Biography of Ven. Sar Taung Sayadawgyi

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4/ pma&;ol\qE´rGef...................................................................................................................................1
5/ ax½kyÜwådtusOf;....................................................................................................................................4
6/ ausmif;om;t&G,fvGefqef;us,f........................................................................................................4
7/ &SifvlxGufvQif vkyfief;0if....................................................................................................................5
8/ jrifhjrwfonfh &[ef;b0........................................................................................................................6
9/ r*f? zdkvf7nfrSef;tm;xkwfcef;..............................................................................................................7
10/ a0blq&mawmfrdefYMum;jcif;................................................................................................................12
11/ a0blq&mawmfEiS hf r[mpnfq&mawmfw<Ykd ua&mufjcif;................................................................13
12/ xl;jcm;owif;jzpfay:jcif;ESifh q&mawmfBuD;\ omoemc&D;..........................................................15
13/ r[moD0rax&fw&m;awmf...............................................................................................................19
15/ OmPfpOf.................................................................................................................................................21
16/ w&m;obm0.......................................................................................................................................23
17/ tyg,fi&J..............................................................................................................................................24
18/ q&mawmfb&k m;Bu;D rMumcPrdeMYf um;onfh tqk;H tr rdepYf um;rsm;........................................30
20/ tNrJqifjcifae&r,fh w&m; tedpö? 'ku©? tewå..............................................................................33
21/ 2004ckESpf q&mawmfbk&m;BuD;\ usef;rma&;ESifh xl;jcm;csufrsm;.............................................49
26/ zav;&GmrS usdKufrwfaumfapwD xD;wifyGJ.....................................................................................51
28/ &efukefarC0wDausmif;odkY <ua&mufjcif;.......................................................................................51
29/ udk,fawGUxl;jcm;jzpfpOfrsm;................................................................................................................52
30/ aus;Zl;awmf&iS f a0blq&mawmfb&k m;Bu;D
tpOfa[mMum;awmfral vh&adS om w&m;awmf.................................................................................65
31/ urÇmo Y moemjyK aus;Zl;awmf&iS f awmifyv k ak wm&
urÇmaY t;q&mawmfb&k m;Bu;D \ 0dyóem½Ienf;..........................................................................68
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33/ odrw S zf ,G &f mtjzmjzm.........................................................................................................................89
34/ raemr,ywåjrm;................................................................................................................................95
35/ ed*;Hk EIwq f ufqE´.................................................................................................................................99
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omrnq&mawmf paom q&mawmfBu;D rsm;tm; zl;awGUvu kd &f ayonf/
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tvSev f eS f tzefzef txyfxyf zwf½aI vhvmí Munfño kd 'g̈ yGm;rsm;&ayonf/
&[EÅm qdo k nfrmS vGepf mG todcufvaS yonf/ A[kow k jynfph o k H l wpfO;D taejzifh teD;uyf qnf;uyfavhvmí
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tm;xkwaf vawmhonf/
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f yI íf uke;f ay:ow Ykd ufajy;avonf/
xdt k cg rdrrd mS aMumufvefjYcif; - y#dCmEko,? a'go rpifMu,fao;[k od&edS m;vnfomG ;um qufvufí 0dyóem
ur®|mef; w&m; BuKd;yrf; tm;xkw&f avawmhonf/
tcsKdUaom &[EÅmyk*¾Kdvfrsm;rSm udavom (10)yg;vHk;udk y,fEdkifaomfvnf; ,if;udavomwdkY\
tcd;k tuif;jzpfaom 0goemudrk l ry,fEikd Mf uacs/ 0goemudk jrwfpmG bk&m;omvQif t<uif;rJh y,fEidk af yonf/
&[EÅmyk*K¾v d rf sm;rSm udavomudk y,fEikd af omfvnf; 0goemudk ry,f Edik af cs/
jrwfpmG bk&m;&Si\f vufsmawmf&H t&Sio f m&dyw k &å m rax&f jrwfBu;D udk 'g,umwpfO;D u ol\tdro f Ykd
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rsm;pGmusiv f nfc&hJ jcif;aMumif?h ckecf si?f aygucf sijf zpfwwfonf/ xdaYk Mumifh &Sio f m&dyw k &å monf a&tdik u f u G u f kd
ckeaf usmv f u kd af vonf/ xko d Ykd ckeaf usmo f nfukd jrif&aom 'g,um\pdwüf bke;f Bu;D wefrJh £aÈr´ phJ mG ckeaf usmo f nf/
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jzwfavQmuf<uoGm;avonf/
'g,umu bmaMumifh a&tdik u f kd ckeaf usmrf oGm;ygovJb&k m; [k avQmufxm;&m &Sio f m&dyw k &å m
rax&fjrwfBu;D u ]]'Dwpfcg ckev f ukd f &if ouFe;f wpfpakH wmif useaf wmhrnfr[kw}f } [k rdeaYf wmfrv l u kd o f nf/ xdt k cg
'g,umonf ig\ pdwt f But H pnfukd xd;k xGi;f odaeaom yk*K¾v d x f ;l ? yk*K¾vd jfrwfjzpfonf[k Munfño kd 'g̈ayguyf mG ;vmí
qGr;f uyfNy;D ouFe;f (3)pHk vSLvdu k af vawmhonf/ &Sio f m&dyw k &å m rax&fjrwfBu;D onf 'g,um ukov kd w f ;kd yGm;ap&ef?
'g,um\ o'g̈w&m;udk apmifah &Smuf&ef ckecf sif aygucf siaf om rdr\d 0goemudk owdorÜZOfjzifh apmifx h ed ;f vduk jfcif;
jzpfayonf/
wzef ydvEd 0´ pä &[EÅmrax&fjrwfBu;D onf twdwu f mvu b0 (500)wdik w f ikd f bk&ifrif;jrwfjzpfc&hJ í
awGUorQ? jriforQ vltaygi;f udk csK;d csK;d zJzh hJ ESyd Ef ydS pf ufpuf tay:p;D uaeNy;D ]]0ov? a[h vl,w k rf m}} [k ac:avh&o dS nf/
ydwcf si;f oD;rsm; vSn;f jzifw h u kd v f maom vSn;f orm;tm; ]]a[h vl,w k rf m (0ov) bmawG o,fvmwmvJ}} [k
ar;vdu k o f nf/ vSn;f orm;u pdwq f ;kd í ]]<uufacs;awG}} [k ajymvdu k o f nf/ ]]aMomf <uufacs;awGvm;}} [k
&[EÅmrax&fBu;D u qdv k u kd o f nft h cg vSn;f ay:&dS ydwcf si;f oD;tm;vH;k onf <uufacs;rsm; jzpfomG ;avawmhonf/
vSn;f orm;onf rax&fjrwfBu;D tm; jyefvnfawmif;yef uefawmhrS omvQif ydwcf si;f oD;rsm; jyefvnfjzpfvmawmhonf/
xdaYk Mumifh &[EÅm [kw?f r[kwf ud, k tf rlt&m? EIwt f rlt&m tjyifyef;Munfíh qH;k jzwf&ef cufcv J aS yonf/
ESp&f nS v f rsm; tcsed Mfumjrifph mG teD;uyfavhvm Munf½h aI erSomvQif trSet f uefukd od&EdS idk af yvdrrhf nf/ avhvmol
ud,k w f ikd u f vnf; todÓmPfynm jynfph kH <u,f0ol jzpfzv Ykd t kd yfayonf/
rnfoyYkd if qdak pumrl Munfñw kd wfo?l o'g̈w&m;xufoefol wdrYk mS ukov kd w f &m; yGm;rsm;í ypöKyeÜ f oHo&m
aumif;usK;d csr;f om wd;k yGm;vdrrhf nf jzpfayonf/ ,HMk unfrI o'¨gw&m; enf;yg;olwrYkd mS rl o'¨gw&m;acgi;f yg;í
ukov kd w f &m;jzpfciG hf enf;yg;ayvdrrhf nf/
xdaYk Mumifh o'g̈w&m;udk vufEiS w hf ol nf[k OyrmjyK a[mMum; awmfrcl o hJ nf/ vuf&o dS rl mS ypön;f 0w¬K?
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rnfonft h zd;k wef &wemudrk Q &Edik v f rd rhf nf r[kwyf gacs/
uóybk&m;&Siv f ufxufawmftcgu aA'ifav;yHk yg&*lajrmuf wpfbufurf;cwfwwfaom aZmwdygv
trnf&Sd ykPÖm;vkvifonf ynmrmefrmewufaeí uóybk&m;&SifxH oGm;a&mufzl;ajr§mfjcif; rjyKcJhacs/
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bk&m;&Six f H ac:omG ;rSomvQif bk&m;udzk ;l ajrm§ jf zpfawmhonf/
xdaYk Mumifh ukov kd w f &m; yGm;rsm;vdak om trsK;d aumif;om;ôrD; wdo Yk nf oDvjzLpifaom yk*K¾ v d ?f
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toifq h ;kH jzwf&m/
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1/ Ak'p¨ rG ;f &nf? awGU jrifNy?D ,HMk unfNrv J pS mG /
2/ "r®prG ;f &nf? awGU jrifNy?D ,HMk unfNrv J pS mG /
3/ oHCmhprG ;f &nf? awGU jrifNy?D ,HMk unfNrv J pS mG /
4/ t&d,uEÅ? ig;oDv? vH;k 0jynfph &kH m/
5/ jrwfaomwmyef? w&m;rSe?f av;wefpv kH if&m/
6/ ud,k Óhf mPftqif?h ud, k wf ikd cf si?hf toifq h ;kH jzwf&m/
rsufarSmufodtyfaomedAÁmef\
vu©Pm? &o? ypöKyXmef
½kyfemrfjzpfysuf - jywfvsufNidrf;onf/ (oEdÅvu©PH edAÁmeH)

a&GUavsmaojcif; - uif;&Si;f ayonf/ (tpö K w d & oH )
oP²meferd w d f - uif;qdwx f ifonf/ (tedrdwå tpöKyXmeH)
edAmÁ efa&mufu odjrifonf/
opöm (4) yg; o½kyf

1/ jzpfysuo f rQ? ocFg&? 'kuo© pömwnf;/ ( 'k u© )
2/ ocFg&wGi?f taumif;xif? cifriforIwnf;/ ( ork ', )
3/ ½kyef mrftm;vH;k ? jzpfysuo
f Ok ;f csKyq
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tem*wfomoemtwGuf a&SUajy; tvif;wef;pmapmifqdku rSm;Edkif bG,f&mr&Sd[k ,HkMunfrdygonf/
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oifMum;ydcYk s ay;aompmwdu Yk v
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Yk iG f pmoif? pmwuf?
