Chapter I.

Introduction

1.1

Introduction

Humanity is at the frontier of industrialization and modernization. We live in

a time where there is a boom in human population, where people rely heavily on
technology, automation and mass production of goods and services to live their lives.
All these developments require the extraction of natural resources such as metals,
oils, natural gas Etc. to function properly. As the result of unsustainable management
of these resources by industries, governments, and the people in general, problems
such as scarcity, environmental pollution and degradation of the quality of life arises.
As the population of the world continues to grow, these problems become an
ever growing issue. That is why it is important for a nation to stress out the relevance
of integrating green design and sustainability in the Economy, Ecology, Culture and
Politics for it is the only way to solve the problems of humanity and to ensure a
progressive society and economy. These qualities, when partnered with human
intellect and ingenuity, create highly capable people that will advance and mold the
nation, and pave the way for a brighter tomorrow.

1.2

Background & Nature of the Problem

National Development. In the Philippines, the accelerating pace of socioeconomic development is causing severe environmental degradation due to the
irresponsibility of people, businesses and the government. Resources allocated for the
prevention and amelioration of this problem is very insufficient.
1

The Philippines is currently classified as a developing country and is ranked

as 40th largest economy in the world by the IMF (International Monetary
Fund).Goldman Sachs estimates that by the year 2050, the Philippines will become
the 14th largest economy in the world. It is very rich in natural resources but it is very
limited. It is indeed progressive and becoming heavily industrialized but, with many
consequences. Currently the Philippines is plagued by basic 3 rd world issues such as,
poverty, high unemployment rate, slow creation of job opportunities. There is mass
pollution in the air, water and ecosystems, particularly in urban areas. Starvation and
homelessness are rampant in the country mainly due to the lack of resources that are
available, particularly food and land. And the quality of life in the Philippines is very
poor due to the unhealthy and unsanitary environment people live in. All These
problems directly correlate to the lack of Green and Sustainable education.
Education. It is imperative that society learns how to become efficient,
because this is the only way it can ensure its longevity and survivability. The nation
needs to emphasize in "green and sustainable planning" and awareness to create an
efficient and smart resource minded economy, a healthier environmental habitat and a
continuously progressive society. With all these issues, what the nation needs most
are dreamers who dream big and think of new sustainable ideas that would greatly
contribute to society. Curiosity, Reason, and Intellect must be cultivated in every
citizen especially the youth, for these are the fundamental qualities needed to attain
sustainability and national progress.
Innovation. It is important to develop industrially adept and smart citizens
who are familiar with green strategies & technologies, for what the global industry is
looking for today, is a viable and sustainable means of development. The global
industry is now primarily based on achieving maximum output with minimal resource

loss. This theme and mindset would lead to strong companies and local government
units, to advance new ideas and innovations in the business industries, create new
export markets, and enlarge the economic foundations of the country. This entails the
accessing of the untapped capabilities of the Filipino culture.
Corporations, Firms, Government Units, and Institutions alike must develop
and learn new, significant technical capabilities and attain management wisdom, for
these are the traits required for global expansion and competition. All of these local
entities should emphasize the Innovation Economics and Sustainability ideology
wherein technological innovation and efficiency are the core principles follow.
Initially, the country will need a platform to translate these innovative concepts and
ideas to the public.

1.3

Statement of the Problem

The nation lacks the necessary resources and advocacy in attaining socioeconomic efficiency and sustainability. Monetary resources and revenue are two of
the most crucial parts for creating solutions to economic and social problems. We
need resilient Government Units and Companies that can develop innovation, new
businesses, new export markets, and can make a sturdy and stable economy.
In support to this idea, there should be a venue for trade and exposition of
different markets that emphasize on Green Planning and Sustainability, and a place
where they can showcase their products. This is to familiarize the nation with
strategies and innovations that can help the country be more maintainable.
The Philippines is one of the premiere and epicenters for destination in Asia, it
promotes tourism and local trade. Quezon City has the nations highest potential for
3

Urban development and commerce. With the increased investments in Meetings,

Incentives, Conventions & Exhibitions (MICE) in recent years, it has become one the
fastest growing industries in the world. Applying this development to Quezon City
would drastically increase national revenue and urban development, which are
components to national advancement.
The project calls for the establishment of a world class Green Expo Center
that will meet the MICE standards and be one of the most socially symbolic,
technologically advanced, recreational, business and learning center in the
Philippines.

1.4

Project Objectives

The study, with the goal of educating people with the relevance of Green
and Sustainable planning to the development and survival of a nation, aimed to
propose a multi-faceted project Green Expo Center that will pursue the following
project objectives:

1.4.1 Education
a. To provide a platform for exhibiting Green technologies and resources to
students and teachers, social entrepreneurs, businessmen, policy-makers and
the general public
b. To promote environmental awareness and proper adoption of Green
technologies. And educate the public on the relevance and impact of green and
sustainable planning, and environmental planning to the development of the
country.

1.4.2 Business
a. To match users and suppliers of Green technologies products and services.
b. To incorporate financial sustainability in the design of infrastructures,
business programs and services.

1.4.3 Socio Economic

a. To stimulate investment, employment, growth and development in the Green
sector of the economy.

1.5 Significance of the Study

Expos and civic centers have become an important part of human culture,
especially in recent years. They have become social institutions and leisure
destinations - sources of wonder, beauty, business and trends that promote human
socialization and intellectual recreation. Like other exhibition centers, such as
museums, they have become the presenters of new content and play a big role in
accelerating cultural, societal and economic change.
Specialized Expo centers are more than just an exhibition of objects, but they
encourage vast sharing of ideas and convey a sense of time and story that links all
people within a community. That is why when in collaboration with an environmental
and scientific goal, they become the most effective way to reach out into the public
persona to promote cultural change and development. Expo centers have high marks
on social and economic impact, in comparison with other types of infrastructures, due
to its extremely diverse and affluent functional characteristics.
. The expo will teach society to cherish nature, to become cleaner and be more
efficient in dealing with its resources. It will promote sustainability as the core value

of Political, Economic & Cultural endeavors and by these standards will solve
national problems such as pollution, overpopulation, environmental degradation and
limited resources.
Through the showcase and marketing of Green technologies, projects and
consumer products, the expo will enhance dissemination of market information,
which will create demand for green products. It will enhance the Green sector of the
economy, promote entrepreneurship and give opportunities for investments by local
and foreign companies and organizations. With these developments, there will be an
increase in employment and income.
The significance of the project also focuses on the localized urban
development of the nation. The nature of the Green Expo Center works in synergy
with the environmental and economic progression of a city, particularly Quezon City.
The project will aid in increasing its legacy as an intellectual and commercial center
with the likes of a Bilbao Effect, wherein one success leads to another i.e. grandsymbolic structure leads to notoriety, notoriety leads to tourism, tourism leads to
increased job opportunities, and increased job opportunities leads to economic
development. It will have a great influence on the image of Quezon City and become
a center of trade and exposition that will help boost the value of the area.

1.6 Scope & Limitations

The study amasses with extensive information gathered, particularly starting

with the different types of malls, trading centers, convention centers and exhibition
centers both on the local and international prospect. Through the case studies of these

various examples of structures the researcher will be able to establish its parameters
on the architecturally hybrid design and multi-functionality of the proposed project.
All the necessary facilities and spaces which support the functionality of the
Green Expo Center such as Retail stores, Museum and exhibition halls, Business
Offices, Digital auditoriums and public areas are also being studied by the researcher.
Further analysis of the site such as microanalysis of the city, weather patterns,
efficient road pathways and the immediate environment are also taken into
considerable studies.
Architectural & Technological innovations that will optimize the design of the
project will also be extensively studied, such as Green Technologies and top of the
line Informative Gadgetry, because it will pave the way for the latest trend in Modern
Design, and because in todays economy, technological innovations are what drive the
economy and society of a nation to higher echelons. Also we should consider that
Sustainable Architectural Design is the only pathway towards the salvation of the
environment and our species
The design and nature of the structure is a Specialized Expo Center that highly
integrates retail & commerce. It focuses on Green strategies, solutions, technologies
and consumer products. The project is a smaller scale version of an
International/World Expo and therefore will only revolve around a simpler and
focused range of themes and subjects. It entails a Mixed- use building type that will
serve as a center for trade shows, expos and retail outlets, all of which are devoted to
the vast sharing of ideas. It will be one of the most globally competent, and iconic
landmarks in the country and will pave the way for green and sustainable
developments regarding industries, foreign and local tourism.

1.7 Definition of Terms

Bilbao Effect - The exponential creation, appreciation, growth and development of

different kinds of economies in particular place, brought about by the establishment
of an iconic architectural structure.
Civic Center Is a prominent land area within a community that is constructed to be
its focal point or center. It usually contains one or more dominant public buildings,
which may also include a government building. Recently, the term "civic center" has
been used in reference to an entire central business district of a community or a
major shopping center in the middle of a community
Convention Center Is a large building that is designed to hold a convention, where
individuals and groups gather to promote and share common interests.
Echelon A level or rank in an organization, a profession, or society.
Exhibits - Objects or collection of objects and specimens exhibited to the public
Exposition A medium to large-scale public exhibition or show, as of art or
manufactured products
Expo Center A center where a collection of things, such as goods, technologies,
works of art, can be displayed for public viewing. It also holds events such as fairs
and industrial promotions.
Globalization - The process enabling financial and investment markets to operate
internationally, largely as a result of deregulation and improved communications
Green - Refers to a structure and using process that is environmentally responsible
and resource-efficient throughout a building's life-cycle: from siting to design,
construction, operation, maintenance, renovation, and demolition. The term also
applies to other fields of sciences such as engineering, argriculture and economy.
8

Green Architecture - Is an approach to building that minimizes harmful effects on

human health and the environment. The "green" architect or designer attempts to
safeguard air, water, and earth by choosing eco-friendly building materials and
construction practices.
Humanistic - Of or pertaining to a philosophy asserting human dignity and man's
capacity for fulfillment through reason and scientific method.
Industrialization - The organized action of making of goods and services for sale.
Innovation - The act of innovating; introduction of new things or methods.
Innovation Economics Is a growing economic doctrine that reformulates
conventional economics theory so that knowledge, technology, entrepreneurship,
and innovation are positioned at the center of the model rather than seen as
independent forces that are largely unaffected by policy.
MICE Meetings, Incentives, Conventions & Incentives. The industry that revolves
around conventions, expositions and public assemblies.
Paradigm - A set of assumptions, concepts, values, and practices that constitutes a
way of viewing reality for the community that shares them, especially in an
intellectual discipline.
Quality of Life Index - Is an international rating systems of countries based on
results of subjective life-satisfaction surveys to the objective determinants of quality
of life across countries.
Science - Is a systematic enterprise that builds and organizes knowledge in the form
of testable explanations and predictions about the universe.
Specialized Expo Specialized and international expositions are usually smaller in
scale and cheaper to run for the host committee and participants because the

architectural fees are lower and they only have to rent the space from the host
committee, usually with the prefabricated structure already completed.
Sustainability Is the conservative and efficient use of resources and the assurance
that our actions and decisions today do not inhibit the opportunities of future
generations.

10

Chapter II. Review of Related Literature

2.1 Chapter Overview
This chapter focuses on all the important topics that will be taken into
consideration. This will deliver discernment on all issues that need to be solved and
all the numerous factors that are directly related to the project.

2.2 Green & Sustainable Development

In todays world, nations are growing closer to each other. This may not be
true in a traditional or societal sense, but this is highly the case in terms of cultural
and economic sense. Globalization has pushed nations to grow closer with each other
despite differences in ideologies, culture, tradition and wars. Globalization is booming
right now and allowing the sharing and mixing of cultures and ideas from every
nation. But Globalization has its problems.
To understand globalization it is probably useful to consider issues such as
climate change or trans-boundary pollution. Desertification, nuclear disasters,
environmental degradation, resource depletion, world trade, global communication,
new media, population movements etc. issues also rarely confined within states or
even regional jurisdictions (Homer-Dixon, 1999; Barnett, 2001)
With Globalization, Industrialization has allowed for the creation of many
human developments and the damaging of the natural environment. Both of these
phenomena require the consumption of massive amounts of resources to be stable,
and resources are extremely precious and limited. In the last 300 years, we have
already witnessed an increase in pollution, death of species, degradation of life and
11

wars, particularly because of the scarcity of resources. People suffer for resources.
That is why only a sustainable and efficient solution will solve all the problems of
man, because it is all linked with the need for resources.

