wells

1. Steining; It is the body of the well which


transfers the loads to the base of the
foundation.
2. Curb;

The

lower

portion

of

the

well

steining provided to facilitate sinking.


3. Dredge

hole;

The

well

is

sunk

by

excavating soil from within well. The hole


formed due to the excavation of soil is
called the dredge hole.

Well Foundation
(Also called Caisson, Pier or Monolith)

Bridge Pier
River Water
River bed level
Well cap
Well Steining
Overburden Soil

( RCC/ Massonary)

Sand Filling

Bottom Plug
Rock

Cutting Edge

IS 3955 (1967) requirements;


The dredge hole should be large enough to permit
dredging,
The steining thickness should be sufficient to transmit
the load and also provide necessary weight for sinking,
It should accommodate the base of structure and not
cause undue obstruction to the flow of water,
The overall size should be sufficient to transmit

the

loads to the soil,


It should allow for the permissible tilt and shift of the
well

Depth of Well Foundation;


Important requirements;
Minimum grip length below the scour
depth,
Base pressure to be within permissible
limits.

Type of bed
soil

Size of
particles (mm)

Coarse silt
Fine Sand

0.04
0.08
0.15

0.35
0.50
0.68

Medium Sand

0.30
0.50

0.96
1.24

Coarse Sand

0.70
1.00
2.00

1.47
1.76
2.49

Gravel

5.00
10.0
20.0

3.89
5.56
7.8

Boulders

50.0
75.0
90.0

12.30
15.20
24.30

The depth below the scour line in no


case be less than 2m for piers and
abutments with arches,
1.2m

for

supporting

piers

and

other

superstructures.

abutments
types

of

Method based on elastic method, Assumptions;

The soil surrounding the well and below the


base is perfectly elastic, homogeneous and
follows Hookes law.
Under design loads, the lateral deflections are
so small that the unit soil reaction, p increases
linearly with increasing lateral deflection z
such that p = KH z.
KH increases linearly with depth in cohesionless
soil.
The well behaves as a rigid body and is acted
upon by a unidirectional horizontal force H and
a moment Mo at scour level.

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