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6
&Siv f x l uG Nf y;D rdbrsm;ESithf wl rd½;kd zvmawmifob l 0jzifh vkyu f ikd af exdik o f nf/ aygi;f oif? *sK&H w
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ZGjJ zifh vlBu;D rsm;ESihf wef;wlvyk Ef ikd o f nf/ ¤if;jyif armifvwfrmS rdbrsm;\ cdik ;f ap&m t&mcyford ;f vkyif ef;[lorQ
jyefveS f ajymqdjk cif;r&S?d rdb pdwq f if;&JrI r&Sad p&[laom todjzifh cdik ;f aporQ rNi;D jiLbJ tvkyu f o kd m BuKd ;pm;í
vkyu f ikd wf wfaom vu©Pm wpf&yfrmS vnf; omrefvw l Ykd emcHEikd cf aJ om *kPx f ;l wpf&yfyifjzpfonf/
armifvwfonf wnfMunfaompdw?f r&rae rjzpfrae wpfcw k nf; aomtvkyu f pd u ö kd atmifjrifrS
aemuftvkyu f kd qufvufvyk u f ikd jf cif;? tvkyvf yk &f mwGif t&mra&mufaompum;udk rajymjcif;? ol\tvkyu f okd m
BudK;pm;vkyfudkifwwfaompdwftpGrf;wdkYonf wd[dwf yk*¾dKvfwdkY\pdwf"gwf rsKd;jzpfaeonf/ aemif
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rSwo f m;bG,f jzpfonf/
15 ESpo f m;t&G,w f iG f qm;awmif&mG ? rpd;k &draf wmausmif; q&mawmf OD;Z#dvxHwiG f &Sio f mraP
jyef0wfco hJ nf/ qm;awmif&mG rpk;d &draf wmausmif;ESihf rEÅav;awmifjyif ycef;ausmif;ü pm0g oifMum;Ny;D 17
ESpt f &G,w f iG f yxri,fwef; atmifjrifco hJ nf/
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jznfq h nf;ay;vdík cgwikd ;f xuftvkyrf sm;udk BuKd ;pm;vkyu f ikd Nf y;D aiGpu
k m &[ef;cHay;&ef pDraH vawmhonf/
om;udk jrifhjrwfonfh &[ef;b0odkY csD;jr§ifhay;&ef qm;awmif &GmOD;ausmif;q&mawmfudk
avQmufxm;awmif;cHcJhonf/ qm;awmif &GmOD;ausmif;q&mawmf OD;awZu OyZÑm,fjyKí csD;jr§ifhcJhonf/
yxrur®0gq&mawmf
rZÑrd m½Hak usmif;rS q&mawmfO;D eE´0H
a&Munfajrmufausmif; q&mawmf OD;ukov
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rawmifw h q&mawmf OD;"r®omrd
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rpd;k &draf wm&ausmif; q&mawmf OD;Z#dv
a&Munfajrmufausmif; q&mawmf OD;ukov
7
rdbESpyf g;\ ypö,mEk*[ ¾ tvSLudck , H u
l m (22-6-1945) 1307 ckEpS ?f 0gqv dk qef; (13)&uf? eHeuf
(8)em&DtcsdefwGif qm;awmif&Gm? &GmOD;ausmif; q&mawmf OD;awZ OyZÑm,fjyK csD;jr§ifhrIjzifh jrifhjrwfaom
&[ef;tjzpfoYdk a&muf&cdS o hJ nf/ bGUJawmftrnf OD;ynmPdu [kyif q&mawmfu rdecYf o hJ nf/ rdbwdrYk mS om;tay:
xm;&So d nfh apwemjzifh ]]igwo Ykd nf omoemh tarGcjH zpfcahJ vNy?D om;armif &[ef;b0odYk acsmarmatmifjrifpmG
a&mufc&hJ ayNy}D } [k yDwjd zmvTr;f qDx0d g*rG ;f yrmuJo h Ykd rsuEf mS &Tiv
f ef; om;&[ef;udk 0rf;yef;wom Munfñpkd mG jzifh
tcgcg uefawmhMuavonf/
xdu k o hJ Ykd &[ef;cHNy;D aemuf rpd;k &draf usmif;q&mawmf OD;Z#dv xHwiG f oDwif;oH;k aexdik íf &[ef;wd\ Yk
odum© yk'jf zpfonfh 0denf; a'oem awmfrsm;udk oifMum;aexdik &f if;yif ruse;f rrm a0'empGu J yf aeojzifh
txufwef;pmrsm;udk oifEikd cf iG hf r&cJah y/
aeraumif;pOfwGif a&m*g tvGefjyif;xefojzifh aq;trsKd;rsKd; ukaomfvnf; aysmufuif;rIr&Sd
ESp&f n
S vf rsm; cHpm;ae&onf/ rdbrsm;rSm ylyifaomua&mufMuí trsK;d rsK;d ukocJMh uonf/ aemufut H m;avsmpf mG
qm;awmif&Gm q&mOD;boif\ aq;udk rSD0JawmhrS wjznf;jznf; oufom &mrS a&m*gaysmufuif;
csr;f omoGm;aMumif; od&onf/
odEYk iS hf pmrsm;udk rvdu k Ef ikd af o;rD? &[ef;rsm;\ 0denf; odum© yk'f awmfuo kd m ½dak oav;pm;pGm usi0hf wfEiS hf
avsmn f pD mG oDwif;oH;k aexdik f awmfral vonf/ (13-2-1953)1314 ckEpS ?f waygi;f vqef; (1)&ufaeYwiG f
r,fawmf a':ajymif;r,f uG,v f eG cf o
hJ nf/
0gawmf (8)0gt& yxr&GmOD;ausmif; q&mawmfb&k m;onf b0ewfxyH sv H eG af wmfr&l m xdak usmif;rSm
apmifha&SmufrI uif;rJhum aernf pdk;í? (15-7-1954) 1316 ckESpf? 0gqdkvjynfhaeYrSm rpdk;&drfawm&
ausmif;q&mawmf OD;Z#dv rdeMYf um;csujf zifh &GmOD;ausmif;udk apmifah &Smuf um aeawmfr&l onf/
r*fç zdkvf &nfrSef;tm;xkwfcef;
q&mawmf b k & m;BuD ;onf qm;awmifoif;wGJ&Gm? &GmOD;ausmif; rSm oDwif;oHk;tm;xkwfawmfrlpOf

1316 ck E S p f rS p í pm0grsm; oif M um;ae pOf &[ef ; 9 0gt&wG i f y&d , wå d t &S d e f & yf w ef Y & ef
b0taMumif;uzefvmcJh NyD; ajcw&GwfqGJa&m*g jzpfay:cJhonf/ pm0grsm; qufrvkdufEkdifawmhbJ
a0'emESyd pf ufraI Mumifh pmqufoif&ef rjzpfEikd af wmhojzifh y&d,wård S y#dywåo d Ykd ajymif;í BuKd ;pm;&ef q&mawmf
pOf;pm;&awmhonf/ OD;NyKH ;csK\d wdu k wf eG ;f csut
f & (16-7-1954) 1316 ckEpS ?f 0gqv kd jynfah usmf (1)&uf aeYrpS í
pGe;f vGe*f al usmif; q&mawmfb&k m;Bu;D \ ax½kyw Ü Edå iS u hf siphf Ofrsm; udk Munf½h íI vnf;aumif;? r[maAm"d&yd o f m
usiphf Ofenf;udk Munf½h I avhvmívnf;aumif; qufvufBuKd ;pm; usiBhf uH tm;xkwaf wmfro l nf/
aus;Zl;awmf&Sif q&mawmfbk&m;BuD;onf tNrBJ uKd ;pm;aeol 0d&, d Bu;D rm;oljzpfonft h avsmuf
wpfcrk jzpf wpfcBk uKd ;pm;jcif;yifjzpfay rnf/ pGe;f vGe;f q&mawmfb&k m;\ ax½kyw Ü Edå iS hf usiphf Ofpmtkyu
f dk zwf½NI y;D
xkdodkYBudK;pm; vQifjzpfEdkifonfudk zwf&if; zwf&if; od&Sdtm;wufvmcJhonf/ rjzpfrae BudK;pm; rnf[k
oEé|d mefcsum BuKd ;pm;tm;xkwaf wmhonf/ xkt d csed rf pS í pdw"f gwrf usbJ cE¨mujyaoma0'emudk w&m;oabm
jzifqh ifjcifum owdy|mefusirhf S or®y"Ü mefusiphf Oftwkid ;f ravsmah om ZGv J v
YHk wkjYd zifh aeY? nrvyf wpfpyfwnf;
tm;xkwfcJh&m nae(6)em&DrSpí £&d,mykwf vHk;0rajymif;vJ wpyfwnf; owduyfatmif BudK;pm;í
8
aemuf w pf a eY eH e uf (6)em&D t xd tm;xk w f a wmf r l o nf / w&m;jzKwf o nf h tcsd e f w G i f v nf ;
&GmxJqrG ;f cH<uonfrt S p taxGaxGtrSwf owduyfí wpyfwnf; tm;xkwcf o hJ nf/
yxr orm"djzpfaom tmemyge enf;jzifh (10)&ufwikd w f ikd f tm;xkwaf wmfrNl y;D 0dyóemw&m;udk
ul;ajymif;í tm;xkwf awmfro l nf/ xdo k Ykd orm"dtm;xkw&f m0,f ]]y#dbm*? O*¾[ESihf ay:xjcif;&m tjzmjzmrSm
a&mif0gysK;d jyuf? wvufvufjzifh avxGuf av0if trQipf w D ef; avrD;yef;od?Yk v0ef;oP²mef avxGu[ f efEiS hf
wzef ½IqJ jzLyv k u J 0Jí ay:u? ESmoD;0ü orxtm½Hk tzHzk u kH kd vH;k pHjkrif& edrw d jfy\/}} tp&Sad om orm"dtm½Hk edrw
d w f u
Ykd kd
tm½Hx k ifjrifvsuf orm"dw&m; jynfph o kH nfEiS hf ESmoD;zsm;rSm xdod ae&mrS? rSwpf w d u f av;udk OD;acgi;f tv,f
A[djk zpfaom i,fxyd af y:oYkd ajymif;um ½Irw S v
f suf jzpfysuf oabmudk qifjcifonf? i,fxyd rf aS e ½Irw S &f if;?