2.3 Importance of Green Technology

With the ever changing world we live in, Green technology is ever advancing
to advance the state of mankind and the ecology. The future of the planet is dependent
on whether mankind can become smarter and more sustainable or whether it
ultimately destroys itself by thoughtless extraction of resources. The history of green
technology, how man currently utilizes it, and how humanity can look forward to in
the future acuminate to how we may live on a healthier, more efficient earth.
Due to the continuous exponential growth in world population, and the ever
increasing advances of Green Technology, it has become the focal point for many
pioneers of industries, such as planners, designers and scientists, who really strive and
work hard to make a better planet to live on.

Green Technology is defined as:

technology whose use is intended to mitigate or reverse the effects of human activity
on the environment (Oxford University Press, 2010).

In other words, green

technology is being utilized as a response in order to preserve the world for

generations to come.

The knowledge that we have obtained along with the

understanding that we are pursuing better technology, will eventually lead to a more
environmental conscience society.

Environmental or clean technologies are terms

used when referring to green technology as well. These terms have been in the public
arena for nearly a decade, but the use or thought of clean technology has been around
for generations without it ever being defined.
12

The adoption of new, cleaner technologies is essential in reducing pollution

and other man made problems. Even if the technologies have already been developed,
the empirical technology diffusion literature has demonstrated that the diffusion of
new technologies can be slow (Bass 1969, Mahajan, Muller & Bass 1990, Hannan &
Mcdowell 1984, Mulligan 2003, Baker 2001, Engers, Hartmann & Stern 2009).
Basically there needs to be an emphasis on the adoption of Green technology and
Sustainable Strategies to our culture and way of life, particularly in the Economy &
Policy. While advocacy and adoption of Green development is greatly important, the
application of these technologies is what is truly relevant for it holds the direct
physical impact to the problem.

2.4 Significance of Green Architectural Planning

Sustainable/ Green design is a key aspect of intelligent planning and it wishes

to utilize and maximize the quality of the built environment while completely
negating and eliminating the negative influences to the environment. It is an
important philosophy that not only promotes considerate usage and utilization of
resources, but also develops the current state of the resource or environment
(Mclennan, 2007). Sustainable design offers high levels of resource efficiency,
including transportation and energy use in building materials.
The fundamental elements that can be derived from sustainable design are
renewable energy use, water conservation and gray-water reuse, habitat preservation
and restoration and healthy and productive indoor environments for people, to name a
few. Sustainable design ultimately covers and considers the big picture in planning.
One of the most rewarding things about sustainable design is its flawless and
13

unnoticeable integration with the space. It is like no person could ever tell that a
structure or a house implores sustainable design if it is applied to perfection.
Sustainable design succeeds in bringing symmetry and balance to application of
technology with the resources.

2.5 Basic Principles of the Design and Planning

In order to build demand and accommodation for the people, specific

strategies in planning are to be used. The strategies are:
(a) Establish market research, the existing demand, likely future requirements and
developments, and to what extent the current enterprise satisfies users
(b) By means of planning investigation, find the potential of the site,traffic patterns,
proposals for changes in the area and other factors that directly affect the performance
of the building.
(c) From this assessment build up preliminary feasibility calculation which in turn
will determine maximum cost of the total enterprise.

2.6 Site Selection

Site selection is one of the most important stages in the designing of any Civic
Exhibition Center. It has a key role in maintaining likeability with the users and
patrons. A good site is a positive factor in making it convenient for visitors to attend
and become repeat visitors or to allow visitors to combine museum attendance with
shopping, attending a library, or visiting another attraction (B. Lord, 2012). A good

14

site is that of which helps gain revenue and helps secure the income that is the life
blood of the operation of the building.
Civic Centers act as a catalyst for change and redevelopment of a central/core
area of a cities and towns. (Jewell, 1996). They should be located as close as possible
to city centers.
A good strategy in choosing viable sites is the consideration of wider and
broader spectrum of community needs. Ultimately, site selection should be influenced
by the market, functional considerations, and funders- both private and public.
Whatever balances these conditions is preferable.
Sites in areas requiring revitalization are sometimes more physically,
constricted and face greater challenges associated with the community priorities.
Basically these sites, if chosen, are able to get the best out of the significance from the
community, if done well.
Often, there are wide varieties of site options that could be considered for a
new structure. It is logical to analyze many sites in contrast to analyzing just a few.
This way, it maximizes the opportunity of the building and its profound effect in a
community. However with this strategy, it is important to know all the good and bad
qualities of a site, in order to finish quickly and efficiently. Here; are compelling
reasons to eliminate sites in a long list/options.

Availability: The sight might have numerous strengths, but if it is really not

available, there is no point considering it.

Timeliness: The plans for the Expo centers call for construction as soon as
possible, yet one or more sites under consideration would not be available for
many years.

15

Cost of acquisition: The Expo center wishes to allocate as much of its

financial resources to exhibits as to the building itself, rather than allocating

substantial funds to acquire a site.

Size: The area of the site will not accommodate the agreed space plan.
Shape: The site is big enough, but it's too long and narrow or too disjointed to

accommodate the building.

Disincentives to success: A site in a residential neighborhood in which
residents are likely to complain about too much noise or traffic associated

with a successful Expo center should be avoided.

Concerns of major funders: Opposition to a site by significant funding

sources should take it off the list.

Strong physical constraints: The site cannot accommodate a proper loading
dock with sufficient turning room for collection deliveries

2.7 Exhibition Centers & Museums as Social & Touristic Institutions

Exhibition centers & Museum sin our society today are heralded as Social &
Touristic Institutions, wherein it becomes a mean for communication. Exhibition
centers & Museums communicate the meanings of nature and humanity past and
present to their visitors today and tomorrow (B. Lord, 2012). People always get a
sense of space and time whenever one enters the realm of Museum & Exhibition
Centers.
Also, Exhibition centers & Museums have become the presenters of new
content, they accelerate cultural change by showcasing virtuosity and artistry in the
building design and the exhibits. It always conveys a sense of beauty. With these said
qualities, Exhibition centers & Museums become mediator of cultural, social &
scientific change. Societies are greatly impacted by the capabilities of a Museum &
Exhibition Centers.
16

As such, they are a cultural trend. They are patrons of architecture, promoters
of urban renewal, & branders of cities & regions. Exhibition centers & Museums
have evolved as leisure destinations to which tourism is an inevitable effect. One keen
example would be the Guggenheim Museum & Exhibition Center at Bilbao wherein,
due to its beautiful and unique nature, has transformed its community into a tourist
destination and a significant symbol for economic and social development.

2.8 How Science & Reason Influences Humanity

The progress of the human race throughout the millennia, owes a great deal of
debt to Science. The majority of people may not know it but science greatly
influences virtually all of our day to day activities. Back in the dark ages when people
had no electricity and no knowledge of the natural world, civilizations invented
deities and entities to fill in their gap of knowledge about natural phenomena. Surely
it consoled their intellectual need but all of that was entirely illusory. Eventually the
civilizations found out that explaining the unknown by means of positing a deities
and demons did not help them through crises, especially when there were outbreaks
of diseases. Those people eventually stopped acting superstitious and formulated a
system that used observation and empirical evidence to solve problems and mysteries
that haunted them, thus the birth of Science.
In the modern age, Science practically controls every aspect of our lives,
mainly by its applications in the field of Architecture, Engineering, Medicine Etc.
From the clothes we wear, to the food we eat, to the decisions we make, everything
has science stamped on it. Technologies are what keep humans sane for it gives
purpose to their lives, which is reflected upon their dreams and aspirations. It has now
17

become the core of the world economy, wherein the progress of nations mainly rely
on discoveries and technological innovations. Science & Technology elevate
humanity in countless ways, it has the power of solving all known problems and
issues the world could possibly create, and it will continue to influence human
activities up until it reaches the zenith of development.

2.9 Exhibition & Integrated Museum

An Exhibition Centers worth and success as a structure is not solely based on

the extensive arrangement of functional spaces, and the extravagant aesthetic
character of its interior & exterior, but rather, it is greatly based on the balance
between the two. What a great architectural characteristic of a museum has to offer is
the preserving the fine line in between Functional Based Architecture and Aesthetic
Based Architecture (Visser, 2011).
As expounded by Visser, the aesthetic properties have to work in synchrony
with the function of the building. For example, in exhibits, not only must there be a
logical flow of movement and pattern in the spaces but it must be complemented with
interactive and surreal interior decorative environment. These two characters should
work together to relieve the viewer of the exhibit, of their monotonous and daily
perception of life by transporting them to a new world to liven up their imagination
(Visser, 2011)
Also, in integrating a good museum & exhibition properties, it should be
accessible and look accessible. With that notion, exhibits must be interactive with the
user and must emit a positive vibe. The user should not be hassled with the interior
design of the structure wherein he/she becomes confused on whether some parts of
18

the exhibits are accessible and walk-able. The Integrated Museums plan should be
inviting and the flow should effortlessly guide and nurture the viewers of the exhibit.
In summary, the plans should be extremely sound and flawless.
With everything taken into consideration, the establishment of an Interactive
Integrated Museum would ultimately bridge the gap between the progression of the
nations economy, society and industry, to its crowning level. Applied Science, with
all its majesty, helps the nation in achieving its ultimate goals. In relation to
sustainability and green design,

2.10 Impacts of Expos and Technological Centers

Studies have demonstrated that the construction of science and technological

centers have a wide effect on the society, economy and the human psyche. This is
especially evident when these learning centers are built up to be symbolic works of
art & engineering in widely recognized, urban areas. Such areas where Science &
Technology centers have great effect are as follows:
1. Science & technological centers and their influence on careers
There are very few studies of the effect that science & technological centers
have on students career choice. Woolnough (1994) showed that extracurricular
science activities encouraged students to study science at school and to pursue science
careers. Coventry (1997) surveyed university students. She found that 80% of
students studying for science-based careers had visited the science center in Perth,
Australia at least once whereas 64% of students who were not studying for sciencebased careers had visited Scitech. Similar findings were made by Salmi (2000) in

19

Finland. There is evidence that youth programs in science & technological centers
have encouraged participants to pursue careers in science teaching (Siegel 1998).
2. The societal impact of science & technological centers
Witschey (2001) writes of the Science Center of Virginia as the power house
of the community and describes a rich array of partnerships and programs that the
Museum undertakes with its community. This is undoubtedly the case in many
communities that are served by science & technological centers.
The St. Louis Science Center runs a Youth Exploring Science (YES!) program
in which the-Science Center works with Job Training groups to provide a year round
work-based training program. Science & technological centers increase tourism to
their local area. They run youth employment and volunteer schemes. They support
local clubs and societies. They develop special programs for the elderly and for
people with disabilities. They are involved with environmental rehabilitation and they
affect the roads, parking and transport systems in their area.
Lipardi (1997) describes how the Citt della Scienza works with local
councils, firms and research centres in order to enhance the development potential of
a geographical area, with particular emphasis on the development of local industry.
However, although science & technological centers have put many programs
in place that benefit society, on the whole, they have not developed the methodology
to measure the impact that they have at a societal level. Sheppard (2000) makes a
strong plea that they should do so: As museums engage more substantially in
building social capital and partnering in their communities, they need strong,
effective evaluation methodology to measure their work. Anecdotal information
suggests that community outreach may be transforming both museums and the
communities they serve. To support further investment in community partnership,

20

however, museums and their publics need to test such assumptions through consistent
and methodical research. Museums have many stakeholders to convince, from their
own board and governance to public and private funders and ultimately the public
that chooses to engage in the rich programs they offer.
3. The political impact of science & technological centers
Science & technological centers have, understandably, not published reports
about the ways they have/ have not been able to influence government. They do not
necessarily want to publicize the means they use to gain government support.
However we can question whether it would be useful for science & technological
centers to share case studies and stories of success and failure in this area. Perhaps
there are some strategies being used by some science & technological centers that
could usefully be implemented or adapted by others.
4. The economic impact of science & technological centers
During the past few years, a few science & technological centers have
calculated their impact on the local community in terms of the extra money brought
into the community by visitors to the science center and extra jobs created by the
science center.
For example Greene writes, For every pound sterling spent by visitors at the
museum (The Museum of Science and Industry in Manchester), twelve pounds is
spent elsewhere in the local economy. With 300,000 visitors spending 1.5 million in
2000, the contribution to the prosperity of the region was 18 million. To this can be
added the goods and services purchased by the Museum from local business, the
employment of 120 people, and the investment in new exhibitions and building
work. (Greene 2001)

21

2.11 Importance of Scientific Literacy

Scientic

Literacy

has

become

an

internationally

well-recognized

enlightening catchphrase, and present-day enlightening objective. Scientic literacy

stands for what the general public ought to know about science (Durant, 1993), and
commonly implies an appreciation of the nature, aims, and general limitations of
science, coupled with some understanding of the more important scientic ideas
(Jenkins, 1994).
The term is usually regarded as being tantamount with public understanding
of science, and while scientic literacy is used in the United States. It is, however,
generally accepted that the deceptively simple conceptualization of scientic literacy
just described masks different meanings and interpretations associated with the
concept of scientic literacy because of, for example, different views of what the
public ought to know about science and who the public is.
But regardless of the arbitrary definitions of the term, caused by educational
gaps between contrasting societies, there still remains the one truthful and important
meaning of Scientific Literacy it is the currency of the present and the coming
generations of men (Angier, 2007). It is the grower of human cognitive development.
It is the thing that makes people smarter, more aware of their environment, more in
tune with the universe. In a philosophical stand point. But in realistic application,
Scientific Literacy is the interlinking factor of all humans on earth. It binds nations
together through scientific discoveries empowered by international bodies, for the
betterment of mankind. It is the one aspect of mankind that is not subject to bias and
prejudice for Scientific Literacy is founded upon the principles of a systematic

22

method of experiments and knowledge. It is important for it is the culture of humanity

as a whole.

