Diabetes Case Presentation

Diabetes CasePresentation
R.C is a 57-year-old man with Type 2 diabetes first diagnosed two years ago. Other
medical problems includeobesity and hypothyroidism. He has a history of heavy
alcohol use but quit drinking alcohol 2 years ago. Hepresents now for routine followup and is noted to have a blood pressure of 168/100 mmHg. He
isasymptomatic.Physical exam reveals a height of 58 (172cm), weight of 243
pounds (110kg), blood pressure of 160/100mmHg, and a regular pulse of 84 beats
per minute. There is no retinopathy or thyromegaly. There is no clinicalevidence of
congestive heart failure or peripheral vascular disease.Laboratory evaluation
reveals trace protein on urinalysis, a low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol level
of 134mg/dL, a high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol level of 35mg/dL, a
triglyceride level of 460mg/dL and a totalcholesterol level of 240 mg/dL, blood urea
nitrogen of 14mg/dL, serum creatinine of 1.2mg/dL, random serumglucose of 192
mg/dL, a glycosylated hemoglobin level of 9.5%, normal electrolytes, and normal
thyroid-stimulating hormone levels. A 24-hour urine collection reveals a urinary
albumin excretion rate of 250mg daily.
Subjective and Objective Findings Patient is asymptomatic PMH of alcohol abuse
(quit 2 years ago), obesity, and hypothyroidism Pertinent vital signs and Lab Values
o Blood Pressure: 168/100 o Regular pulse: 84 bpm o Serum Creatinine: 1.2mg/dL
Creatinine Clearance calculated at 105.6mL/min or 65.7mL/min (Based on ABW and
IBW, respectively) o BMI was calculated to be 36.94kg/m2 Possible relation to
hypothyroidism o Albumin excretion of 250mg/day (normal levels between 50 and
80mg/24hrs) o LDL: 134 mg/dL Diagnostic Tests: HgA1C of 9.5%Assessment Related
Complications o High blood pressure o Dyslipidemia o Nephropathy manifested as
proteinuria Risk Factors o Obesity (BMI greater than 25) o A1C >/= 5.7% o Blood
pressure >/= 140/90; Hypertension Therapeutic Goals o Tight glycemic
control:Reduce A1C to less than 7% without causing hypoglycemia o Prevention of
cardiovascular disease Diabetes Case SOAP 1
2. Goal blood pressure for patients with diabetes is <130/<80 Reduce CVD
risks by maintaining healthy cholesterol levels. LDL goal should be <100 No current
medications were mentioned. There is a need for therapy in order to lower A1C and
manage the patients diabetes and related conditions.PlanFurther Tests and WorkUp Liver function tests Repeat blood pressure to confirm hypertension CBC to rule
out and monitor for infections More detailed history needed o List of medications
(current and failed therapies)
o Previous immunizations o Medication Regimen adherence and barriers to
adherenceTreatment Recommendation:To manage his diabetes, I recommend that
the patient be started on Metformin 500mg once daily in additiontothe initiation of
lifestyle modifications. This dose may be increased to twice daily dosing as needed
or astolerated every 1-2 weeks with a maximum dose of 2 grams daily. In the
management of diabetes for thispatient, drugs that may cause the patient to gain
weight should be avoided.The patients blood pressure should be managed with an

ACE Inhibitor such as Lisinopril 10mg daily. Once dailydosing would be ideal and his
choice of ACE-inhibitor should be related to the price for the patient as most
ACEinhibitors exhibit similar profiles. Hydrochlorothiazide may be added for
additional control and numerouspreparations are available as combinations of ACEinhibitors and thiazide diuretics. A beta-blocker is notrecommended at this point in
therapy due to the masking of hypoglycemia that may accompany a new
diabetesregimen.Drug therapy is also recommended for this patient to control
cholesterol since the values are above 130. Areduction of LDL to 99 from 134 is a
26.11% reduction. In a comparison evaluating multiple trials with endpointsto
reduce cardiovascular disease risks in patients with diabetes, Simvastatin appears
to have showed the mostbenefit in the 4S-DM study where doses between 20 and
40mg daily demonstrated an absolute risk reduction of42.5% and LDL reduction of
36%. Simvastatin 20mg daily is recommended as initial treatment for this
patient.Although diabetics are prone to increase in clot formation, Aspirin daily is
not recommended at this point intherapy for this particular patient. He is not as high
risk and has no evidence of CHF or peripheral vasculardisease.Goals and Monitoring
Parameters Metformin use requires routine monitoring of liver function tests and
serum creatinine. The urine should also be monitored for glucose and ketones. ACE
inhibitor therapy requires monitoring of electrolyte levels (potassium, in particular),
blood pressure, renal function, and BUN. Simvastatin use warrants the monitoring of
LFTs, as well as Creatinine Kinase, which is indicative of myopathies associated with
the medication.2 Diabetes SOAP Case
Weight changes should be monitored to assess the need for more aggressive
treatments or diet restriction. Monitor Carbohydrate and fat intake. Total fat should
be less than 7% of the total calories. Target Levels: o A1C Less than 7% Monitor
every 2-3 months.
o Blood pressure Less than 130/80 Monitor at every routine visit o LDL Less
than 100 Lipid assessments may be repeated every 1-2 years Routine tests
should be performed to evaluate the efficacy of therapy as well as to monitor the
progression of diabetes to prevent further complications o Eye exams annually
o Serum creatinine at least annually
o Foot examination
o Screening for neuropathies
Patient Counseling To reduce GI side effects, take metformin with food. Avoid
drinking alcohol. In addition to its contributions to hyperglycemia, alcohol has a
negative interaction on the drugs Metformin and Simvastatin that can cause liver
toxicities. To achieve adequate control of diabetes, lifestyle modifications are an
important part of therapy. Dietary restrictions, increase in physical activity, and
gradual weight loss will be more beneficial than taking medication, alone.
o Exercise should include aerobic activities, such as swimming, walking, or running,

at least 3 days during each week.

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weight should be avoided.The patients blood pressure should be managed with an

o Exercise should include aerobic activities, such as swimming, walking, or running,

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