cE¨mudk,fwpfckvHk; ajczsm; odkYusatmif? ajczsm;rS qHzsm;odkY tjyefjyef tvSefvSef txuf? atmuf
jzpfysuo f abmESihf 0dyóemw&m;udk ul;ajymif;vsuf aeYnrjywf w&pyf tm;xkwaf vonf/ toufukd
bk&m;xHrmS pGev Yf wT f vSL'ge;f vsu?f t½d;k ausaus? ta&cef;cef;? ravsmw h rf;[laom ZG?J w&m;r&vQif rae[laom
owåx d ;l jzifh toufukd y"mPrxm;bJ ur®|mef;w&m;udk wpf&ufrS rvpfvyfap&bJ tm;xkwaf wmfro l nf/
yxrw&m;xl;udk &&Sdjcif;
yxrw&m;xl;udk r&cif awmifxyd o f Ykd w[kexf ;kd ckew
f uf& onf[k tdyrf ufjrif rufawmfrol nf/
(10-11-1954) 1316 ckESpf? wefaqmifrkef;vjynfaeY n (2) em&DtcsdefrSm yxrw&m;xl;udk
&&SNd y;D aemuf q&mawmfb&k m;Bu;D onf quftm;rxkwb f J em;aeawmfrol nf/ aemuf r[maAm"d&yd o f mrS
q&m<um;u tm;ay;onfrmS ]] a&TorifwpfaumifEiS hf tm;&rI r&Syd gEiS ?hf a&SUrmS a&Torif oH;k aumif&adS Mumif;}}
avQmufxm;wdkufwGef;onf/
þwGif q&mBuD; wdkufwGef;rIaMumifh a&SUodkYqufvufí rem;rae t½dk;ausaus? ta&crf;crf;?
ravsmw h rf; ZGv
J v
YkH 0D&,
d jzifh tm;xkwf awmfrjl yefonf/
'kwd,w&m;xl;udk &&Sdjcif;
'kw,
d tqifh ra&mufcif tdyrf ufjrifrufawmfro l nfrmS rnfonfh tpmt[m&ESirhf Qrwl? b,ft&om
ESirhf Qrwlaom ewfMoZm rsm;udk bkO;f ay;&onf[k jrifrufawmfro l nf/ od k Y E S i f h aeY n rjywf aocsif
aoayap [laom owdx å ;l jzifh qufvuftm;xkw&f m (14-5-1955) 1317 ckEpS ?f uqkev f jynfah usmf (8)&ufaeY
n (2) em&Dtcsed 0f ,f 'kw, d w&m;xl;udk &&Sad wmfral vonf/
wwd,w&m;xl;udk &&Sdjcif;
q&mawmf b k & m;BuD ;onf 'kwd,w&m;xl;udk &&Sdawmf rlaomf vnf; tm;&wif;wdrfrI r&SdbJ
'DomoemwGi;f rSmyif 'Db0 ½kyo f rd ;f ygawmh rnf[al om &nf&, G cf sujf zifh Adv
k if g;yg;udk vufuikd f xm;vsuf
a&SUoYkd qufvuf tm;xkwaf wmfrjl yef&m wwd,tdyrf ufukd jrifrufawmfro l nf/,if;tdyrf ufrmS a&ay:oYkd
ajcrvSr;f bJ <uoGm;awmfr&l onf[k ykAeÁ rd w d f jzpfaom tdyrf ufukd jrifrufawmfro l nf/
q&mawmfb&k m;Bu;D onf wwd,w&m;xl;udk &&Szd t Ykd m;xkwf aepOf n(12)em&Dtcsed rf mS ta&mift0g
9
awmufypGmaom ewfrif;BuD; av;yg;onf q&mawmfbk&m; odpdrfhaomiSm ewfwdkYwefcdk;jzifh q&mawmf
bk&m;Bu;D \ ausmif;awmfukd odro hf rd w
hf ek vf yI af ponf/ Ny;D aemuf q&mawmfb&k m;Bu;D \ xHyg;odYk 0yfwmG ;Munfñkd
½dak opGm xdik v f suf &Scd ;kd zl;ajrmf aeMuavonf/ q&mawmfb&k m;Bu;D onf rsuv f ;kH awmfoYkd tvif;a&mifrsm;
xd;k ojzifh rsupf u d sed ;f í ydwx f m;&mrS zGiíhf Munf½h I awmfr&l m ewfrif;Bu;D (4)yg; &Scd ;kd aeonfukd pdwu f ;l rQyif
r[kwb f J xifxif&mS ;&Sm; yuwdrsupf jd zifh jrif&awmhro S m omoemawmfukd apmihaf &Smufaeaom ewfrif;Bu;D
(4)yg;[k od&Sd&avonf/
pwkr[m&mZf ewfrif;rsm;u t&Sib f &k m;xH zl;ajrmf&ef vm&ygonf/ t&Sib f &k m; pdwt f m; ravsmyh gEiS ?hf
a&SUuo kd mqufvuf rysurf uGut f m;xkwaf wmf rlygb&k m;}} [k wdu k wf eG ;f vsuf tBurd Bf urd f om"kac:um
jyefMu avawmhonf/
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ewfrif;BuD;av;yg;wdkYxuf omvGefaom ta&mif t0gu rsufvHk;awmfudk rcHEdkifojzifh ydwfxm;&mrS
zGiv hf eS u f mMunf½h &I m? q&mawmftm; &Scd ;kd vsu&f o dS nfh ewfwaYkd o|feif; odMum;rif;tm; awGY jrif &avonf/
]]toif tb,fupd aö Mumifh igx Y aH rSmufoYkd a&muf&aMumif; avQmufxm;ygavmh}} [k q&mawmfu
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a&SUoYkd qufvuftm;xkwaf wmfryl gu w&m;txufoYkd wufz&Ykd NdS y;D ? w&m;avsm&h ef BupH rD v H Qif txufwuf&ef
pcef; uGmvSr;f ygvrd rhf nfb&k m;}} [k avQmufxm;avonf/
odjYk zifh qufvuftm;xkwjf yef&m ]]½kyaf 0'em? azmufjyefpmG ud?k 'Pf&m'Pfcsu?f wzsuzf suEf iS ?hf jzpfysuf
½kyef mrf? {uef'u k ?© cHpm;&ayg?Y tm;avsmEh rG ;f acG? t½d;k awGu? uGaJ prwwf? wzsyzf syEf iS ?hf tyfEiS x hf ;kd arT? ouJo h ?Ykd
a<uvktom;? rD;uifxm;od?Yk cE¨mtm;rEdik ?f þ'ku© tqH;k wdik o f ?Ykd ½ke;f Edik v
f Qif oHo&m0#f? 'Dwpfcg uRwaf wmhrnf?
pdwaf wmfu BupH nfvsu?f toufupkd eG Yf raMumuf&UHG b?J 0H0h phH m;pm; 'Dw&m;ud?k ½Itm; ud, k u
hf ;kd ? pdwaf wmfukd
EI;d vsu?f tqd;k 0#faESmif? ocFg&vlaY bmifrS vGwaf tmif tm;xkw?f wr[kwcf si;f ? tm;awmfukdf wif;vsu?f
rysi;f vHv Yk ? Oóm[ESi?hf xd;k qGemusiaf ocsiaf oayaph[?k cHpm;&if; 'DtajcrS? r*ftajc zdv k pf cef;? wwd,yef;udk
qGwv f rS ;f MunfjzL &,lcpH m;? at;jraom edAmÁ efwcH g;od}Yk } arQm&f nfum BuKd ;pm;cJo h nf/
(13-6-1955) 1317 ckESpf? e,kefvjynfhausmf (8)&ufaeY n (2)em&D tcsdef 0,f
]]wwd,w&m;xl;}} tqifo h Ykd a&muf&ydS gawmhonf/
(aemifwiG f q&mawmfu ]]wwd,tqifah &mufcge;D a0'em cHpm;&yHrk mS ]]a&avQmo f nfh t0wfukd
vdrñ f p§ f ovd}k } cHpm;&yHu k kd rdeaYf wmfrl zl;ygonf/)
wwd,w&m;xl;udk &&SdawmfrlNyD;aemuf wpfnaomtcsdef0,f w&m;awmfudk tm½HkjyKaepOf
ewfrif;wpfyg; vma&mufrnfh[ef? ausmif;awmfudk odrfhodrfhcgwkefaponf ewfrif;a&mufvmaomtcg
a&S;enf;wl ]]bmudpö a&mufvmoenf;}} [k q&mawmfb&k m;u ar;awmfro l nf/
]]rSev f yS g vlb0uawmfpyfco hJ nfh q&mawmf\ r,fawmf jzpfaMumif;}} ½dak opGm &Scd ;kd avQmufxm;onf/
]]b,fuo k v kd u
f H t[keaf Mumifh ewfbo kH Ykd a&muf&ygoenf;}} [k q&mawmfuar;jref;&m
]]rSefvSyg? vlYb0rS pkaw&m? NydwåmbHkodkYa&mufaMumif;? om;awmf armif&JUwefcdk;eJY tpOfrjywf
arwåma&pif woGio f iG f ydo
Yk onft h jyif? w&m;tm;xkwNf y;D wdik ;f ? trQa0ojzifh ewftrsm;u om"kac:Muonf/
arG;arxHyYkd ojzif?h 0#fa<u;ukeNf y;D om;awmfwefc;kd aMumifh oH;k qifah om ewfbjkH zpfonfh ,mrmbHo k Ykd a&muf&NdS y;D
10
ewfom;jzpfaeaMumif;}} avQmufxm;avonf/
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wzefq&mawmfu ]]'g,umBuD; w&m;tm;xkwfygvm;? w&m; tm;xkwfvQif oHo&mrS
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umr*kPt f m½Ht k vGerf sm;ojzifh w&m;udk owdr&? tm;rxkwf Ekid af Mumif; avQmufxm;&m q&mawmfvnf;
cyfrqdwaf eawmfro l jzifh r,fawmfjzpfcb hJ ;l ol ewfom;onf q&mawmf xHarSmufrS z,fcmG oGm; avawmhonf/
wwd,w&m;xl;udk atmifjrifpmG &&Sad omtcg0,f q&mawmf bk&m;xHarSmufoYkd rd;k BuKd ;oGm; usa&muf
vmonf/ tHMobeef; xl;qef; bG,f&m rdk;vnf;r&Gm? wdrfov’muif;pif Munfvifawmufyaecsdef
usa&mufvmjcif; jzpfonf/
q&mawmfbk&m;rSm vefYonfr&Sd aMumufbduif;uGm "r®m Ekyóem ½Iumrysuf jzpfysuf½Ivsuf
ae[ef &So d nf/ &Gmol &Gmom;wdrYk mS tlwek f onf;wkef rBuKH pbl; tjzpfx;l aMumifh q&mawmftm; avQmufxm;
Muonf/
q&mawmfu rd;k BuKd ;oH[m yef;uefusuo JG avmufom Mum; &Ny;D ? w&m;wwd,qifw h ufojzifh
ewfoMd um;? jA[®mbHk odro hf rd chf g wkev
f yI f vsuf xufjrufaomapwemESihf om"k tEkarm"em tBurd Bf urd f
jyKMujcif;om jzpfygonf[k rdefYawmfrlygonf/
pwkw¬w&m;xl;udk &&Sdjcif;
q&mawmfb&k m;onf wwd,w&m;xl;udk &&SNd y;D aemuf ]]t½d;k <uif;ap? tom;a<u? ukeaf yhap?