2.12 Biophilic Landscaping

Landscape design is one of the areas where Biophilic design can make a wide
impact on a global scale. It excels in relation to the climatic changes. As people and
animals migrate from one region to another, it is wise to develop and nurture their
surrounding environment. Migration translates into huge ecological disruptions as
organism encounter places that are foreign to them. That is why it is important to
make the organism feel at home and be comfortable with his/her surroundings.
In relation to museum design, it is beneficial to the users to not only create a
landscape or environment that suits them physically, but rather, the environment
should suit them both physically and mentally. In a sense, there must be a balance and
compromise between setting the environment and the theme of the environment.
Landscape design also has the ability to blend in together some of the disembodied
elements that has occurred due to urban sprawl. (Lefroy,1999). This in turn can help
in the site development and planning of the close vicinity of a proposed project site.

2.13 Case Studies

In order for the study to be accurate and within the realm of standards of
contemporary Expo centers, Convention centers and Exhibition Centers, the research
calls for the conducting and analysis of case studies regarding similar events,

23

functional and structural samples. This is to have a template and conceptual basis for
the design of the structure.

2.13.1 Green Expo at Zambia, South Africa

The Green Expo in Zambia is an exhibition and exposition event in

southeastern Africa that focused on the Green movement and its components. The
Expo included trades and sales of green technologies and consumer products,
accompanied by education and forums about green strategies and planning.
The aim of the event is to promote a lifestyle choice which allows for
individual accountability whilst Going-Green Sustainably in Zambia.
By creating awareness about the green lifestyle choices to be made, with
additional support from both the business community and government, we will
actively encourage the growth of Zambias green industry. The Green Expo Zambia
was conceptualized by Jiivana.
Services in late 2011 and as principal hosts and organizers of the event, it is critical
component of their strategic vision.
The rationale behind the expo is to promote sustainability in Zambia as a way
of life, demonstrating that green living can be cool and fun. In its first year, The
Green Expo Zambia 2012 received over 1000 visitors and 300 students aged 6-16
from both private and government schools to actively engage with over 30 exhibitors
from across the country. It earned over an estimated K100m (South African Currency)
worth of additional business, collaborations and partnerships since the event.
24

Participation represents an opportunity to publicize your efforts in sustainable

business practices, products and services. Register now in The Green Expo Zambia
2013 and participate in any of the listed categories.

Home & Building - green building & home improvement, cleaning products &

service, sustainable furniture & interior design, art feature

Pet/Garden - gardening products & service, green pet products & services

Business/Electronic

green

office

products

&

services,

investing,

manufacturing & packaging, electronics & technology, carbon trading

Transportation/Travel - eco vacations, hybrid & alternative fuel vehicles,

rental car & car share services

Energy/Conservation/Recycling - power alternatives (wind, solar & water),

energy efficiency, waste management, building products

Health/Beauty/Fashion - eco-fashion, beauty products, health & wellness,

nutritional supplements

Food/Beverage - organic food & wine, green cookware, healthy snacks &

deserts

Kids Zone - hands on activities, eco-friendly toys, art competition for annual

expo design artwork

2.13.2 Edmonton Expo Center

25

The Edmonton Exposition and Conference Centre, or Edmonton EXPO Centre

for short, is a multi-purpose arena/conference center variously used as a sports and
music venue, and for hosting trade shows and conferences. It is located in Northlands
in Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, adjacent to Rexall Place. It is owned and operated by
the Northlands not-for-profit group.
The total area of the site is 522,000 sq ft (48,500 m2), total. This was expected
to make it the largest such facility in Canada outside of Toronto. The Alberta
government contributed $50 million to the project which led to the decision to name
the 13,000-square-foot (1,200 m2) ballroom "Alberta Ballroom". The Canadian
federal government meanwhile contributed $25 million.
New Space and Architectural features include:

Four new exhibition halls (E,F,G,H)

New conference area with meeting rooms and ballroom

New gallery spaces connecting the halls

A business center

A food court with licensed services

Wireless internet access

As a convention and exhibition center, the EXPO Centre provides facilities for

many different purposes in a wide range of sizes. Upon completion of the expansion
in 2009, there have been eight convention halls, six ballrooms, thirteen meeting and
boardrooms, a lounge, and several smaller galleries within the building. In addition to
these rental spaces, Northlands maintains and staffs several concession stands and
other visitor amenities during large events.

26

2.13.3 Qingdao Exhibition Center

The first phase of the Qingdao Water City development at Aoshan Bay, China,
designed by the Los Angeles office of NBBJ, will include a new exposition center of
1,940,000 sf. As the ocean sits to one side of the site, and a wetland on the other, a
strong emphasis has been placed on how the exposition is shaped by its interaction
and proximity to the water.
This exposition hall is an important component of the region and the architects
feel it will act as the stimulus for development within the entire city. Set for
completion in early 2011, the center will include 10 flat-floor expo halls, one multipurpose hall, two lobbies, retail and a central outdoor expo plaza. The hall will serve
as the center for international and domestic trade shows as well as host a variety of
performances and large scale events.
The exhibition center design aims to create a sinuous atmosphere to induce
associations of flowing water, while the L shaped program of the structure provides
pronounced edges along the western and southern aspects of the development.
Ultimately, the center will embody a gesture of welcoming, implicitly alluring visitors
to the Water City development, explained NBBJ.
Visitors will approach the main lobby, which leads to the different wings of
the hall, and experience the reflection of the glass facade that alludes to a deep calm
pool of water. An expansive outdoor plaza can be utilized as an exhibit for special
events and as a park at all other times. The landscape will rely on natural foliage to
minimize the need for irrigation and assist in the absorption of storm water. The
structure also applied many high performance and green strategies and technologies.
These are the following:
27

 Construction Efficency: all exhibition halls are sized uniformly to expedite

construction process and reduce material waste.
Ventilation: natural ventilation wherever possible to reduce the percentage of
mechanical cooling required, including the use of solar stack vents in the expo halls.
Renewable Power: employ a photovoltaic system to take advantage of the surface
area of the roof and connect exhibition hall to district-wide Central Heat and Power
plant that utilizes the ocean water as a heat sink.
Natural Daylight: the exhibition center is designed with large windows in locations
that receive optimal sunlight to cut back on lighting energy demands

2.13.4 Shanghai New International Expo Center

The Shanghai New International Expo Center is an exhibition center in

Shanghai, China. It hosts a large number of exhibitions, including the Shanghai Motor
Show. It has also hosted the 2002 Tennis Masters Cup, where one of the halls was
temporarily converted into a tennis court. With more than 90 exhibitions per year and
a turnover rate of 32 (2011), SNIEC is one of the world's most successful exhibition
venues.
Construction started on November 4, 1999 with its opening taking place on
November 2, 2001. It has, as of 2012, a capacity of 200,000 square meters indoor and
130,000 square meters outdoor exhibition area. Expo Center facilities include 17
exhibition halls, conference rooms, and a business center. Hotel facilities and a
subway station are located at one of the entrance halls of the center.
The first phase investment amount was 99 million U.S. dollars. Situated in
Shanghai's Pudong district, the heart of Chinese business, SNIEC has attracted
28

worldwide attention since its opening on November 2, 2001. Featuring a prime, easily
accessible location, a pillar-free, single story structure and a wide array of expert onsite services, SNIEC has been experiencing rapid growth. It now hosts more than 70
world-class exhibitions each year and this number is set to grow in the future.
SNIEC's future expansions will cement its market leadership in China and
secure Shanghai's position on the forefront of East Asian exhibition destinations. This
is the first exhibition center which is highly functional on the one hand, and
characterized by a sophisticated architectural design on the other hand, built in the
People's Republic of China through the collaboration of German and Chinese
partners. The concept for the functionality and architecture of the new trade fair
grounds was developed by the joint venture partners together with Helmut Jahn, the
renowned German-American architect from Chicago. With the Shanghai New
International Expo Centre, the most modern and efficient exhibition center-walls
created in East Asia

Trade fair themes from the Munich, Duesseldorf and Hanover programmes of
trade events are being adapted for the Chinese Market. Furthermore, the exhibition
center is also available to other organizers of trade fair events. The operating and
events concept with the expertise of the Munich, Hanover and Duesseldorf trade fair
companies includes close cooperation with international exhibitors, Chinese industry
and trade associations, and ministries.

29

Chapter III. Research Methodology

3.1 Research Design

The research strategy basically consisted of four fundamental stages. The

first stage of the research strategy was the compiling and identifying the key
functional guidelines, characters and flows of Exhibition centers such as Expos,
World Fairs, Convention Centers and Integrated Retail stores. The stage particularly
focuses on the internal factors of these structures and how it operates during events. It
includes all the important design guides such as circulation patterns of users in the
general facility and the showcase exhibits, the marketing statistics and implications in
relation to buyers, and how everything else comes into place. This also corresponds
with the historical method or previous experiences of similar building types within
the country.
The second stage is to identify the historical and chronological aspect by
conducting interviews with key people. The researcher will conduct a study about the
organizations and entities that guides, conducts and facilitates events in the field of
Meetings, Incentives, Conventions & Expositions. The third stage involves the
analysis of the documentary evidences and data from interviews. This stage also
narrows down the picture in terms of understanding, and gives and insight of the
nature of, the relational and functional status of the sciences and fields tackled by the
Expo and Exhibition Centers. The stage aims to identify, for each institution, the
30

nature of the process, including the main factors involved in the operation of these
structures.
The fourth stage of the research is to contextualize the data and provide a
conclusive analysis of the three previous stages. The aim of the last stage is to
summarize and analyze the gathered resources prior to the design. The four
hypotheses of the thesis can then be tested, and the core questions and problem,
answered.

3.2 Research Method

For the study, the project used different research techniques and
methodologies to further polish and make the project sound and scientific. For the
benefit of the research, the researcher used the more practical and logical approaches
in data gathering to better understand the project implications.
One method used in the study involves the historical method wherein
extensive studies and primary to tertiary data were gathered from of bodies or entities
related to the project such as the Center for International Trade Expositions and
Missions, Department of Environmental & Natural Resources (DENR), National
Commission for Culture and the Arts, Science Education Institute of the Philippines,
Department of Education (DepEd), National Statistics Office (NSO) and Department
of Science and Technology (DOST).
The study also made use of the descriptive method wherein ocular
inspection, which involves firsthand observations and photo documentation of current
conditions present at the site, and the researcher shall visit exhibition and civic
centers such as the Philippine International Convention Center, National Museum of
31

the Philippines, The Mind Museum and the Science Education Institute, that could
fundamentally help in the development of the study regarding the feasibility, survey
plans, operational systems, profiles, zoning ordinances, historical background are
among others.
Structured Interview Methods of selected urban populations shall also be
conducted to obtain ideas and specific data regarding the projects operation, mission
& vision, objectives, problems and many others.
Case studies will also be conducted to further learn about the basic systems of
a museum. Specifically local case studies of the closely related and similar buildings
such as the Philippine International Convention Center can be beneficial.
Examination of international case studies of Expo centers, Convention Centers and
Exhibition Centers such as the Science World Expo, Edmonton Expo Center and the
Qingdao Exhibition center will be helpful to the research.

3.3 Research Instruments

To fully get an idea of the parameters of the project, specific research

instruments were used in the research. These range of instruments proved to be
effective to give the research design credibility and accuracy.

a. Archival
The archival information constitutes the majority of the researchs data and
conclusions.

This specific research instrument forms a summation to the

comprehensive data collection to the depth and breadth of the project. It gave a
background check of the different aspects that affects and relates to the projects
32

fundamental objectives. To substantiate the ideas designed for the project, various
kinds of archival resources, from primary, secondary, and tertiary references, were
utilized. Materials from library collection were of great importance since it gave more
accessibility to the projects envisioned world. A focus on public assembly green
development, technology, buildings, exhibition centers, museums and expo centers
was an established criterion in finding references and sources for the benefit of the
research. In addition to that, materials like internet references, articles and journals,
were also utilized.

The gathered knowledge helped in formulating the design

strategies and solution for the necessary development of the facilities of the project.

b. Observation
For the observation method of collecting data, the researcher studied direct
observation of current and non-current events related to the theme and focus of the
project. It basically resulted for the evaluated good and bad features of the related
building types and practices, by studying the flow and operations of similar structures
and systems. This type of instrument examined the psychological aspect and nature of
the users and groups of people who are affected by the impact and functionality of the
facilities of the project. This would help in designing the appropriate solution for the
project.

c. Personal Interview
Personal interviews with various government, non-government, and private
sector assisted the researcher to be introduced to the real world of the proposed
project. Special attention was given for different technology research organizations,
environment organizations, which are actively participating in combating the

33

countrys environmental degradation and seeking on improving its state. Interviews

of former professionals in the field of technology, development and construction were
also conducted to have a vast insight on what applications would be practical to use
with regards to the situations involved in project construction, planning and cost
computation.

34

Chapter IV. Project Site

4.1 Site and Current Condition

Choosing a site requires careful observation and evaluation. Civic Centers &
Exhibition Centers are generally placed at a well populated region although there is
an issue of availability regarding the site. The researcher established that Quezon City
would preferably be a good Urban City to build the project, for it is the site could be
in a generally populous region but it must balance out with the value of the land.
The existing site is located in the Quezon City Triangle Park which is the
Central Business District of Quezon City. The site will make use of the current vacant
lot across the PSHS(Philippine Science High School) under the Triangle Exchange
portion of CBD, that are directly adjacent to Agham road and near its intersection
with North Avenue. Triangle Exchange District is primarily associated with the
developments of mixed-use commercial structures.

4.1.1 Site Map

35

4.1.2 Vicinity Map

36

4.1.3 Location Map

4.1.4 Adjacent Structures & Institutions

Within a 5 km radius, the site is within proximity with several well- known
establishments and institutions such as the Quezon Memorial Circle, UP Diliman
Campus, Philippine Science High School, UP Technohub, Philippine Heart Center,
Lung Center of the Philippines, Quezon City Hall and the Bureau of Internal
Revenue.

4.1.5 Climate and Orientation

37

The climate in Quezon City is typical of Metro Manilas, which has a distinct
dry season from December to April and wet season from May to November. The
normal annual rainfall total is 2,532.3 mm with the maximum mean monthly total
rains being experienced in August with 526.8 mm and the minimum in February with
8.9 mm. The maximum number of 24-rainy days occurs in August while the
minimum of two-rainy days occurs in February. The annual total number of rainy
days is 153 while the average temperature is lowest at 20.4 C in January and highest
at 34.9C in April.

4.1.6 Transportation
It involves an accommodating feature for bicycles and pedestrians, with
linking access to major roads, that are will be used by service vehicles. Commuting is
still a viable way for transportation because sheer number of jeeps and buses that
travel along the main and secondary roads. The main roads that allow access to the
site include the Quezon City Circle, EDSA, Commonwealth Avenue, University
Avenue. Minor access roads include Katipunan avenue.

4.1.7 Environment
The environment of the site is very good, the whole district is kept clean and
regularly maintained. The inhabitants near the area site are mixed classes, and are
primarily composed of middle class people. Students are the most frequent users of
the roads near the site.

4.2 SWOT Analysis (Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, Threats)

38

In order to determine if the land will be a viable site for the project, a SWOT
ANALYSIS is done to know if the specific characteristics of the site would
complement the design focus and features.

4.2.1 Strengths
1. Availability of the Land
Quezon City is unique and incomparable to other cities, in many ways. Gifted
with the biggest land area among the cities in Metro Manila, it holds the greatest
potential for more diverse and better-planned urban developments. It has also the
widest expanse of parks and open spaces that provides a natural setting in an urban
environment. Q.C CBD (Central Business District) has a very wide track of land
consisting of 250 hectares and about 80% of which are in current planning
developments or have development potential.

2. Strategic Location
The site is located in the Central Business District of Quezon City wherein it is
with close vicinity of major institutions and developments which in turn further
stimulate the impact of the project in terms of social and economic qualities. The city
is home to major hospitals and medical centers, all the national media, and
entertainment networks, top-ranked institutions of higher learning, and key
government agencies and offices, which would account for the accommodation of a
wide variety of possible clients and partners, by the project . Quezon City has now the
fastest growing ICT industry being the location of choice of business process
outsourcing firms. The citys population is generally young, educated and employable
and it is the biggest market base among all cities in the country. Overall, Quezon City

39

is the perfect place to accommodate the project, in a social and economic aspect. And
it is the most logical place to invest in structural and cultural developments.
Several major road networks and elevated light rail systems traverse across the
city including EDSA, and Quezon Avenue. The city has easy access to major
highways that lead to strategic tourism and economic hubs in the northern parts of
Luzon, including Clark, Subic, La Union, Bagiuo and Pangasinan, and to major
sources of agricultural produce such as Nueva Ecija.

4.2.2 Weaknesses
Overall, the site has minimal weaknesses and disadvantages considering that it
is the future of Philippine City/Municipality Development. Due to the site being
strategically located in the Triangle Exchange District near the Downtown Hub-Zone,
of the CBD, there will be a dynamic flow of interaction and developments within the
area. One possible weakness would be the size of the lot, which is roughly 4- 5
hectares in area. This could be a deficiency to the space requirement of the project, if
not planned properly.

4.2.3 Opportunities
The site has many opportunities. These include close vicinity to government,
healthcare buildings and commercial centers. It has the quality of being a part of the
developed Civic Center of Quezon City and in turn could make it a landmark and a
leisure destination. The site also has the opportunity to greatly help the effect of the
building, due to its close vicinity with big social and learning institutions such as the
University of the Philippines, thus making it easy to achieve one of the project
objectives, which was the promotion and education of Green development to the
youth, particularly the students.

40

4.2.4 Threats
The site has threats that could hinder the development of the project namely,
noise pollution due to the closeness of the Quezon Circle. Informal settlers that are
scattered within the vicinity, all of which could devaluate the worth of the project.
Lastly, flooding and waste problems are present but it is controlled to a minimal.
Also storms and typhoons pose a threat by debilitating the entire work flow of
the entire area within the CBD. This could bring about losses in financial resources
by doing damage to facilities and by a hindrance of work and business transactions
that are essential for the functionality and sustainability of the project.

Chapter V. Project Profile and Analysis

5.1 Project Information

The project entails for the funding from a private entity, preferably because these
entities have high monetary resources and invest much on big developments with high
quality outputs and products, in contrast to government funding. Joint venture of
private corporations will be core nature of the development of the project. The project
will have a prime funding entity, which will serve as the head financier and developer,
but will also be in partnership, or cooperation, with other corporations and companies,

41

in the lesser and smaller aspects of develop such as the urban development and
construction funding.
ADB in partnership with Ayala Land Inc. In the mean-time, the profile that
will be focused on this chapter will be the prime funding entities and partnerships
which are the ADB ( Asian Development Bank) and the real-estate developer Ayala
Land Inc, each of which will have their respective tasks in the field of Business
Promotion and Real-Estate Development.
These two entities will be responsible for the main development of the project
considering that they have similar mindsets and core values, which are the promotion
of Asian Urban Development, Appreciation of Land and Place Value, Green and
Sustainable Developments and the amelioration of Poverty.

5.2 Client/Institutional Information

5.2.1 Asian Development Bank (ADB)
The Asian Development Bank (ADB) bridges the development gap in Asia
and the Pacific, home to both the worlds fast-rising and most vulnerable economies.
ADF is a major instrument of concessional financing that has supported equitable and
sustainable development in the region since 1973. Funded by ADB's member
countries, it offers loans at very low interest rates as well as grants to help reduce
poverty in ADB's poorest borrowing countries. ADB has widely helped countries
improving their institutional capacities and the needed implement reforms

42

Long Term Goals

ADB has a proven track record in reducing poverty and improving the lives of
people in low-income and vulnerable countries in the region through ADF assistance.
Through key initiatives in energy, transport, water and sanitation, education, and
microfinance, ADF assistance has helped transform the lives of millions of poor and
vulnerable people, including women and children. Since 1973, ADF has provided
nearly $50 billion for projects and programs that helped poor families escape poverty.
In 2009-2012 alone, over 220 loan and grant projects totaling $11.8 billion were made
to developing member countries of ADB.

Focus Area of ADB

Inclusive Economic Growth. Inclusive growth is particularly important for

ADF countries. It has two mutually reinforcing objectives. First, rapid and sustainable
growth will create and expand economic opportunities. Second, broader access to
these opportunities will ensure that members of society can participate in and benefit
from growth.

To promote a more inclusive growth, ADB has supported investments in

infrastructureroads, water, energy and other servicesto help raise productivity,
create jobs, reduce poverty and promote trade and investments. Infrastructure also
promotes inclusiveness by integrating disadvantaged groups into mainstream
economic activities and broadening their access to basic social services. In many
ADF countries, for example, developing rural infrastructure to connect the poor to

43

markets and enable them to participate in the growth process is essential. Inclusive
growth also requires greater investment in education and health, particularly for the
poor.

Environmentally Sustainable Growth: Growth for a green future. The

regions environment faces daunting threats. The decline in forest cover and the
steady rise of greenhouse gas emissions are a major challenge. The region has also
become more vulnerable to extreme weather, rising sea levels, and other phenomena
related to climate change. Poor communities in many ADF countries, particularly
women and children, will continue to be hardest hit. ADB promotes an
environmentally sustainable growth, which include efforts to tackle climate change.
ADF assistance supports infrastructure investments in clean, efficient, and climateresilient energy systems; efficient and sustainable modes of transportation; increased
access to reliable and affordable water and sanitation; and climate-resilient and livable
cities. ADF projects also seek to improve natural resource management in rural areas,
maintain the integrity of important regional ecosystems, and strengthen environmental
governance and management capacities, while addressing climate change as a crosspriority issue.

Partnering for shared prosperity. Regional cooperation and integration (RCI)

plays a critical role in accelerating economic growth, reducing poverty and economic
disparity, raising productivity and employment, and strengthening institutions. It
narrows development gaps between ADBs developing member countries (DMCs) by

44

building closer trade integration, intraregional supply chains, and stronger financial
links, enabling slow-moving economies to speed their own expansion.

With its decades of experience in the region, ADB can serve as a catalyst for
RCI, linking national and regional priorities. In South Asia, for example, the size and
scattered nature of the regions hydropower and natural gas resourcesand the
different sizes of its national economies and associated energy demand levels and
rates of growthsuggest immense potential for mutually beneficial integration and
trade in energy and energy resources.

ADF has supported various cross-border infrastructures, which helped

improve connectivity and raise national as well as household incomes. An increasing
number of ADBs regional projects are also targeted to support the Millennium
Development Goals. These include projects aimed at controlling the spread of
communicable diseases, promoting sustainable environmental management practices,
and generating and sharing knowledge resources. ADF will also address energy
security and climate change issues, as well as social and environmental issues
resulting from faster growth.

Historical Overview of the Client/Institution

Origins & Current State

ADB was conceived amid the postwar rehabilitation and reconstruction efforts
of the early 1960s. The vision was of a financial institution that would be Asian in
45

character and foster economic growth and cooperation in the region - then one of the
poorest in the world. A resolution passed at the first Ministerial Conference on Asian
Economic Cooperation held by the United Nations Economic Commission for Asia
and the Far East in 1963 set that vision on the way to becoming reality. Since then it
has served primarily as a global funding agency to promote the development of
underprivileged and 3rd world countries.

Into the 21st century

With the new century, a new focus on helping its developing members achieve
the Millennium Development Goals and making development more effective was
adopted within ADB. In 2003, a severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) epidemic
hit the region, making it clear that fighting infectious diseases requires regional
cooperation. ADB began providing support at national and regional levels to help
countries more effectively respond to avian influenza and the growing threat of
HIV/AIDS.

ADB also had to respond to unprecedented natural disasters, committing more

than $850 million for recovery in areas of India, Indonesia, Maldives, and Sri Lanka
hit by the December 2004 Asian tsunami. In addition, a $1 billion line of assistance to
help victims of the October 2005 earthquake in Pakistan was set up. In 2008, ADB's
Board of Directors approved Strategy 2020: The Long-Term Strategic Framework of
the Asian Development Bank 2008-2020, a policy document guiding its operations to
2020.