tom; taoG; toufurkd Q rn§m&? or®y"Ü mefav;}} qdo k nft h wdik ;f aeYpOf&ufquf aeYnrjywf tm;xkwf
awmfr&l m (12-7-1955) 1317 ckEpS ?f 0gqvkd jynfah usmf (8)&ufaeYn (2)em&Dtcsed w f iG f pwkww ¬ &m;xl;udk
&avawmhonf/
vl? ewftrsm; om"kac: Muavonf/
q&mawmfb&k m;onf csr;f omw&m;xl;udk cHpm;&&Sad wmfrNl y;D aomtcg txufoYkd vSr;f arQmf Munf½h &I m
bktH qifqh ifh wdu
Yk kd ½Ijrif&vQuf wzefatmufoYkd ½IMunfjh yef&m ty,fbw kH Ukd ukd tuket f pif jrifawmfrjl yef
avonf/ q&mawmfb&k m; rdcif\ trsK;d awmfpyfol qm;awmif&mG yif;oif;&yf a&Tyef;wdrq f &mBu;D OD;&ifarmif
pkaqmif;jyKpkxm;onfrsm;udk pkpnf;wifjyygonf/
a*gwr Ak'¨tm; zl;awGU&jcif;
aemufyikd ;f wGif qm;awmif&mG rS OD;&ifarmif? OD;aomfu om0uwdYk u q&mawmfb&k m;tm; pGe;f vGe;f
q&mawmfb&k m;Bu;D rSm aus;iSub f 0 jzpfpOf uóyAk'j¨ rwfpmG tm; opfo;D vSLbl;aMumif; od&MdS u&ygonf/
&efuek Nf rKd UwiG f aexdik af om OD;armifarmifaX;? OD;eDwwG ?f OD;ukvm; (q&mawmfb&k m;Bu;D tem;wGif
aeol) wdu
Yk vnf; q&mawmfb&k m;Bu;D \ b0jzpfpOfukd avQmufMu&mwGif þodYk rdeMYf um;cJyh gonf/
a*gwrbk & m;&S i f v uf x uf td E ´ d , Ed k i f i H r S m uk v m;jzpf p Of t cgu bk & m;eJ Y a wG U w,f /
11
bk & m;eJ Y a wG U w J h t cgusawmh ½k w f w &uf v rf ; rS m awG U a wmh vS L p&muvnf ; vuf x J b mrS r &S d a wmh
olrsm;iSuaf ysmcdik cf w k Nf y;D vSLvdu k f w,f/ tJ'gaMumifh tusK;d ay;u ausmif;aqmufr,fvYkd 'djyifvu l wm0efcH
vm&if aqmufawmhaqmufygw,f? aqmufayaomfvnf; c&D;rayguf bl;? wpf0ufwpfysuef yYJ J ysuMf uw,f/
aemuf [du k 0ifNy;D aqmufvu dk f 'Du 0ifaqmufvu kd ef YJ jznf;jznf;eJyY J Ny;D oGm;w,f/
(tJ'w D ek ;f u q&mawmfb&k m;u tJ'v D l ypön;f cd;k wmr[kwb f ;l ? tcaMu;aiGjyefay;w,fvYkd wynfw h Ykd
od&ygw,f/ jyefay;wmudk tJ'v D l u rauseyfwmvm;bk&m;/)
ay;ayr,fh rauseyfbl;/
(iSufaysmcdkifu 0g0if;aew,fqdkbk&m;/)
yifrSnfh jzpfaeawmh 0if;aewmaygY/
(t&Sifbk&m;? jrwfpGmbk&m;&SifeJYawGUawmh b,fvdkcHpm;NyD;jrif& ygovJbk&m;/)
bmeJrY S ,SOv f rYkd &atmif tvGeMf unfñb kd ,G af umif;wJh obm0 &Sw d ,f/
(tJ'w D ek ;f u t&Sib f &k m;eJY bmomrwlao;bl;aemf bk7m;? t&Sib f &k m;u [dEL´ aemf/)
[dEL´ qdak wmh bmomurwlb;l ? 'gayaomfvnf; Ak'&¨ UJ taetm; jzifh ud;k uG,af eNy/D
(q&mawmfb&k m; tJ't D csed rf mS yJ qk&cJw h mvm;? tJ't D csed rf mS yJ qkay;cJw h mvm; bk&m;/)
(tJ'gukd qkvYkd ac:ovm;? Asm'dwv f Ykd ac:ovm;bk&m;/)
tif; 'Duawmif;awmh qkaygY [du k ay;awmh Asm'dwaf ygY 'Domoem aemufyikd ;f udpNö y;D wJh &[EÅmjzpfr,fvYkd
Asm'dwaf y;cJw h ,f/
(ESpfaygif; 2500 ausmfrSm q&mawmfbk&m;udpöNyD;vdrfhr,fvdkY jrwfpGmbk&m;u Asm'dwfay;cJhawmh
tJ'ED pS af wGrmS q&mawmf bk&m; trsm;Bu;D yg&rDjznfch &hJ rSmayg?Y trsm;Bu;D tm;xkwcf &hJ rSmaygaY emfb&k m;/)
[m tm;xkwcf &hJ wmayg/Y
(wifygY bk&m;? olrsm;eJYrwlatmifaygYaemf bk&m;? q&mawmfbk&m; usifhBuHtm;xkwfwJhtcsdefaygY
wynfah wmfwYkd qm;awmifuolrsm;awG ajymovdk q&mawmfb&k m; used ;f aum used ;f &JUvm;bk&m;? r&cif
tcsed x f d wynfah wmf vlBu;D awGajymwm Mum;&wm? q&mawmfb&k m;u r[m yv’ief YJ xdik &f if;eJY tm;xkww f m
vJusoGm;wmawmifrjzKwfbl;wJh? qm;awmif&Gmu t&D;jrajymwm tJ'Dvdk od&w,fbk7m;? tifrwefrS
owåt d m;aumif;wJb h &k m;wJh [kwyf govm;bk&m;/)
tif ; tm;xk w f w muawmh aeY r S m awmh trS w f e J Y y J aewmrsm;yg w,f / uav;awG u d k
pmjycdik ;f wmNy;D wJt h csed rf mS nrSmawmh (6)em&DcJG (7)em&DavmufuaeNy;D ? wifyv’iaf cGxidk Nf y;D tm;xkww f m
usdef;w,fvdkY r&Sdygbl;? eHeufvif;onfESifh wNydKifeufwnf; udk,fvufaq;aMum okwfoifcsifvdkYomyJ
rsuEf mS opfwm? rsuEf mS opfp&m w,frvdb k ;l ? tJ'u D aeNy;D aq;aMumokwo f ifNy;D rMumcify?J oydwof uFe;f ½HNk y;D
qGr;f cHxu G f w,f? trSwef yYJ o J mG ; jyefvmonfw h ikd af tmif trSwef yYJ ?J bk&m;yg qGr;f awmfuyfNy;D uav;awG
pmjy? wpfaeYv;kH vdv k ykd q
J ydk gawmh? 'Dvykd J trSwef yYJ aJ ew,f/ (rSeyf gY bk&m;)
naea&mufawmh tJ'v D ykd J jyefxikd f eHeuf (6)em&Dtxdy/J
(t&Sib f &k m; b,fEpS Ef pS af vmuftm;xkwcf &hJ ygovJ bk&m;/)
tm;xkww f muawmh (1)ESpf ausmaf usmyf gy/J
(wifygY bk&m;) (q&mawmfbk&m; tJ'Dtcsdefwkef;u taMumif;udk qm;awmif&Gmu t&D;jru
12
wynfah wmfwu Ykd kd ajymjyw,fb&k m;? q&mawmfb&k m;udk vmzl;Muwm yGaJ ps;wef;? naps;wef;Bu;D vdk jzpfw,f
wJ/h q&mawmfb&k m; tvHpk kH pdwaf t;csr;f rI &oGm;wJth csed u
f yGaJ ps;wef; Bu;D vdk vmMuw,fw/hJ nqdv k Ykd
&S&d if t0ga&miftvif;wef;Bu;D awG? tjzLa&miftvif;wef;Bu;D awG q&mawmfb&k m; ausmif;udk vmMuwm
[kwyf govm; bk&m;/ tm;vH;k jrif&w,fwhJ rjrif&wJv h u l kd r&Sb
d ;l wJ/h )
'guawmh trSefaygY/
(tjzLa&mifwef;Bu;D awGu bmawGygvJ bk&m;/)
odMum;jynfu vmwm/
(t0ga&mifwef;Bu;D awGuaum bk7m;/)
t0ga&mifwef;BuD;awGu jA[®mjynfu vma&mufzl;ajrmfMuwm [k q&mawmfbk&m;BuD;u
b0jzpfpOfrsm;udk wynfo h m0u odvíkd avQmufxm;olrsm;udo k m rdeMYf um;cJyh gonf/
a0blq&mawmfrdefYMum;jcif;
a0blq&mawmfbk&m;BuD; ausmuf q nf a 0bl a wmif w G i f oD w if ; oH k ; awmf r l p Of u
qm;awmif q &mawmf b k & m;BuD ; \wynf h r sm; oG m ;a&muf zl ; ajrmf M uygonf / q&mawmf b k & m;BuD ;
tem;,l c sd e f j zpf o jzif h q&mawmf B uD ; oD w if ; oH k ; &mausmif ; wd k u f \ tjyif b uf wH c g;teD ; wG i f
apmifq
h ikd ;f aeMuygonf/ xdt k cdu
k f wHcg;zGio hf MH um;&Ny;D a0blq&mawmf bk&m;Bu;D tm; zl;awGUMu&ygonf/
a0blq&mawmfbk&m;BuD;u ]'g,umBuD;wdkYu b,fu wkef;As} [kred &Yf m ]wynf wynfhawmfwdkYu
qm;awmif q&mawmf bk&m;BuD;&JU wynfhawGygbk&m;} m;}[k avQmufMu&m-
a0blq&mawmfbk&m;BuD;u ]aMomf- 'g,umBuD;wdkYu 0D&d,t&Sifocif&JU om0uawGudk;As}
[k rdeMYf um;awmfryl gonf/
xdaYk emuf ]wynfhawmfwdkY q&mawmfbk&m;BuD; vkyfief;udpö NyD;ygNyDvm;bk&m;} [kavQmufMu&m
]'g,umBuD;wdkY&JU q&mawmf &[ef;udpö NyD;ygNyDAsm? 'g,umBuD;wdkY t&awmfygayhAsm? uHxl;Mu