46

In 2009, ADB's Board of Governors agreed to triple ADB's capital base from
$55 billion to $165 billion, giving it much-needed resources to respond to the global
economic crisis. The 200% increase is the largest in ADB's history, and the first since
the 1994 100% capital increase
In 2012, ADB announced that it will invest about $100 million in a
multinational fund that will be put up to boost investments in environment-related
technologies and projects in developing countries like the Philippines.

5.2.2 Ayala Land Inc. (Real-Estate Developer)

Ayala corporation is one of the largest and most respected business houses in
the country. It is a real-estate development firm that specializes in Urban
Development and facilities construction and design. It is known for famous
developments as such in Makati and the current development of Quezon City..
In the 1940s, Ayala transformed and developed what was deemed as a
marginally useful tract of agricultural land into the thriving, green, and cosmopolitan
Makati business and cultural district of today.
By developing premier residential villages, commercial and residential
buildings, industrial business parks, and shopping and cultural enclaves at multiple
price ranges, we inspire Filipinos all over the country to achieve their dreams.
The core belief of the company is that all Filipinos, regardless of their station in life,
are entitled to a clean and sound environment and a place they can proudly call their
own.

47

5.3 Mission, Vision and Goals

5.3.1 Mission Statement

Green Expo Center a state-of-the-art complex addressing the Green and

Sustainable Development and evolving needs of

local consumers and markets,

generating employment and foreign exchange, a pioneer in global business; providing

a platform for quality education and energizing the local economy.

5.3.2 Vision Statement

Green Expo Center....rooted on the sustainable and green development needs of
thriving rural and urbanizing communities! Anchored on Global Business! Raising
communities to higher echelons

5.3.3

Project Goals & Objectives

The study, with the goal of educating people with the relevance of Green and

Sustainable planning to the development and survival of a nation, aimed to propose a

multi-faceted project Green Expo Center that will pursue the following project
objectives:

Education
a.

To provide a platform for exhibiting Green technologies and resources to

students and teachers, social entrepreneurs, businessmen, policy-makers and the

general public
48

b.

To promote environmental awareness and proper adoption of Green

technologies. And educate the public on the relevance and impact of green and
sustainable planning, and environmental planning to the development of the country.
Business
a.

To match users and suppliers of Green technologies products and services.

b.

To incorporate financial sustainability in the design of infrastructures, business

programs and services.

Socio Economic
a.

To stimulate investment, employment, growth and development in the Green

sector of the economy.

5.4 User Profile

The user profile is designated to plot and identify the users of the proposed
project. This includes the study and analysis of the flow of the users and personnel
that is circulating inside and outside the vicinity of the structure. This will help
identify the major and minor users and their behavior and how they able to distinguish
their activities in a definite form.

49

5.4.1 Organizational Structure

50

5.4.2 Identification of Users

The users of the structure vary from different types. It includes local and
foreign spectators and may come from all the different types of people and class. The
researcher has classified the users in three levels and they are primary level users,
secondary level users and tertiary level users. These levels have their own distinctions
and definitions depending on their usage and activities inside the building.

5.4.3 Primary level users

These users are classified as the most that have total concentration and daily
activities inside the structure and are classified as having the most usage of the
facilities, regarding physical interaction and the time spent. They are the ones who
have a direct relation to the function of the facility and the ones who are always
making direct contact. These classifications of users are the people who have ample
51

visitation and normally guest of the building. The level includes facilitators and
employees of the expo, guest, touristic visitors, exhibitors, contractors, buyers & retail
renters, event organizers, event staffs, Company head or CEO, Employees of other
companies and VIP.

5.4.4 Secondary level users

The role of Secondary users, are not as direct and frequent as Primary users.
These users are classified as having a passive usage of the facilities of the expo and
are usually occasional users brought about by indirect circulation and access of the
area. These include the occasional bystanders and visitors, and facility support
services and inspections conducted by Maintenance, Engineers, Planners, Architects
and Gardeners.

5.4.5 Tertiary level users

These classifications involve the spectators who have contact with the
structure from the outside. These users have the least interaction with the building.
Normally these people are the pedestrian people passing by the structure and vehicles
that pass by the avenues adjacent to the building. These types of users get a view of
the structure but have minimal, if any, direct physical interaction or stimulation to the
structure.

52

5.4.6 Facilities to be provided

In order to meet the goals and objectives of the project, the major types of
facilities must first be identified by the researcher, which will ultimately coincide with
the integral functions up to the general services of the expo.

1. Exhibition Areas Exhibition rooms and halls usually consist of massive space
and volume to accommodate the exhibits and displays, and is the core area of the
entire facility. These areas are the most integral part of the expo for it houses the main
attractions and is the central interaction and function point of all primary users.
2. Commercial & Retail Spaces These are leasable and rentable spaces with a wide
variety of sizes and functions, depending on the nature of the renter. Commercial &
Retail Spaces can be considered a secondary type of space in an expo due to the
indirect relationship of its function to the main facility. These include restaurants,
branch offices, shops and other business related ventures.
3. Communal/ Public Spaces Public spaces are large areas or spaces intended to
reduce the crowd level in certain areas of the structure, and to maintain a continuous
flow of activities. These spaces are basically areas where individuals and groups of
people can gather and temporarily recuperate. These areas also serve as the receiving
part of the structure for people who are entering.
4. Offices These spaces are of a specific nature and function, wherein it is to
provide a suitable working area for corporate heads, facilitators, employees, and other
operations managers of the entire facility.
5. Landscape & Open Areas These areas are functionally similar to communal
spaces, wherein it is intended to relieve overcrowding and give a sense of relief the
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users. On the other hand, these areas have the distinction of being and external part of
the structure and holds floral decorations and massing to accentuate both the exterior
and the interior function of the building.
6. Gathering Forums/ Auditoriums These are medium to low capacity-gathering
areas with well-conditioned acoustics, with the purpose of holding oratorical and
visual presentations regarding the nature of the Expo.
7. General Services These spaces houses the various branches of operations which
is responsible facility support and maintenance. These usually include kitchen, storage
and filing, electrical, janitorial, water supply etc.
8. Storage Facilities These are basically large enclosed areas, with minimal
accessibility to the public, which will house the supplies and all the necessary
components of exhibits and displays. These spaces are usually near the vicinity of
service areas to accommodate easy preparation for events.
9. Function Halls Function halls are large multi-functional areas that accommodate
various types of events and services. These areas, with its nature, can also serve as an
exhibition area, just to name a few.
11. Amenities These are spaces which cater to the basic necessities of the users.
These include bathrooms, toilets, urinals etc.

5.5

Target Market

This involves the population/number, types and description of other Transient

Target Clients/users other than the staff. Specific targets are as follows:
a. Students & Children To meet the project goals and objectives, a focus or target
market for the structure will particularly be of students and people who seek interest
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in learning. This is to complement the goal of emphasizing on the training and

education of the youth to meet green and sustainable ideologies and methods.
b. Businessmen & Entrepreneurs As part of a financial and revenue based strategy,
the project targets businessmen and business investors that primarily revolves around
retail and sales, to complement the retail and market opportunities presented in the
facilities of the project.
c. Local Inventors Local inventors, scientists and innovators are a target market for
the project for it will give them opportunities to showcase and share ideas with other
people. The project will give these targeted markets the freedom to express their
works and investments and will also be a learning curve for aspiring future inventors
and innovators.
d. Professionals The project also makes professionals such as teachers, architects,
engineers, scientists, lawyers etc. a focus target due to the nature of their impact to
society. Targeting these people into the market sphere of the project will be a benefit
for it provides stimulation of knowledge in their respective fields of practice, wherein
each will have the opportunity to learn new concepts regarding green design in their
practice.

5.5.1 Market & Suppliers

The analysis and case studies of possible sponsors, market partners and
suppliers is important for the projects feasibility. It will establish a scope and
framework for the business operations of the expo and will give an understanding on
the business investment opportunities involved. These involve companies and entities
that promote green development through their products and projects.
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1. Plantex Inc.
Plantex

Solution

Manufacturing

Corporation is relatively new Philippine company

that espouses and embodies traditional and good,
green, and godly values. Their product design and
their marketing and distribution programs benefit
the consumers, the sellers, and the environment.
Plantex Corporation focuses on using indigenous, easy to get and sustainable raw
materials for their products.

Plantex-greenproducts
All their products use natural plant extracts and are without the toxic, harmful
chemicals we all are wary of. Unknown to many, some of the ingredients used in
common soaps, detergents and cleansers are harmful, some even are suspected to be
carcinogens. Some of these ingredients likewise contaminate and pollute our rivers,
soils, and ground water.
Plantexs packaging is all earth-friendly. They use recycled cardboards for boxes
and the recyclable varieties of plastics for the bottles. Another good thing: the
products are manufactured in the Philippines and most of the ingredients are also
sourced locally.

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2. Whole Foods Market Inc.

Whole Foods Market is an American
foods supermarket chain that emphasizes in
healthier

organic

foods,

and

environmentally friendly operations and

management of its products.
Whole Foods Market only sells products that meet its self-created quality
standards for being "natural", which the store defines as: minimally processed foods
that are free of hydrogenated fats as well as artificial flavors, colors, sweeteners,
preservatives, and many others as listed on their online "Unacceptable Food.
Whole Foods placed third on the U.S. Environmental Protection Agencys list of
the "Top 25 Green Power Partners". The company also received the EPA Green Power
Award in 2004 and 2005 and Partner of the Year award in 2006 and 2007.
3.) Toyota Motors
Toyota is one of the biggest car manufacturing
companies in the world and in recent years has
shifted gears into mass producing and developing
of eco-friendly electric vehicles. The company can
serve as a perfect sponsor in exhibiting green and
sustainable cars to the Philippine public.
It also boasts its green manufacturing methods as a highly top notched and
unrivaled among other automobile mass production companies. Toyota has spawned
notable vehicles that are highly functional and eco-friendly. Such examples are:
Toyota Prius
It was the first automotive manufacturer to pioneer hybrid (petrol/electric)
technology and produced the worlds first mass produced eco-vehicle, the Toyota
Prius. The Prius offers Toyotas Hybrid Synergy Drive, which integrates all aspects of

57

the Toyota Hybrid System, from the electric motor and petrol engine to electricity
regeneration through the braking system.
Hybrid Synergy Drive generates up to 89 percent fewer tailpipe pollutants than
conventional internal combustion engines, and 2.5 times the average fuel efficiency of
conventional vehicles.
Toyota iQ
In recent years, car manufacturers have been under huge pressure to increase the
fuel efficiency of their cars and cut CO2 emission rates. In 2008, Toyota introduced
the world to the iQ, which had a fuel consumption of 63mpg and CO2 emissions of
104 g/km (grams per kilometre).
The Environmental Transport Association (ETA) named the iQ Green Car of the
Year 2010. Now Toyota has gone one step further and is set to release an electric
version of the car. The Toyota iQ EV, which was unveiled at the Geneva Motor Show
this month, is set to go into production in 2012. The iQ EV comes with an all-electric
powertrain that uses a new compact lithium-ion battery, located under the cars floor.
This can run for 65 miles on a single full charge.

5.5.2 Popular Trends & Technologies

To further support the objectives and to establish a more coherent system and
function of the project, the researcher needs to identify all the latest trends and
updated necessities related to the nature of the project. All the latest samples of Green
& Sustainable innovations and inventions will be studied particularly in the different
fields of professions, to complement the green expo and to gain an insight of the
opportunities and potentials of the marketability of the project.

5.5.3 Engineering & Architecture (Construction)

In recent years, the fields of architecture and engineering have made big
strides in utilizing and developing green strategies and innovations to minimize
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negative environmental impacts. Such developments include the maximum utilization

of the natural environmental conditions for cooling and heating, the wide use of
photovoltaic cells in powering houses and buildings, and the use of green roof
technologies for reducing water run-off and Urban Heat Island effect. But newer and
more efficient trends are making its way to the public.
1. Leaf- Mimicking Solar Cells
This is a type of photovoltaic cell that
utilizes Biomimicry to make it more fully
functional and more efficient than the regular
solar panels in the current market. By mimicking and applying the microphysiological processes of a plant leaf, scientists were able to create a synthetic solarleaf material that produces 47 percent more electrical energy than the standard solar
cells. This technology also has the advantage of having a 600 percent more lighting
absorption, eliminating the problem of light energy efficiency loss. The standard solar
cells today experience a 70 percent energy efficiency loss when exposed to harsh
conditions such as bending, environmental exposure etc. but the new technology
maintains its high efficiency even with the same conditions. This technology is a great
example of the current trends that will shape Green and Sustainable construction.

2. Recycled Building Materials

In todays world going green
has become a top priority in our society,
and sustainable buildings and design are
at the forefront of this green revolution.
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While many designers are focusing on passive and active energy systems, the reuse of
recycled materials is beginning to stand out as an innovative, highly effective, and
artistic expression of sustainable design. Reusing materials from existing on site and
nearby site elements such as trees, structures, and paving is becoming a trend in the
built environment, however more unorthodox materials such as soda cans and tires are
being discovered as recyclable building materials.

5.5.4 Industrial & Manufacturing

A good example of growing trends
for Green development can be found in the
manufacturing products, particularly the
automobile industry. In the last decade,
there have been numerous efforts to
minimize, and even to avoid the usage of combustible oils, as source of fuels and
energy. Developers sought an all-encompassing way to tackle the world oil crisis
while dealing with the product demands and environmental concerns, thus paving the
way for the development of eco-friendly fuel and most notably, Electric Powered
Vehicles.

Electric Vehicles
Battery-powered vehicles are not mainstream yet, but the demand for them is
surging. According to the Electric Drive Transportation Association, cumulative sales
of electric vehicles reached 100,000 in mid-2012. Electric vehicles are the next step
for green and eco-friendly transportation. They do not produce greenhouse gases that
deplete the ozone layer which contribute to Global Warming. Also, the natural
60

resources of the world can be spared by utilizing natural electrical-energy-generating

processes such as solar power, thermodynamic, hydrodynamic, and wind turbines
instead of using combustible oils to generate energy. The promotion of electric
vehicles as the primary mode of transportation will yield vastly positive effects such
as a healthier environment, a more stable natural resource, and a more functionally
efficient machine compared to standard vehicles, given that mastery of gathering
electrical power becomes complete. Various vehicular companies have already
become proponents of green transportation by investing and promoting, and
producing electric powered vehicles, or hybrid powered vehicles. Most notably, such
companies include Toyota, Honda, Tesla Motors.

CHAPTER VI.

Legal Framework

6.1 Introduction
To make a highly functional structure, the designer must meet the minimum
requirements and design standards of their respective project. To achieve this, one
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must be fully aware of all the provisions and codes that regulate design, construction,
maintenance and proper zoning.
This chapter discusses and illustrates all the different laws and regulation
regarding the design of infrastructures along with its necessary facilities, based on its
functional nature. The chapter focuses on the guidelines established by governing
bodies in the different areas such as architecture, engineering, landscape planning,
sanitation, accessibility etc.

6.2 National Building Code

The National Building Code of the Philippines allows for the regulation and
proper design of structures in the country. In relation to the project, the codes and
laws enumerated are all related to the proper design for a commercial buildings
specifically public assembly facilities, exhibition facilities, medium-density buildings
and recreational facilities. These laws include provisions for user-space analysis,
anthropometrics, ergonometrics, utilities, ventilation and functions.

6.2.1 Codes & Requirements

SECTION 5.01.11: Ventilating Skylights
(a) Skylights. Skylights shall have a glass area not less than that required for the
window they replace. They shall be equipped with movable sashes or louvers of an
aggregate net area not less than that required for open-able parts in the window they
replace or with approved ventilation of equal efficiency.
(b) Ventilation. Rooms containing industrial heating equipment shall be provided
with adequate artificial means of ventilation to prevent excessive accumulation of hot
or polluted air.
SECTION 8.01.06: Roof Construction ad Covering

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(a) Roof Coverings. Roof coverings for all buildings shall be either fire-retardant or
ordinary depending upon the fire-resistive requirements of the particular Type of
Construction. The use of combustible roof insulation shall be permitted in all Types of
Construction provided it is covered with approved roof covering applied directly
thereto.
(b) Roof Trusses. All roofs shall be so framed and tied into the framework and
supporting walls so as to form an integral part of the whole building. Roof trusses
shall have all joints well fitted and shall have all tension members well tightened
before any load is placed on the truss. Diagonal and sway bracing shall be used to
brace all roof trusses. The allowable working stresses of materials in trusses shall
conform to this Code. The minimum net section of the members after framing shall be
used in determining the strength on the truss at any point.
SECTION 8.01.07: Stairs, Exits, and Occupant Loads
(a) General. The construction of stairs, exits, and occupant loads shall conform to
requirements for occupants of buildings, reviewing stands, bleachers, and
grandstands.
Posting of Room Capacity. Any room having an occupant load of more than
50 where fixed seats are not installed, and which is used for classroom,
assembly, or similar purpose, shall have the capacity of the room posted in a
conspicuous place near the main exit from the room. Approved signs shall be
maintained in a legible manner by the owner or his authorized agent, and shall
indicate the number of occupants permitted for each room use.
(b) Exits Required
Number of Exits. Every building or usable portion thereof shall have at least
one exit. In all occupancies, floors above the first story having an occupant
load of more than 10 shall have not less than two exits. Each mezzanine used
for other than storage purposes, if greater in area than 185 square meters (2000
square feet), or if more than 18.00 meters (60 feet) in any dimension shall
63

have not less than two stairways to an adjacent floor. Every story or portion
thereof, having an occupant load of 500 to 999 shall have not less than three
exits. Every story or portions thereof, having an occupant load of 1000 or

more shall have not less than four exits.

Width. The total width of exists in meters shall be not less than the total
occupant load served divided by 165 (in feet, by 50). Such width of exits shall

be divided approximately equally among the separate exits

Arrangement of Exits. If only two exits are required they shall be placed a
distance apart equal to not less than one-fifth of the perimeter of the area
served measured in a straight line between exits. Where three or more exits are
required they shall be arranged a reasonable distance apart so that if one

becomes blocked others will be available.

Distance to Exits. No point in an un-sprinkled building shall be more than
45.00 meters (150 feet) from an exterior exit door, a horizontal exit, exit
passageway, or an enclosed stairway, measured along the line of travel. In
building equipped with a complete automatic fire-extinguishing system the

distance from exits may be increased to 60.00 meters (200 feet).

(c) Doors
Width and Height. Every required exit doorway shall be of a size as to permit
the installation of a door not less than 90 centimeters (3 feet) in width and not
less than 2.00 meters (6 feet, 7 inches) in height. When installed in exit
doorways, exits doors shall be capable of opening at least 90 degrees and shall
be so mounted that the clear width of the exitway is not less than 70

centimeters (2 feet, 4 inches).

Door Leaf Width. No leaf an exit door shall exceed 1.20 meters (4 feet) in

width.
(d) Corridors and Exterior Exit Balconies.
Width. Every corridor or exterior exit balcony shall be not less in which 1.12
meters (3 feet, 8 inches).
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Projections. The required width of corridors and exterior exit balconies shall
be unobstructed: Except, That trim, handrails, and doors when fully opened

shall not reduce the required width by more than 18 centimeters.

Dead Ends. Corridors and exterior exit balconies with dead ends are permitted
when the dead ends does not exceed 6.00 meters (20 feet) in length.

6.3 Accessibility Law

The accessibility law of the Philippines enforces all the requirements to ensure
that the building is highly functional and accessible to individuals and the general
public in all forms and sizes.

6.3.1 Basic Physical Planning Requirements

1. Accessibility. The built environment shall be designed so that it shall be accessible
to all people. This means that no criteria shall impede the use of facilities by either the
handicapped or non-disabled citizens.
2. Reach-ability. Provisions shall be adapted and introduced to the physical
environment so that as many places or buildings as possible can be reached by all.
3. Usability. The built environment shall be designed so that all persons, whether they
be disabled or not, may use and enjoy it.
4. Orientation. Finding a person's way inside and outside of a building or open space
shall be made easy for everyone.
5. Safety. Designing for safety insures that people shall be able to move about with
less hazards to life and health.
6. Workability And Efficiency. The built environment shall be designed to allow the
disabled citizens to participate and contribute to developmental goals

6.3.2 Minimum Requirements for Accessibility

Entrances
1. Entrances should be accessible from arrival and departure points to the interior
lobby;
2. One (1) entrance level should be provided where elevators are accessible;
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3. In case entrances are not on the same level of the site arrival grade, ramps should
be provided as access to the entrance level;
4. Entrances with vestibules shall be provided a level area with at least a 1.80 m.
depth and a 1.50 m. width;

Ramps
1. Changes in level require a ramp except when served by a dropped curb, an elevator
or other mechanical device;
2. Ramps shall have a minimum clear width of 1.20 m
3. Ramp height to length ration must be 1m:12ft.
4. Ramps must have handrails for PWD's

Walkways and Passageways

1. Walkways should be kept as level as possible and provided with slip-resistant
material.
2. Whenever and wherever possible, walkways should have a gradient no more than
1:20 or 5%.
3. Walkways should have a maximum cross gradient of 1:100.
4. Walkways should have a minimum width of 1.20 meters.
5. If possible, gratings should never be located along walkways. When occurring
along walkways, grating openings should have a maximum dimension of 13 mm x 13
mm and shall not project more than 6.5 mm above the level of the walkway.
6. Walkways should have a continuing surface without abrupt pitches in angle or
interruptions by cracks or breaks creating edges above 6.50 mm.
7. In lengthy or busy walkways, spaces should be provided at some point along the
route so that a wheelchair may pass another or turn around. These spaces should have
a minimum dimension of 1.50 m and should be spaced at a maximum distance of
12:00 m between stops.
8. To guide the blind, walkways should as much as possible follow straightforward
routes with right angle turns.
9. Where planting is provided adjacent to the walkway, regular maintenance is
essential to ensure branches of trees or shrubs do not overhang walkways or paths, as
not only do these present a particular danger to the blind, but they also reduce the
effective footways width available to pedestrians generally. 10. Walkway headroom
should not be less than 2.0 m and preferably higher.
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11. Passageways for the disabled should not be obstructed by street furniture, bollards,
sign posts or columns along the defined route, as they can be hazardous.

6.4 Fire Code

The fire code is a set of rules and regulations guiding designers and planners
on how to design structures with fire preventive measures. This is to ensure the
maximum safety of people, particularly users, and to prevent high deaths or any other
forms of injuries attributed from fires and its deadly components.
SECTION 10.2.8.15 SPECIAL PROVISIONS FOR EXHIBITIONS HALLS
A. No display or exhibit shall be so installed or operated as to interfere in any way
with access to any required exit or with visibility of any required exit or
of any required exit sign, nor shall any display block access to fire-fighting
equipment.
B. All displays or exhibits of combustible material or construction and all booths and
temporary construction in connection therewith shall be so limited in combustibility
or protected as to avoid any undue hazard of fire which might endanger occupants
before they have opportunity to use available exits.
C. Any place of assembly used for exhibition or display purposes shall be equipped
with a complete automatic fire suppression system, when the exhibition or display
area exceeds one thousand three hundred ninety four square meters (1394 m2). For
combustible materials not on display, storage room having an enclosure with a fire
resistance rating of at least two (2) hours and protected by an automatic fire
extinguishing system shall be provided.
DIVISION 8. PLACES OF ASSEMBLY
SECTION 10.2.8.1 OCCUPANT LOAD
A. The occupant load permitted in any assembly building, structure, orportion there of
shall be determined by dividing the net floor area or
space assigned to that use by the square meter per occupant as follows:

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1. As assembly area of concentrated use without fixed seats such as an auditorium,

place of worship, dance floor, and lodge room: sixty-five hundredths (0.65) square
meter per person.
2. An assembly area of less concentrated use such as conference room, dining room,
drinking establishment, exhibit room, gymnasium, or lounge: one and four-tenths
(1.4) square meters per person.
3. Standing room or waiting space: twenty-eight hundredths (0.28) square meter per
person.
4. The occupant load of an area having fixed seats shall be determined by the number
of fixed seats installed. Required aisle space serving the fixed seats shall not be used
to increase the occupant load.121
5. Every room constituting a place of assembly and not having fixed seats shall have
the occupant load of the room posted in a conspicuous place near the main exit from
the room. Approved signs shall be maintained in legible manner. Signs shall be
durable and shall indicate the number of occupants permitted for each room.
6. In theaters and similar places of assembly where person are admitted to the
building at times when seats are not available for them and are allowed to wait in a
lobby or similar space until seats are available, such use of lobby or similar spaces
shall not encroach upon the required clear width of exits. Such waiting spaces shall be
restricted to areas other than the required means of egress. Exits shall be provided for
such waiting spaces on the basis of one person for each one-fourth
(0.25) square meters of waiting space area. Such exits shall be in addition to the exits
specified for the main auditorium area and shall conform in construction and
arrangement to the general rules for exits given in this division.
7. In areas not in excess of nine hundred thirty square meters (930 m2), the occupant
load shall not exceed one person in forty-six tenths square meters (0.46 m2); in areas
in excess of nine hundred thirty square meters (930 m2), the occupant load shall not
exceed one person in sixty-five tenths square meters (0.65 m2).
Lighting and Signs

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1. All places of assembly shall have exit lighting in accordance with Section 10.2.5.11
and signs in accordance with Section 10.2.5.12 of this IRR. All places of assembly
shall be provided with emergency lighting.
2. In every auditorium or other places of assembly where pictures, motion pictures or
other projections are made by means of directed light, the illumination projections are
made by means of directed light, the illumination of the floors of exit access may be
reduced during such period projection to values of not less than two ten-thousandths
(0.0002) lumen per square centimeter.
Exits Common to Other Occupancies
1. Places of assembly in building of other occupancy may use exits common to the
place of assembly and the other occupancy provided that the assembly area and the
other occupancy considered separately each have exits sufficient to meet the
requirements of this Chapter.
2. Exits shall be sufficient for simultaneous occupancy of both the place of assembly
and other parts of the building

6.5 Additional Design Provisions

Additional provisions include the guides implemented by the city of Quezon
regarding urban development and architectural specifications. These include the
aesthetic quality, design quality, and technical specifications of all approved aspects of
a building in coordination with the current development of the area.