ygayhAsm} [k a0blq&mawmfb&k m;Bu;D u rdeaYf wmfryl gonf/
quf v uf í ]t&S i f b k & m;a&m &[ef ; ud p ö N yD ; ygNyD v m;bk & m;} [k avQmuf M u&m
]usKyfuawmhavQmufqJygAsm} [k rdeaYf wmfryl gonf/
þjzpfpOfudk qm;awmifq&mawmfbk&m;BuD;tm; jyefvnf avQmufxm;MuNyD; ]a0bl q &m
awmfbk&m;BuD; &[ef;udpö NyD;ygNyD vm; bk&m;} [k avQmufMu&m qm;awmifq&mawmfb&k m;Bu;D u
]tif;? q&mawmfBuD; &[ef;udpö NyD;ygNyD} [k rdeMYf um;awmfryl gonf/
] t & S i f b k & m ; a & m & [ e f ; u d p ö N y D ; y g N y D v m ; b k & m ; }}[k avQmuf x m;Mu&m
qm;awmifq&mawmfb&k m;Bu;D u ]usKyfuawmh avQmufqJyg} [k rdeMYf um;awmfryl gonf/
t&Sijf rwfBu;D wd\ Yk ajymqdrk ed MYf um;yHrk mS Munfñt kd wk,zl ,
G f aumif;vSygonf/
13
a0blq&mawmfESifh r[mpnfq&mawmfwdkY <ua&mufjcif;
(20-7-1956) 1318 ckESpf? 0gqdkvqef; (13)&uf
a0blq&mawmfbk&m;BuD;\ 'g,umrsm;u a0blq&mawmf bk&m;BuD; <uvmrnfhtaMumif;

pma&;taMumif;Mum;&m ,if;pmudk qm;awmifq&mawmfbk&m;\ 'g,umrsm;u qm;awmifq&mawmf
bk&m;Bu;D tm; jyoMuygonf/ pmudzk wfNy;D qm;awmifq&mawmf bk&m;Bu;D u ]a0blq&mawmfbk&m;omru
r[mpnfq&mawmf bk&m;vnf; <uvmvdrfhr,f? 'g,umwdkY jyifqifxm;Mu} vdYk rdeMYf um;awmfryl gonf/
'g,umrsm;u ]ES p f y g;twl w l <uvmawmf r l M urS m vm;bk & m;} vd k Y jyef a vQ m uf M u&m
q&mawmfb&l m;Bu;D u ]r[kwfbl;? wpfyg;pD vmMuvdrfhr,f} [k rdeaYf wmfryl gonf/
a0blq&mawmfb&k m;Bu;D \wynfx h rH oS m pm&NyD r[mpnf q&mawmfb&k m;Bu;D \ wynfx h rH S pmr&yg/
odaYk omf q&mawmfBu;D rdeo Yf jzifh jyifqifxm;Muygonf/ xdak eY 1318 ckESpf? 0gqdkvqef; (13)&ufaeYwiG f
a0blq&mawmf bk&m;BuD;ESifh r[mpnfq&mawmf bk&m;BuD;wdYk qm;awmifq&mawmfbk&m;BuD;xH
<uvmMu&m wpfcsdefwnf; r[kwfayr,fh wpfaeYwnf; wpfyg;ESifhwpfyg; t0iftxGuf vGJ½Hkavmufom
<uvmygonf/
'Dae&mrSm pma&;q&marmifcsr;f ajr\h qm;awmifq&mawmf bk&m;Bu;D \ taMumif;a&;om;onfph mtkyf
trSwf (2) ]avmuudk vGefajrmufjcif;} pmtkyrf S aumufEw I íf Munfño kd '¨gymG ;Edik &f ef azmfjy vdu
k yf gonf/
xdak cwf xdt k cguoufawmfxif&mS ;q&mawmfBu;D rsm;jzpfMuaom r[mpnfq&mawmfb&k m;Bu;D ESihf
a0blq&mawmfb&k m;Bu;D wdUk qm;awmif q&mawmfO;D ynmPduxH wpfaeUwnf;<ua&mufar;jref; oGm;Muonf
rsm;rSm omoemhwpfacwfwiG f tHch s;D zG,&f mrsm; jzpfayonf/
qm;awmifq&mawmfonf oufawmfi,fi,f 30 t&G,w f iG f ay:xeG ;f cJNh yjD zpfí ta0;rSvma&muf
zl;ajrmf uefawmhorl sm; rsm;jym;vGe;f ojzifh r@yfBu;D rsm;xd;k um tzl;ajrmfcaH e&avonf/ zl;ajrmforl sm;
wpfaeYwjcm; rsm;jym; vSayonf/ xdktcsdefu qm;awmif&GmBuD;wGif vESifhcsDí yGJvrf;obif&SdouJhodkY
yGaJ ps;wef;rsm; pnfum;aeawmh\/
1318 ckEpS ?f 0gqvkd qef; 13&uf? eHeuf 8em&Dtcsed w f iG f r[mpnf q&mawmfb&k m;Bu;D onf qdycf eG f
aus;&GmrS &efuek rf [mpnf &dyo f modUk 0gq&kd ef t<uwGif qm;awmifq&mawmfO;D ynmPduxH wynfah emufyg
oHCmawmfrsm;ESihf <ua&mufvmNy;D qm;awmifq&mawmfBu;D \ tzl;ajrmf cH&if; atmufygpum;&yfrsm;udk
ar;jref;avQmufxm;rIrsm; jyKvyk yf gonf/
r[mpnfq&mawmf/ b,fenf;ESifh w&m;tm;xkwfygovJbk&m;/
qm;awmifq&mawmf/ wynf h a wmf pG e f ; vG e f ; q&mawmf b k & m;\ ax½k y Ü w å d E S i f h u sif h p Of p mtk y f u d k
zwf½IavhvmNyD; or®yÜ"mefusifhpOf twdkif; tm;xkwfygw,fbk&m;/
r[mpnfq&mawmf/ pGef;vGef;OD;u0d\ enf;uvnf; tvGef aumif;wJh enf;ygyJ? OD;u0dvdkaum
jyif;jyif;xefxef tm;xkwf Edkifyg&JUvm;bk&m;/
qm;awmifq&mawmf/ r S e f v S y g ? w y n f h a w m f p G e f ; v G e f ; q & m a w m f b k & m ; B u D ; v d k y J
tm;xkwfEdkifygw,fbk&m;/ trSefu pGef;vGef; q&mawmf enf;twdkif;yJ avmb? a'go? arm[
pGefUvTwfenf; qdkqdk? pGef;vGef; enf;qdkqdk tm;xkwf&wm uawmh pGefUvTwfenf; ygyJ bk&m;/
14
r[mpnfq&mawmf/ w&m;tm;xkwf&wm tm;&yg;&&Sdyg&JUvm; bk&m;/
qm;awmifq&mawmf/ tm;xkwf&wm tm;&yg;&&Sdygw,fbk&m;/
r[mpnfq&mawmf/ w&m;t&om tm;&yg;&cHpm;&ygovm; bk&m;/
qm;awmifq&mawmf/ rSefvSyg? tm;&yg;&cHpm;&ygw,fbk&m;/
r[mpnfq&mawmf/ 'D t wd k i f ; qd k rvG J y gbl ; ? touf u vJ i ,f ygao; w,f ? a&S U quf N yD ;
udk,fcHpm;&ovdk a0ae,sawGudkvnf; w&m;pcef;zGifhNyD; w&m;jyayOD; [kqu kd m bk&m;udu k efawmhNy;D
r[mpnfq&mawmfb&k m;Bu;D ESiw hf uG aemufygoC H mawmfrsm;onf rdrw d Ukd p;D vmaom um;rsm;jzifh &efuek o f Ukd
<uawmfrlMuonf/
xdtk csed w
f iG f &Gmol&mG om;rsm;ESiw hf uG {nfo h nftrsm;tjym; wdUkonf MuufysrH usw;kd a0SUí wtke;f tke;f ESihf
pk½;kH oGm;vmaeMuonf/ zl;ajrmf&cJvaS om &[ef;awmftausmf r[mpnfq&mawmfb&k m;Bu;D udk zl;awGU&í
uHx;l Mu&onfuwpfaMumif;? rdrw d Ukd vuf&zdS ;l awGUae&aom ay:xeG ;f p qm;awmifq&mawmfukd tm;&auseyf
MunfnKd o'¨gymG ;rd aeMuaomtcsed f zl;ç r0 wç rukef *kP, f vl Ukd rqH;k Edik cf sed w
f iG -f
aemufxyftMhH ozG,&f mu y&dwo f wfrsm;xJwiG -f
]]a0blq&mawmfb&k m;Bu;D <uvmNyw D }hJ } [lí ajymqdak eMuonf/
y&dwfowfwdkUonfolUxufiga&SUua&mufatmif twif;wdk;a0SU zl;ajrmfMu&if;jzifh r@yftwGif;odkY
a0blq&mawmfBu;D <ucsv D m&m aemufrS uyfvu dk v f mMuonf/ yg;pyfuvnf; wwGww f w
G Ef iS hf qkawmif;í
yDwd t[keo f '¨gpjHk zifh vufprHk ;dk í &Scd ;dk uefawmhaeMuonf/
qm;awmif q &mawmf b k & m;BuD ; u a0blq&mawmfbk&m;BuD; tm;
w&m;yv’ifa&SUarSmufwnfhwnfhwGif t½kdtaojyKvsuf zl;arQmfNyD; oDwif;okH;aeonf/
xl ; jcm;aom taMumif ; t&mwpf c k r S m a0bl q &mawmf bk & m;BuD ; rS m w&m;yv’ i f a y:wG i f
pu©K£aÈćsí oDwif;okH;aepOf (ormywf 0ifpm;aepOf)rSmyif qm;awmifq&mawmfbk&m;BuD;rSm
vnf; a0blq&mawmfbk&m;BuD;uJhokdY w&m;yv’ifa&SUwnfhwnfh atmufrS
a0blq&mawmfbk&m;BuD;twkdif; oDwifokH;aeonf/
(xkdtcsdefwGif tvGefrsm;jym;vSaom y&dwfowftm;vkH;onf wdwfqdwf NidrfoufaeMuonf/
) em&D0ufcefYtMumwGif q&mawmf ESpfyg;onf wpfNydKifwnf; rsufvkH;rsm;zGifhawmfrlMuonf/
a0blq&mawmf/ t&omr&Sdbl;vm;As? rcsrf;ombl;vm;Asm? uREkfyf wkdY wpfoHo&mvkH;&SmcJhMuwm
tck r S y J tm;&yg;&BuD ; cH p m;Mu&wm r[k w f vm;Asm/q&mawmf a v;u w,f y g&rD x l ; wmuk d ; ?
toufi,f ygao;w,f? omoemtwGuf uREfkyfwkdYawmh tm;xm;ygw,f/ a0ae,sawGukdu,fyg?
cRwfyg? w&m;jyyg? uRwfxkdufwJY yk*¾dKvfawG trsm;BuD; &Sdygao;w,fAsm? q&mawmf uav;u
trdIuf&Sif;&rSm qkdawmh omoemc&D;rSm omoem tusdK; pD;yGm;twGuf omoemjyK ay;ygOD;/
qm;awmifq&mawmf/ rSefvSygbk&m;/
a0bl q &mawmf/ <uvmMuwJ h y &d w f o wf a wG u vnf ; w,f r sm; ouk d ; As? yg&rD x l ; ygayh A sm?
uHxl;ygayhAsm? raorDw&m;OD;atmif vkyfMuAs/
zk|ó avmu"ar®[d
pdwåH ,ó eurÜwd
15
taomuH 0d&ZH acrH
{wH r*Fv rkwårH/
(avmu"Hw&m; &Spyf g;wkEYd iS hf awGU MuK&H aom &[EÅm\pdwo f nf rwkerf vIy?f pk;d &draf MumifMh ujcif;vnf;r&S?d
udavom&r®uf [laom jrLvnf;r&S?d aMumuf&UHG xw d v
f efzY ,
G f ab;vnf;r&S/d )
a0 bl q &mawmf / bk & m;a[mwJ h r*F v mw&m;awmf E S i f h n D y gayw,f A sm? ol a wmf a umif ; taygif ; wk d Y
om"kac:MuAs? om"kac:Mu[k rdev Yf udk of nf wGif <ua&mufvmMuonfh tm;vk;H aom y&dwo f wfw\ Ydk om"koH
t&yfrsufESmtESHYvTrf;oGm;ayonf/
] ] jrwf p G m bk & m;&J U pum;uk d v k d u f e mNyD ; w&m;tm;xk w f M u prf ; ygAsm? tusd K ;&S d r S e f ;
od M u&ygvd r f h r ,f A sm? tm;xk w f z l ; wJ h o l a wG u vnf ; tusd K ;&S d r S e f ; od a eMuNyD y J ? quf v uf N yD ;
BudK;pm;yrf;pm; tm; xkwfMuprf;ygAsm}} rMumcP tm;rvdt k m;r& rdeMYf um;avh&ydS gonf/
(a0blawmifq&mawmfbk&m;BuD;)
(ted p ö + 'k u © + tewå ) qd k w J h ynmygwJ h tmemyge jyif ; jyif ; xef x ef t m;xk w f r I [ m
rdrdudk,fudkñSif;qJwJh (twåudvrw Eka,m*) tusifhr[kwfygbl;/
(r[mpnfq&mawmfbk&m;BuD;)
xl;jcm;owif;jzpfayy:: jcif;ESifh q&mawmfBuD;\

omoemc&D;
1317 ckEpS ?f ESpuf ek cf ge;D tcsed rf pS í qm;awmifq&mawmf bk&m;Bu;D \ *kPo f wif;rSm wpfqifph um;
wpfqifh Mum;jzifh ausmMf um; vmcJ&h m qm;awmife,f wcGipf nfyifí &yfa0;&yfe;D rS vSn;f rsm;? um;rsm; ESihf
vma&mufz;l arQmo f rl sm;jzifh pnfum;aecJyh gonf/
(11-6-1957) 1319 ck? e,kev f qef; (14) &ufaeYwiG f bke;f Bu;D OD;rmConf pGe;f vGe;f &dyo f modYk
w&m;pcef; oGm;a&muf 0ifpOfu a&Tbq kd m;awmifwiG f touf (30)t&G,f &[EÅm[k orkwo f nfh &[ef;
wpfyg;&SdaMumif; owif;pmxJwGif ygonfudk zwf½IcJh&aMumif; uoJukef; &GmwGif jyefajymjyojzifh &GmrS
oGm;a&mufz;l vdo k rl sm; wpfa,muf ESpu f syf jzifh aiGpNk y;D um;(5)pD; iSm;um oGm;a&mufchJMuygonf/ xdpk Ofu
q&mawmf bk&m;tm;vma&muf zl;olrsm;jym;vSí qm;awmif&mG wGif r@yfrsm;? yGaJ ps;wef;rsm;jzifh pnfum;aeonf?
q&mawmftm;zl;awGU&onfrmS vnf; vGepf mG Munfñb kd , G jf zpfMu&onf/
q&mawmftm; oGm;a&mufzl;Muonfh tzGJUwGif aemifwGif &[ef; tr ausmif;trjzpfvmrnfh
a':at;r,fvnf; yg0ifco hJ nf/ xdpk Ofu a':at;r,frmS 16 ESpo f rD;t&G,o
f m&Sad o;onf/
tbd;k jzpfol OD;wifrmS xdpk Ofu ausmufoabFmq&mawmf\wynfh trmcHjzpfonf/ a':at;r,fonf
yg&rDxl; &Sdoljzpfí oDv&Sif0wf&ef tNrJpdwfxufoefvsuf&Sdaeonf/ tbdk;jzpfol &GmolBuD; OD;wifxH
oDv&Sif0wfcGifh tBudrfBudrfawmif;cJhaomfvnf; ajr;OD;vnf;jzpf? tvGef vnf;cspfojzifh cGifhrjyKcJhay?
tcGirhf omojzifh oDv&Si0f wfciG hf r&cJah y/ a':at;r,fonf qm;awmifq&mawmftm;oGm;a&muf zl;awGU Ny;D
uwnf;u q&mawmftm; qm;awmifrS uoJuek ;f odyYk ifíh &GmwGif ausmif;aqmufvyk v f LS 'ge;f Ny;D tNryJ al ZmfciG hf
16
&vdak om qE´rsm;ay:ayguf cJo h nf/ q&mawmftm; yifah qmifciG jhf yKyg&ef tbd;k jzpfol olBu;D OD;wiftm; tBurd Bf urd f
cGiyhf efco
hJ nf/
tbdk;jzpfol OD;wifrSm ajr;udkcspfaompdwfaZmt[kefaMumifh? ajr; oDv&Sif r0wfvQifNyD;a&mqdkNyD;?
ausmif;aqmuf&ef ajrESiahf usmif;yg aqmufvyk v f LS rnf[k ajymcJo h nf/
1323 ckESpf? ykyÜg;rS OD;y@0u yifhavQmufojzifh ykyÜg;odkY q&m awmf <ua&mufcJhonf/
qm;awmifausmif;ae oDv&Sif a':eE´ (yckuLú ) vma&mufí (1) ywfcefY cGiyhf ef yifah qmifcíhJ <ua&mufjcif;jzpfonf/
q&mawmfonf ykygÜ ;wGif (waygi;f ? wefc;l ? uqke)f (3) vcefY oDwif;oH;k awmfrpl Of ykygÜ ;r,fawmfonf
vltoGizf efqif;Ny;D q&mawmftm; opfo;D qGr;f aeYpOf&ufquf qufuyfciG ahf vQmufxm;Ny;D qufuyfvLS 'ge;f
aMumif; (3) vcefY oD;wif;oH;k cs;D jri§ chf ahJ Mumif; q&mawmf jyef<uvmonfh tcg rdeMYf um;rS &[ef;trBu;D ESihf
'g,umrsm;od&SdMu&onf/
1324 ckESpf 0ef;usifcefYu q&mawmfbk&m;BuD; qm;awmif&Gm wGif oDwif;oHk;aexdkifNyD; nydkif;
&Gmol&mG om; 'g,um 'g,u d mr rsm;tm; oDvay;w&m;jypOf q&mawmf\cHwiG ;f ESio hf mG ;rsm;rS ta&mifrsm;
0if;0if; vufvuf xGuaf y:aeonfukd oDv,l w&m;emaeoltm;vH;k yif zl;awGU Mu&aMumif; od&&dS ygonf/
1324 ckEpS ?f aEGO;D umvwGif ausmif;aqmuf&ef ausmif;ajrtjzpf ajr (5ƒ) ig;{ucGv J LS Ny;D xdak jray:wiG f
vwfwavm oufu,fausmif; wpfaqmif tjrefaqmufvyk cf o hJ nf/ xdt k csed u f 830d^-om ukeu f schJ onf/
aEG&moD tvGeyf jl yif;csed w f iG f q&mawmftm; qm;awmifrS uoJuek ;f &GmodYk yifah qmifco hJ nf/ ausmif;rSm
tNy;D owf&ef vdak e ao;í tbd;k jzpfol OD;wif\aetdrw f iG f (7)&ufcefY ,m,D oDwif;oH;k cJ&h onf/
OD;wifonf q&mawmftm; ausmif;aqmufvyk v f LS 'ge;f Ny;D aemuf q&mawmf\ w&m;udk em,lusiBhf uH
tm;xkwaf wmhonf/ w&m; tm;xkwq f J t&Sed &f cdu
k (f 2)ESpcf eft Y MumwGif uG,v f eG cf o
hJ nf/ a':at;r,fonf tbd;k
uG,v f eG Nf y;D (9)vcefY tMumwGif oDv&Si0f wfvo kd nfh jyif;jyonfq h Eúkd q&mawmfb&k m;Bu;D xHavQmufxm;
yefMum;cJo h nf/ q&mawmf\ cGijhyf K csujfzifh oDv&Si0f wfco hJ nf/ q&mawmfu a':at;pE´mbGUJ trnfcs;D jri§ chf o hJ nf/
oDv&Sif (10)0gtxd 0wfco hJ nf/ oDv&Sib f 0jzifh q&mawmfBuD;\ omoemjyK a0,sm0pöudpörsm;udk
pDraH qmif&u G u f o
k vkd f ,lco hJ nfrmS ,aeYwikd yf if jzpfonf[k ausmif;trBu;D rS ajymMum;cJyh gonf/ q&mawmfxw H iG f
a':at;r,f oDv&Si0f wfaepOf 0efBu;D csKyOf ;D Ek ESihf a':cifMunf (Akv d cf sKyf atmifqef;\ZeD;)qm;awmifoYkd vma&muf
zl;arQmNf y;D &efuek o f Ykd yifah Mumif; 0efBu;D csKyu f xdpk Ofu wpfv 500d^-vSL'ge;f cJo h nf/
q&mawmfonf 1325 ckEpS rf S 1357 ckEpS t f xd qm;awmif? &efuek ?f armfvNrKd i?f c&rf;? bdu k av;?