6.5.1 Design Guidelines & Parameters for Mixed Use Commercial

Buildings
Policies and Parameters
a) Mixed use commercial buildings shall be located in the Triangle Exchange and
Emporium Districts.
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b) Minimum of two uses shall be required for commercial mixed use buildings. As the
project size increases, the ground floor uses should increase proportionally.
c) Height to bulk ratio will be in accordance with the National Building Code
d) Mixed use commercial buildings may be built to line to liven up the streetscape
where storefronts flow into the sidewalks. They can also have a front setback not
exceeding five meters from the public right of way. Where the building front is
setback from the property line the space should be landscaped or paved in order to
establish functional and visual integration with the sidewalk. Fences are not
permitted to delineate the private space from the public right of way.
e) Buildings constructed on lots with 20 meters frontage may have zero side setbacks
at ground floor and up to 4 storeys, provided that all applicable guidelines on
footprint, height and other architectural and building positioning details will be
complied with. Side setbacks shall be at a maximum of five meters.
f) In the absence of a building podium and arcade, awnings, canopies and overhangs
are encouraged at the ground floor level and shall be an integral part of the design of
the buildings they are attached and should be compatible with the overall design in
terms of material, detail, massing and form. They shall be a minimum of three
meters deep and a maximum of four meters.
g) Mixed use commercial buildings should have at least 30% active storefronts.
Active storefront street level businesses include retail, restaurants, outdoor sales and
businesses that offer activities in close proximity to the pedestrian environment.Blank
walls, office space and other non-active uses at street level are discouraged.

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h) Storefront design at street level should be transparent, open and inviting. The
transparent glass area should exceed the area of the solid wall.
i) Building entrances should be oriented directly towards the street.
j) Loading docks, trash storage, service courts and mechanical equipment shall be
located away from public view.

Dedicate at least 7-10% of total gross floor area of all buildings or at least
50% of total ground floor area in residential sub-districts for retail uses
comprising mostly of convenience stores, personal services, coffee shops,
drugstores, barbershops, beauty parlors, laundry, water stations, and other

enterprises that support residential living.

The establishment of retail and small size commercial services in the first two
storeys of buildings in mixed use institutional areas will be encouraged. To
this end, at least 50% of total gross floor areas of the first floor of all buildings
in mixed use institutional developments will be for retail and small

commercial establishment.
All buildings in mixed use institutional and mixed use commercial areas are
required to have at least 2 different uses in each development or building.

6.5.2 Building Orientation

a) All buildings must front on a public right-of-way. A building located on a street
corner must front towards the pedestrian oriented street. Where a building is located
on a corner of two pedestrian oriented streets, it is encouraged to front the street
corner and provide direct pedestrian access from such corner.
b) Pedestrian oriented uses will be encouraged on all street level street fronts in mixed
use buildings with retail or commercial developments at ground floor.
c) All primary building entrances should be oriented towards the street and sidewalk
to enhance pedestrian environment and encourage pedestrian interaction.
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d) Large buildings that front multiple streets shall provide entrances on each street but
the primary entrance of the building should be recognizable through its design from
the rest of the entrances.

6.5.3 Building Articulation & Shape

1. The visual impact of mass and height of taller buildings will be prevented by
breaking down into smaller units its various mass defining elements by
mixing materials, colors, textures, details and building form.
2. Building scale variations should relate to pedestrian oriented uses along the street
(see Section 7.9 Building Bulk). This can be achieved by articulating setbacks or
faade patterns of wide buildings to reduce visual impact.
3. Building corners should be highlighted through special treatments such as building
entrances, special roof shapes and taller building sections.
4. Balconies and terraces can be provided and incorporated into vertical and
horizontal
shifts where possible.
5. Buildings should highlight primary building entrances, corners or significant
architectural features. These features will establish the unique identify of each
building and at the same time harmonize it with the rest of the sub-district because of
the harmonization of setbacks and massing.
Planners, Inc.
6. Podiums shall be detailed differently from towers, through changes in plane,
materials and fenestration.
7. Structural elements should be articulated through changes in plane, use of
decorative and functional elements such as lintels, sills, muntins, pilasters, piers and
other elements.

6.5.4 General Guidelines on Building Color

1. Building colors should be considered in the context of the whole block and District
on which a building stands.
2. Adjacent buildings should have harmonious colors. A new building between two
existing buildings should consider color transition between the two.
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3. Districts are encouraged to adopt color themes. Cool colors are encouraged for the
Triangle Exchange and Emporium Districts. These include shades of blue, gray, green
and white. Warm pastel colors are encouraged for the Residences District. In
complexes of residential towers, individual buildings are encouraged to have different
complimentary colors to break the monotony. Warm earth colors are encouraged for
the Downtown Hub District to complement the abundant green open spaces and
predominant Institutional functions of the District.

6.5.5 Ensure Good Roofscape

1.Flat rooftops will not be permitted for any building in QC-CBD.
2. Roof treatments of low and medium-rise buildings should be designed for pleasant
viewing from higher floors of other buildings.
3. Rooftop systems such as mechanical, electrical and telecommunications system
should be screened from view from higher floors of surrounding buildings or
integrated into the roof form. Building roof forms should consider the context from
which they will be viewed (height, proportions and views from higher buildings)
4. Tower tops of buildings in Triangle Exchange and Emporium should be expressive
of the global nature of these two districts and the flair of QC-CBD. On the other hand,
gateway and landmark buildings should be capped with distinctive roof shapes,
towers and masts that communicate the visionary aspect of QC-CBD. Icon towers
should terminate in masts at the top which seek to express the poetic, lyrical nature of
the icons.
5. In Downtown Hub Parkway Sub-District and Institutional Sub-District roof shapes
should convey an institutional aesthetic.
6. In Residences and Downtown Hub Residences Sub-District, roof shapes should be
sloping, conveying a residential sense. Roof lines should be varied and massed with
other buildings so that a distinctive family of buildings can be perceived from all
around the defined area.

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7. In Downtown Hub Medical Sub-District, roof shapes should convey an institutional

aesthetic. Roof lines should be varied in height and be massed with other buildings so
that a distinctive family of institutional buildings that form the sub-district can be
perceived.
8. In Commons Residential Towers the tops of the four residential towers should
express the feeling of a related sculptural ensemble of skyline-creating architectural
forms.

Chapter VII. Design Focus

7.1 Introduction
In determining the type of design focus for the project, various logical thought
processes and factors were taken into consideration. Firstly, the idea for the focus
revolved around the location and environment of the project. These involved the
identification of the climate and the topography of the project site. By taking these
components into consideration, the researcher determined that the focus should be
materials, technologies and architectural systems that will prevent problems, and
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utilize and complement the tropical climate and the conditions of the site. This way
the longevity and effectiveness of the structure will be maximized.
Secondly, the design focus should be based on the nature of the structure itself.
The design should relate to the function and purpose of the structure. Since the project
is a public assembly, cultural, institutional and exhibition center, it entails problems
like the usage of massive amounts of available resources and energy, the need for
mass lighting; such as clean water, electricity etc. Thus the logical choice for a design
focus should be materials or strategies that will eliminate the said problems.
The primary design focus for the project will be the utilization of numerous
Photovoltaic Cells (Solar Glass Windows). Solar Glass Windows are a relatively
new technology. It has the mixed advantages of a regular Window and a Solar Panel,
where in, Solar Glass Windows allows light to enter the building while gathering solar
energy from the sun at the same ratio as traditional solar panels. This technology is a
fit choice for the project for it can solve the issue of the massive electricity
consumption of the building. This way, the buildings energy source will be more
efficient and self- sustaining.
The secondary design focus will be the use of the Rain Collecting Green
Roof. This technology drastically reduces the surface run-off that contributes to
flooding, Urban Heat Island Effect, and overall building heating itself. This green roof
technology allows for the easy cooling of the structure in warm climates and viceversa. The technology also employs a rain collecting system on the layers of the roof,
wherein the water can be stored and used for flushing and water usage of the building.
Thus, minimizing the overall water-consumption from public reservoirs.
Since Quezon City wants their structures in the present and the future to be
LEED certified it is a good design focus for the structure if it center on green
technologies and materials.

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7.2 Discussion of the Design Focus

7.2.1 Photovoltaic Cells (Solar Glass Windows)
Brief History
A solar cell (also called a photovoltaic cell) is an electrical device that
converts the energy of light directly into electricity by the photovoltaic effect. It is a
form of photoelectric cell (in that its electrical characteristicse.g. current, voltage,
or resistancevary when light is incident upon it) which, when exposed to light, can
generate and support an electric current without being attached to any external voltage
source.
The term "photovoltaic" comes from the Greek (phs) meaning "light",
and from "Volt", the unit of electro-motive force, the volt, which in turn comes from
the last name of the Italian physicist Alessandro Volta, inventor of the battery
(electrochemical cell). The term "photo-voltaic" has been in use in English since
1849.
Photovoltaics is the field of technology and research related to the practical
application of photovoltaic cells in producing electricity from light, though it is often
used specifically to refer to the generation of electricity from sunlight. Cells can be
described as photovoltaic even when the light source is not necessarily sunlight
(lamplight, artificial light, etc.). In such cases the cell is sometimes used as a
photodetector

(for

example

infrared

detectors),

detecting

light

or

other

electromagnetic radiation near the visible range, or measuring light intensity.

The photovoltaic effect was first experimentally demonstrated by French
physicist A. E. Becquerel. In 1839, at age 19, experimenting in his father's laboratory,
he built the world's first photovoltaic cell. Willoughby Smith first described the
"Effect of Light on Selenium during the passage of an Electric Current" in an article
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that was published in the 20 February 1873 issue of Nature. However, it was not until
1883 that the first solid state photovoltaic cell was built, by Charles Fritts, who coated
the semiconductor selenium with an extremely thin layer of gold to form the
junctions. The device was only around 1% efficient. In 1888 Russian physicist
Aleksandr Stoletov built the first photoelectric cell based on the outer photoelectric
effect discovered by Heinrich Hertz earlier in 1887.
Solar cells are often electrically connected and encapsulated as a module.
Photovoltaic modules often have a sheet of glass on the front (sun up) side, allowing
light to pass while protecting the semiconductor wafers from abrasion and impact due
to wind-driven debris, rain, hail, etc. Solar cells are also usually connected in series in
modules, creating an additive voltage. To make practical use of the solar-generated
energy, the electricity is most often fed into the electricity grid using inverters (gridconnected photovoltaic systems); in stand-alone systems, batteries are used to store
the energy that is not needed immediately. Solar panels can be used to power or
recharge portable devices.

7.2.2 Specific Details

The PVGU is designed around the form factor of a standard insulated glass
unit (double paned window). A system of optics and photovoltaic cells is adhered to
the inner surface of the outer glass pane (surface #2).
The optical elements are designed to separate light according to the angle at
which it hits the glass, concentrating all direct sunlight onto PV cells which are
mounted perpendicular to the glass panes. At the same time, diffused light is
transmitted through the unit and into the building. This allows the PVGU to
simultaneously provide a high level of energy generation (up to 12.0% efficiency)
while acting as a high-performance shading device (SHGC as low as 0.14).
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Glazing
Transmission Specs (Energy Transfer)

The PVGUs patented optical design accepts light

from a range of angles and concentrates it onto solar

cells. This unique ability allows the PVGU to obtain glazing transmission metrics
unlike any product on the market today. for angles where direct sunlight would be
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incident on the window the PVGU blocks all direct sunlight thus creating a very low
solar heat gain coefficient (SHGC). At the same time diffused light is transmitted at a
rate corresponding to the visible transmittance (VT) of the glass specified. It is this
optimization of SHGC and VT that allows the PVGU to achieve an effective light-tosolar-gain (lSG) unmatched by any glazing product on the market today.