awmifBu;D ? rEÅav;? &efuif;awmif&yd o f m? pOfu Y idk Nf rKd Ue,f? uoJuek ;f aus;&Gm? rif;&Gmuke;f ausmif; ponfh
jrefrmjynf tESYH wpfvn S phf D 0gqo kd w D if;oH;k vsu&f NdS y;D y#dywåo d moemudk jzefaY 0 cJyh gonf/
aus;Zl;awmf&Sif qm;awmif q&mawmfbk&m;BuD; OD;ynmPdu onf rlvu ppfuikd ;f wdik ;f ?
ppfudkif;NrdKUe,f? qm;awmifrSm oDwif;oHk;NyD;aemuf rEÅav;wkdif;? pOfhudkifNrdKUe,f? uoJukef; rif;&Gmukef;
ausmif;&dyo f m? rEÅav;wdik ;f ? ykord Bf u;D NrKd Ue,f? &efuif;awmifajc qm;awmify#dywåd omoemh&yd o f m ponfwrYkd mS
oDwif;oH;k awmfrNl y;D ? &efuek Nf rKd U odv Yk nf; &Hzef&cH g <uawmfro l nf/ 1333 ckEpS f 0ef;usiw f iG f q&mawmfonf
OD;pdefrif; OD;aqmifyifhí &efukefNrdKU ½kyf&SifaumifpD0if a':cifrsKd;cspf\ at0rf;NcH? urÇmat; pGef;vGef;ausmif;?
a*:'0ifvrf; OD;pdefrif;\wdkuf? opfawm"r®m½Hk? rD;&xm;"r®m½Hk? OD;pef;,k"r®m½Hk? tif;av; "r®m½Hk ponfwdkY
tjyif armfvNrKd i?f bdu k av;? vm;½I;d ? uom? xD;csKid ?hf aumvif;wdo Yk v
Ydk nf;<ua&muf w&m;cs;D jri§ yhf gonf/
17
q&mawmf a[mMum; onfh w&m;rsm;ESit hf qH;k tr pum;rsm;udk razmfjyrD q&mawmftaMumif; tenf;i,f
od & S d E k d i f M uap&ef q&mawmf B uD ; \ ax½k y Ü w å d tusOf ; ES i f h 1318 ck E S p f wG i f a0bl q &mawmf ?
r[mpnfq&mawmfwEYdk iS hf awGUqpkH Of jzpf&yfrsm;udk azmfjyxm;ygonf/ twdck sK;H wifjyvdu k &f onfh twGuf
jynfjh ynfph pkH kH rwifjyEdik o f nfuv kd nf; onf;cHciG v hf w
T af pcsiyf gonf/
1968 ckEpS Ef iS hf 1974 ckEpS w f iG f &efuek Nf rKd U? (7)rdik pf eG ;f vGe;f &dyof mrS q&mawmfO;D 0de,\ yifah vQmufcsut f &
armfvNrdKifNrdKU? aps;csdKawmif0dkif; &yf pGef;vGef;*lausmif;odkYvnf; <ua&mufcsD;jr§ifhay;cJhonf/
armfvNrdKifodkY<upOf naecif;w&ufü q&mawmfBuD;\wynfhjzpf ol a':jrwfaqGaetdrfodkY
<ua&muf c sD ; jr§ i f h p Of q&mawmf b k & m;BuD ; \ arwå m a&vd k c sif a omaMumif h q&mawmf b k & m;a7S U
a&tjynfhxnfhxm;aom tdk;xm;&Sd&m xdktdk;rS a&rsm;yGufNyD; tdk;EIwfcrf;rS a&rsm;vQHusvmonf/
q&mawmfb&k m;Bu;D u vufEiS o hf yfvu kd o
f nfukd xl;qef;pGmjrif&ygonf/
1988ckEpS ?f rwfvwGif a':oef;oef;wifEiS hf a':jrwfaqGw\ Ykd yifah vQmufcsut f & a&Tw*d b kH &k m;ajc&if;&dS
yifv,fb;l "r®m½Ho k Ykd wpfywfcefY <ua&mufcs;D jri§ ahf y;cJyh gonf/
1993ckEpS ?f rwfvü aemufwzef a':jrwfaqGrS yifah vQmufcsuf t& &efuek Nf rKd U&Sd opfawm"r®m½HEk iS hf
armfvNrdKifNrdKUwdkYwGif (1)voDwif;oHk; cJhygonf/
1994ESihf 1996ckEpS t f wGi;f OD;wifE, G Ef iS hf a':csKd w\ Ykd tdr?f a':at; at;0if;\ yifah vQmufcsut f &
OD ; pH N id r f ; \aetd r f r sm;od k Y UHC ES i f h ppf a q;½H k wd k Y w G i f aq;uk o ppf a q;rI c H , l & ef t wG u f
<ua&mufoDwif;oHk;cJhygonf/
1358 ckEpS ?f oDwif;uRwv f qef;(2)&ufaeY? 1996 ckEpS f atmufwdk bmv(14)&ufaeY? wevFmaeYu
puFmyl Ekid if rH aS 'guw f m rpöwm *sKd ;Zuf &S;D &m; OD;aqmifNy;D (17)OD;tzGUJ EiS hf &efuek jf rKd U? r*Fvm'kpH pfaq;½krH S ESv;Hk txl;
uk q&m0efBu;D 'kw, d Akvd rf LS ;Bu;D a'guw f matmifausmaf Zm (,ck Adv k rf LS ;Bu;D )? ESv;Hk cGpJ wd uf k q&m0efBu;D
'kwd,AkdvfrSL;BuD; a'gufwm wifarmifat; (,ckAkdvfrSL;BuD;) a'gufwma':rl&m? arhaq; q&m0efBuD;
'kwd,AkdvfrSL;BuD; OD;armifarmifjrifh? puFmylrSarhaq;q&m0efBuD; a'gufwm a*smhvif;wkdYtzGYJu q&mawmf
bk&m;Bu;D \ ESv;Hk aoG;aMumusO;f aeaom aoG;aMum ok;H acsmif;ukd cGpJ w d uf ok ay;cJMh uygonf/ q&mawmfb&k mBu;D
aq;½HkwufaepOf qHawmfrsm;csonfhtcg q&mawmfbk&m;BuD;\ qHyifrsm; udk rQa0,lMu&m rMumrDwGif
qHyifrsm;vH;k Ny;D "gwaf wmftoGif jzpfay:vm onfukd jrifawGU Mu&í r*Fvm'Hpk pfaq;½Hrk S q&m0efEiS hf 0efxrf;
rsm; wtHhwMo jzpfcJhMu&onf/ ,aeYwdkif AdkvfrSL;BuD; a'gufwm wifarmifat;? arhaq; q&m0efBuD;
a'guw f ma':r&l mwdYk q&mawmfb&k m;Bu;D \ use;f rma&;twGuf apmifah &Smufuo k ay;qJ jzpfygonf/
q&mawmfb&k m;Bu;D onf ESv;Hk aoG;aMumusO;f a&m*gudk rukobJ cE¨m0efcsvQif jzpfayr,fh (31)bkt H wGi;f
&Sd okcw d ? 'kuw d© a0ae,s owå0gawG r*fzv dk &f ygapawmh? ,kwpf t G qk;H txkyH g&rD ygomG ;ygap awmhqw dk hJ
arwåm? apwem? u½kPmjzifh owå0gawG&UJ tusKd ;iSm? omoemhtusKd ;iSm rdrcd E¨muk, d uf dk riJn h m§ bJ omoemjyKzYdk
ESv;Hk aoG;aMum usO;f a&m*gudk ukocJjh cif; jzpfygonf/
2-12-1998 &ufaeYwGif &efukefNrdKU r*Fvm'Hkav,mOfuGif;teD;&Sd AdkvfrSL;BuD;udkudkarmif(av)\
aetdrt f opfoYkd q7mawmfb&k m;Bu;D <ua&mufcs;D jri§ o hf w D if;oH;k cJyh gonf/
<ua&mufonfah eYwiG yf if pma&;olwrYkd o d m;pkrmS q&mawmf bk&m;Bu;D tm; pwifu;kd uG,cf iG hf &cJyh gonf/
Adv
k rf LS ;Bu;D udu k akd rmif\ aetdrüf oDwif;oH;k pOf&uftwGi;f aeYpOf aeYvnf (1)em&D wpfBurd f w&m; jyay;ygonf/
18
xdkw&m;jyonfhaeYrSpí tdrf&Sifrdom;pk? q&mawmfbk&m;BuD; \ wynfh&if; 'um&if;rsm;ESifhtwl
pma&;ol\rdom;pkrmS vnf; (1)&uf rysu?f q&mawmfb&k m;Bu;D xdik cf ikd ;f onfh tcsed t f xd 0dyóem ½Irw S cf hJ
Muygonf/
q&mawmfb&k m;Bu;D oDwif;oH;k pOf&uftwGi;f q&mawmfb&k m; Bu;D \wynfjh zpfaom OD;armifaX;rS
ol\ tdrw f iG u
f ;kd uG,x f m;aom q&m awmfb&k m;Bu;D cs;D jri§ x hf m;onfh qHawmfyv k if;tm; pma&;ol\tdro f Ykd
acwå ylaZmfciG jhf yKojzifh yifah qmifc&hJ m xkad eYn pma&;ol\ orD;Bu;D ? om;Bu;D ? orD;i,f (3)OD;wdu Yk qHawmfukd
0dyóemw&m;jzifh ylaZmfNy;D q&mawmf bk&m;Bu;D <ua&mufcs;D jri§ &hf ef t"d|mefMu&m? xdik af epOftwGi;f om;Bu;D
armifoufaqG\eHab;rS jzwfavQmufoGm;ouJhodkY ouFef;½dkufcwfoH? av[yfouJhodkY cHpm;&NyD;aemuf
w&m;jzKwfNyD;csdefwGif orD;i,frS qHawmf xnfhxm;aom ykvif;tm; axmifhaygif;pHkrS "gwfyHk½dkufcJhygonf/
aemuf wpfaeY "gwyf &kH &So d nft h cgwiG f "gwyf x kH wJ iG f awGU&aom teDa&mify&kH yd tf m; q&mawmfb&k m;Bu;D tm;
jyoí ]]bke;f bke;f wynfah wmfwYkd tdro f Ykd raeYnu <ua&mufcs;D jri§ ahf y;ygovm; bk&m;}} [kavQmufMunf&h m
]][kwyf gw,f}} [k jyefvnfred MYf um;cJyh gonf/
q&mawmfb&k m;Bu;D &efuek rf S rEÅav;odYk jyef<urnfh eHeuf t½kPf tcsed w f iG f av,mOfrmS (6)em&D
0ef;usijf zpfojzifh t½kPq f rG ;f apmapm uyfMu&rnfukd odaom wynfh 'g,u d mrwdo Yk nf t½kPq f rG ;f jyifqifNy;D
q&mawmf b k & m;BuD ; tcef ; wH c g;tzG i f h u d k apmif h a eMuygonf / od k Y a omf q&mawmf b k & m;BuD ; rS m
cgwdkif;zGifhaeustcsdeftxd wHcg;zGifhrvmao;í wynfh 'g,dumrwdkYrSm av,mOfrrDrSmESifh qGrf;ruyf?