7.2.3 Rain Collecting Green Roof

A green roof or living roof is a roof of a building that is partially or completely
covered with vegetation and a growing medium, planted over a waterproofing
membrane. It may also include additional layers such as a root barrier and drainage
and irrigation systems. Container gardens on roofs, where plants are maintained in
pots, are not generally considered to be true green roofs, although this is debated.
Rooftop ponds are another form of green roofs which are used to treat grey-water.
Green roofs serve several purposes for a building, such as absorbing rainwater,
providing insulation, creating a habitat for wildlife, and helping to lower urban air
temperatures and mitigate the heat island effect. There are two types of green roofs:
intensive roofs, which are thicker and can support a wider variety of plants but are
heavier and require more maintenance, and extensive roofs, which are covered in a
light layer of vegetation and are lighter than an intensive green roof.

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7.2.4 Case Study: California Academy of Sciences ( Living Roof)

A new link in an ecological corridor

for wildlife, the new Academys living roof is

planted with nine native California species
that will not require artificial irrigation. The
planted area measures 2.5 acres; it is now the
largest swath of native vegetation in San
Francisco.

Approximately 1.7 million plants blanket the living roof.

The native plants will provide habitat for a wide variety of wildlife. Beach

strawberries (Fragaria chiloensis) produce berries that attract native birds, self heal (Prunella
vulgaris) bears large tubular flowers that attract hummingbirds and bumble bees, sea pink
(Armeria maritime) produces pom-pom-like flowers favored by moths and butterflies,
stonecrop (Sedum spathulitholium) produces nectar for the threatened San Bruno elfin
butterfly, tidy tips (Layia platyglossa) attract parasitic wasps and pirate bugs that feed on pest
insects, miniature lupine (Lupinus bicolor) and California poppies (Eschscholzia californica)
provide nectar for bees and butterflies, California plantain (Plantago erecta) hosts a variety of
butterfly larvae, and the bright yellow flowers produced by Goldfield plants (Lasthenia
californica) attract a wide variety of beneficial native insects.

7.3 Applicability to the Project

Photovoltaic Cells (Solar Glass Windows)
Solar Glass Windows and Panels have a big effect in the overall performance
of the structure. By applying this technology to the facility, the design focus already
solves the main issues of the building, which is unsustainable energy consumption.
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There will be reduced carbon emissions and reduced energy consumption once the
technology is put to the test. The building will become more efficient and will fulfill
the goals of the project which is to promote and showcase green strategies and
innovations. In this case, the design focus directly applies to the prime functions of
the building and can play an interactive part itself, as an attraction. The building can
become a special exhibit in and of itself.

Rain Collecting Green Roof

The design focus is very applicable to the project. Considering that it basically
solves the majority of the problems in warm and humid climates such as cooling,
atmospheric humidity control, and rainwater control. With the Green Roof, the project
will not only succeed in a functional manner, but it will also succeed in an aesthetic
manner because this technology can be manipulated in a certain way that it can be
visible and interactive to the users. As a form of recreation, the green roof may also
serve as a walk able and circulatory space for the users. This way, the users can
appreciate the structure more, with all its components.

7.4 Conclusion
The continual progress and innovation of building materials has brought
proficiency and better living environment for the people. As people continue to grow
and underlying problem continues to arise, Innovation and technology is the only real
solution to these problems. As emphasized in the introduction, in choosing the design
focus it is vital that it will complement to the condition of the site area and proposed
building type and nature.
Green development is the only way to go the world seeks for the survival of
the human species. That is why the design focus chosen about sustainable energy are
harnessing and how architecture can build up with the technology available today.
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Application and functionality of the design focus should support the building
but must not supersede it. This will give balance and coherency for the sustainable
design solution for the building and its aesthetics. The design focus can bring design
innovation into the building and set forth a standard template where all future
developments will hold it as relevant. That is why the design focus ultimately
complements Green Design.

CHAPTER VIII. Space Programming and Analysis

8.1 Introduction

The analysis of the different spaces of the desired building type will allow the
researcher to fully maximize the capacity of the structure. Particularly the relationship
of each structure based on their functionality and adjacency were examined and are
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illustrated to give a coherent understanding of the whole framework of the spatial

design. Also as part of the space programming, all the necessary requirements and
facilities of all rooms were researched and included in the format. These included the
identification of the Users, Number of Users, Required Space Area for each user, and
the Area of furniture and fixture within the space/room. This will determine the users
primary, secondary and tertiary usage of the building, and flow of work, circulation
and processes that involves analytical information.

8.2 User Profile & Identification

8.2.1 Identification of Users
The users of the structure vary from different types. It includes local and
foreign spectators and may come from all the different types of people and class. The
researcher has classified the users in three levels and they are primary level users,
secondary level users and tertiary level users. These levels have their own distinctions
and definitions depending on their usage and activities inside the building.

8.2.2 Primary level users

These users are classified as the most that have total concentration and daily
activities inside the structure and are classified as having the most usage of the
facilities, regarding physical interaction and the time spent. They are the ones who
have a direct relation to the function of the facility and the ones who are always
making direct contact. These classifications of users are the people who have ample
visitation and normally guest of the building. The level includes facilitators and
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employees of the expo, guest, touristic visitors, exhibitors, contractors, buyers & retail
renters, event organizers, event staffs, Company head or CEO, Employees of other
companies and VIP.

8.2.3 Secondary level users

The role of Secondary users, are not as direct and frequent as Primary users.
These users are classified as having a passive usage of the facilities of the expo and
are usually occasional users brought about by indirect circulation and access of the
area. These include the occasional bystanders and visitors, and facility support
services and inspections conducted by Maintenance, Engineers, Planners, Architects
and Gardeners.

8.2.4 Tertiary level users

These classifications involve the spectators who have contact with the
structure from the outside. These users have the least interaction with the building.
Normally these people are the pedestrian people passing by the structure and vehicles
that pass by the avenues adjacent to the building. These types of users get a view of
the structure but have minimal, if any, direct physical interaction or stimulation to the
structure.

8.2.5 Target Market

This involves the population/number, types and description of other Transient

Target Clients/users other than the staff. Specific targets are as follows:
a. Students & Children To meet the project goals and objectives, a focus or target
market for the structure will particularly be of students and people who seek interest

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in learning. This is to complement the goal of emphasizing on the training and

education of the youth to meet green and sustainable ideologies and methods.
b. Businessmen & Entrepreneurs As part of a financial and revenue based strategy,
the project targets businessmen and business investors that primarily revolves around
retail and sales, to complement the retail and market opportunities presented in the
facilities of the project.
c. Local Inventors Local inventors, scientists and innovators are a target market for
the project for it will give them opportunities to showcase and share ideas with other
people. The project will give these targeted markets the freedom to express their
works and investments and will also be a learning curve for aspiring future inventors
and innovators.
d. Professionals The project also makes professionals such as teachers, architects,
engineers, scientists, lawyers etc. a focus target due to the nature of their impact to
society. Targeting these people into the market sphere of the project will be a benefit
for it provides stimulation of knowledge in their respective fields of practice, wherein
each will have the opportunity to learn new concepts regarding green design in their
practice.

8.3 User Behaviour Analysis

The user behavior analysis will serve as a guide to the researcher in order to
understand the flow of activities rendered by its users. This analysis will explain the
simple flow of the users with respect to their department and involvement to the
specific area.
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1. The Administrative Area This area is dedicated in controlling the facilities of

the building and its resources. This area is mostly focused on paper works and simple
office activities such as meetings, interviews etc.

2. Kitchen department This area is dedicated in the success of food preparation

and its processing from the raw ingredients to the signature meals served to the
guests.

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3. Expo/Convention Centre Visitors - The common public that is guests or visitor of

a certain event.

4. Event Organizers and Contractors Flow

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8.4 User Space Function Analysis

User space function and analysis pertains to the study of the users of the
facilities and what activities are being done within the facilities. The researcher has
divided the project into five zones each with different functions and activities being
done. The following discussion and table below will explain the users of each zones
and what activities are done within the major spaces.

Convention Centre space users

Exhibitors these are industry or companies that have rented the exhibition
spaces and have displayed activities and offered activities. The industry may
or may not be related to architectural industry but it is preferred to be in

relation with architecture.

Guests these are visitors of the exhibitions and have come to view and

explore on the exhibition facilities.

VIP guests - Special type of guests that include special treatment of the hotel
staff and personnel.

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Buyers Buyers of the exhibits or products that can be seen in the convention

event.
Contractor The person in charge for the setting up of the exhibition
equipments. They area commissioned by the exhibitor to assist them in the

ingress and egress of the event.

Service crew Service personnel delivering support and assistance to the

exhibitors.
Security personnel Secures the safety and security of the visitors and staff of

the events.
Business meeting people People that have regular business meetings on the
meeting rooms of the convention centre

8.5 Space Programming ( See Next Page)

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Table of Contents
Chapter I. Introduction.................................................................................................1
1.1

Introduction..........................................................................................................1

1.2

Background & Nature of the Problem.................................................................1

1.3

Statement of the Problem.....................................................................................3

1.4

Project Objectives................................................................................................4
1.4.1 Education....................................................................................................4
1.4.2 Business......................................................................................................5
1.4.3 Socio Economic..........................................................................................5

1.5 Significance of the Study.......................................................................................5

1.6 Scope & Limitations................................................................................................6
1.7 Definition of Terms..................................................................................................8
Chapter II. Review of Related Literature....................................................................11
2.1 Chapter Overview...................................................................................................11
2.2 Green & Sustainable Development........................................................................11
2.3 Importance of Green Technology...........................................................................12
2.4 Significance of Green Architectural Planning........................................................13
2.5 Basic Principles of the Design and Planning.........................................................14
2.6 Site Selection..........................................................................................................14
2.7 Exhibition Centers & Museums as Social & Touristic Institutions.......................16
2.8 How Science & Reason Influences Humanity.......................................................17
2.9 Exhibition & Integrated Museum...........................................................................18
2.10 Impacts of Expos and Technological Centers......................................................19
1. Science & technological centers and their influence on careers....................19
2. The societal impact of science & technological centers................................20
3. The political impact of science & technological centers...............................21
2.11 Importance of Scientific Literacy.........................................................................22
2.12 Biophilic Landscaping.........................................................................................23
2.13 Case Studies.........................................................................................................23
2.13.1 Green Expo at Zambia, South Africa......................................................24
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2.13.2 Edmonton Expo Center...........................................................................25

2.13.3 Qingdao Exhibition Center.....................................................................26
2.13.4 Shanghai New International Expo Center..............................................28
Chapter III. Research Methodology...........................................................................30
3.1 Research Design.....................................................................................................30
3.2 Research Method....................................................................................................31
3.3 Research Instruments.............................................................................................32
Chapter IV. Project Site..............................................................................................35
4.1 Site and Current Condition.....................................................................................35
4.1.1 Site Map..............................................................................................................35
4.1.2 Vicinity Map........................................................................................................36
4.1.3 Location Map......................................................................................................36
4.1.4 Adjacent Structures & Institutions......................................................................37
4.1.5 Climate and Orientation......................................................................................37
4.1.6 Transportation.....................................................................................................37
4.1.7 Environment........................................................................................................38
4.2 SWOT Analysis (Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, Threats)........................38
4.2.1 Strengths...................................................................................................38
4.2.2 Weaknesses...............................................................................................39
4.2.3 Opportunities............................................................................................40
4.2.4 Threats......................................................................................................40
Chapter V. Project Profile and Analysis......................................................................41
5.1 Project Information................................................................................................41
5.2

Client/Institutional Information.........................................................................42

5.3

Mission, Vision and Goals.................................................................................47

5.4 User Profile...........................................................................................................49

5.5

Target Market.....................................................................................................53

CHAPTER VI.

Legal Framework.............................................................................61

6.1 Introduction............................................................................................................61
6.2 National Building Code..........................................................................................61
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6.3 Accessibility Law...................................................................................................65

6.4 Fire Code................................................................................................................67
6.5 Additional Design Provisions.................................................................................70
Chapter VII. Design Focus..........................................................................................76
7.1 Introduction...........................................................................................................76
7.2 Discussion of the Design Focus............................................................................77
7.3 Applicability to the Project.....................................................................................82
7.4 Conclusion..............................................................................................................83
CHAPTER VIII. Space Programming and Analysis.................................................85
8.1 Introduction............................................................................................................85
8.2 User Profile & Identification..................................................................................85
8.3 User Behaviour Analysis........................................................................................88
8.4 User Space Function Analysis................................................................................90
8.5 Space Programming ( See Next Page)...................................................................91

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