rbkef;ay;oGm;&rSm udk pdwfylyefaeMuNyD; apmifhpm;aeMuaomfvnf; tcsdeftawmfvifhrS wHcg;yGifhvmNyD;
qGrf;tuyfcHpOf avqdyfrSowif;&onfrSm ,aeYav,mOf rxGufjzpfaMumif; Mum;od&ygonf/ xdktcg
qGr;f bke;f ay;tNy;D wGif avQmufMunfMh u&m ]]bke;f bke;f 'DaeY av,mOfrxGuw f m BuKd ov d v
Ykd m; bk&m;}} [k
avQmufMunfh&m NyHK;vsufom aeawmfrlonf/ jyefrnfhaeY eHeuf t½kPfwGif aemufrusawmhbJ
t½kPq f rG ;f bke;f ay;Ny;D rEÅav;odYk jyefvnf<uoGm;ygonf/
1999 ckESpf? azazmf0g&Dv 16 &ufaeYrS 20 &ufaeYtxd q&mawmf bk&m;BuD; oDwif;oHk;&m
uoJuek ;f &GmodYk &efuek Nf rKd U&dS q&mawmfb&k m;\ wynfo h m0ursm;jzpfaom OD;armifarmifaX;? OD;eDww G ?f OD;ukvm;
(uoJuek ;f ? uG,v f eG )f wdu Yk q&mawmfb&k m;Bu;D em;wGif w&m;tm;xkwf Muygonf/
q&mawmfb&k m;Bu;D em;wGi&f pdS Of rdrw d Ykd od&aSd p&ef w&m;awmfrsm;? ÓmPfpOfrsm;? w&m;tm;xkwpf Of
rvGrJ aoG awGUBuKH &rnfh w&m;\ obm0 rsm;? w&m;tm;rxkwv f Qif tyg,u f sEikd af Mumif;udv k nf; om"u
trsK;d rsK;d jzifh omrefvrl sm; em;vnfv, G af tmif &Si;f vif;pGm rdeMYf um;xm;onf rsm;udk azmfjyvdu k &f ygonf/
19
r[moD0rax&f w&m;awmf
r[moD 0 qd k w J h &[ef ; BuD ; wpf y g;&S d w ,f w J h ? ol u pmaytNrJ w rf ; cs&w,f ? b,f t csd e f r S
tm;wJt h csed rf &Sb d ;l ? ntcg tdy, f m0ifwhJ tdyaf ysmf oGm;wJh tcsed yf t J m;wm tdy, f muxawmhvnf; bmvky&f vJ?
tdy&f mux wHyo l ;kH pOfEiS hf rsuEf mS opfpOfeYJ tJ'u D aeNy;D wJth csed f ouFe;f ? oydw, f Nl y;D qGr;f cHxu
G w f thJ csed ?f
qG r f ; cH x G u f w J h t csd e f vrf ; usawmh 'D v d k y J oH C mawmf awG e J Y *gxmawG a r;? pmawG a r;
ar;wmawGvrf;rSmajzae&wm? tJ qGr;f cH xGu&f if;vnf; awGUwt hJ csed f 'Dvykd ?J ar;Mu? ajz&wmyJ tm;wJt h csed u f kd
r&Sb d ;l ? jyefvm? ajcaq;? tifysOaf &mufajcaq; ajcygaq;Ny;D oumv pmcs &wmyJ? tJ qGr;f pm;csed af v;
qGr;f jyifNy;D oumv bk&m;qGr;f awmf wif? qGr;f uyfNy;D ? qGr;f pm;Ny;D awmh rMumcifyJ qufNy;D pmcs&wmyJ? tdy, f m
0ifonftxd? nydik ;f rSm r0ifciftwGi;f n0g t|uxm? #Dum pmcs& w,fw?hJ 'Dawmh tm;w,f&,fvrYkd &Sb d ;l ?
tm;vyfw,fvYkd r&Sb d ;l ? 'Dvykd ?J yd#uwfo;kH yHk EIwif akH qmifwhJ pmcsy*k K¾ v d Bf u;D jzpfw,fqNkd y;D awmh rmefwuf
aew,f? pmrmefwufae&muaeNy;D aemufawmh ol\wynfx h u J &[ef; wpfyg;u [m'Dvykd pJ mvdu k af eawmh
pmawmh&ygw,f? pmwwfwef oavmufawmhwwfygw,f/ pmwwf½ekH YJ Ny;D rSmr[kwb f ;l &[ef; w&m;&Sm Ny;D
tm;xkwOf ;D rSmyJqNkd y;D rMumcifyJ awmxGuNf y;D awmh tm;xkww f ,f? tm;xkwaf wmh yg&rDuvnf;aumif;?
rMumcifyJ ol udpNö y;D wJh &[EÅm jzpfomG ;w,f? &[EÅmjzpfNy;D onfEiS w hf NyKd ief uf igq Y &mu EGm;ausmif;om;
vm;? EGm;ydik 7f iS v f m;? tJ'aD wmh EGm;ausmif;om;ESiEhf mG ;&Sif b,fou l taumif;pm;&vJ? (EGm;&Siu f ygb&k m;)
at; EGm;&Siu f taumif;pm;&w,f? bmvdYk taumif;pm;&wke;f 'DEmG ;uaeNy;D a&mif;csNy;D awmh aumif;aumif;pm;
Edik w f ,f? 'Drw S zef qDO;D axmywf? 'DEmG ;xJu n§pjf yKNy;D csujf yKwNf y;D pm;r,fq&kd ifvnf; qDO;D axmywf pm;Edik w f ,f?
EGm; ausmif; om;qdw k muawmh a&S;wke;f u wpfaeY 1 usy?f EGm;awG ausmif; vmNy;D awmh naeusawmh
Ncx H o J iG ;f Ny;D aiG 1 usy&f tdrjf yef? 'Dvykd J vky&f w,f? acwftaeeJY wd;k wuf vmawmh 5 usyf 10 usyf
ponf j zif h 'D v k d & w,f 0rf ; omtm;&eJ Y EG m ;ausmif ; om;qd k w m ud k , f p m;csif w mrpm;Ed k i f b l ; ? qD O D ;
axmywfqw kd ma0;a&m (wifygb Y &k m;) tJ'aD wmh EGm;&Siu
f qDO;D axmywf pm;&w,f? 'Djyif EGm;awGbmawGa7mif;Ny;D
ydu k q f rH sm;rsm; oH;k pGEJ ikd w f ,f? pm;Edik af omuf Edik w
f ,f? aemuf awmxJxu G Nf y;D tm;xkww f hJ &[ef;u jyefNy;D tm½Hjk yK
vdu k w f ,fwhJ udpNö y;D oGm;w,f? &[EÅm jzpfomG ;w,f/
&[EÅmjzpfwJhtcsdef ig\q&m[m EGm;ausmif;om;vm;? EGm;&Sifvm;? EGm;ausmif;om;jzpfw,f?
pmyJcsaew,f? EGm;&Sifr[kwfbl;? EGm;ausmif;om; jzpfaeonfhtwGufaMumifh oGm;NyD;awmh owday;OD;rSyJ
qdNk y;D awmh rMumcifyJ <uvmcJw h ,fwhJ awmxJuaeNy;D <uvmwJt h cg usawmh aumif;uifuaeNy;D <uvmcJw h ,f?
tJ'aD wmh bmpsmefwek ;f wJh avmukw&å mpsmefwhJ w&m;eJ&Y wJph smefayg?Y (wifygb Y &k m;) ckvykd J 0dwuf? 0dpm&? yDw?d
{wu©&m qdkwm awGuawmh avmuDpsmefyJ? ,ck avmuDpsmef r[kwfbl;? avmukwå&m psmef?
w&m;uaeNyD ; awmh jzpf w J h p smef ? tJ ' D p smef e J Y aumif ; uif u aeNyD ; <uvm? <uvmNyD ; oumv
olq Y &mr[moD0rax&f Bu;D \ ajcawmf&if; a&mufwt hJ cgusawmh ra&mufcif ausmif;aygu0f rSm psmefukd
avQmcsNyD; atmufqif;NyD;awmh ajcusifvmcJhw,f/
r[moD0rax&fBuD;\ ajcawmf&if;a&mufwJhtcgMuawmh ajcawmf OD;cdkufuefawmhNyD;oumv
avQ m uf x m;w,f ? t&S i f b k & m; wynf h a wmf pm0gwpf 0 gavmuf w uf c sif v d k Y pmcsay;yg? tJ ' D r S m
r[moD0rax&fBu;D u pOf;pm;w,fwhJ a[hrif;avQmufwmawmh [kwyf gNy?D ig[mtcsed rf &bl;? ]]b,ftcsed rf S
rtm;bl;vm;bk&m;}} at;b,ftcsed rf rS &bl;? ]]eHeufyikd ;f r&bl;vm;bk7m;}} at; eHeufyikd ;f vnf;r&bl;?
20
wHyo l mG ;pOfeYJ rsuEf mS opf pOfeYJ tJvykd J ,m*kaomufpOfeYJ avQmufNy;D awmhajym? tJ'u D aeNy;D awmh ]]t&Sib f &k m;
vrf;rSm qGr;f cHomG ;pOfrmS vrf;rSmrtm;bl;vm; bk&m;}} [m'Dvykd J awGU BuKH Ny;D ? ajyma[mNy;D pmtaMumif;
ajyma[mNy;D oGm;wmyJ rtm;bl;? ]]'gjzifh t&Sib f &k m; tdy, f m0ifcge;D av;rS rtm;bl;vm; bk7m;}} at;
tdyf,m0ifcgeD;av;awmifrS rtm;bl;qdkygawmh tdyf,mr0ifcif n0g t|uxm? #DumawGcsay;7w,f?
tJ'uD Ny;D oGm;wJh tcgusawmh used ;f awmhr,fqNkd y;D tdy, f mawG bmawGjyifNy;D used ;f w,fw?hJ used ;f wJt h cg
usawmh ]]tJ't D csed af v; used ;f awmhr,fh tcsed af v; used ;f cge;D av; tdy, f m0ifcge;D av; tJ't D csed af wmifrS
rtm;bl;vm; bk&m;}} rtm;bl;/
t&Sib f &k m;pOf;pm;yg tedp?ö 'ku?© tewå vu©PmBu;D oH;k yg;rS qifjcif&rnfh tcsed af v;rS r&bl;vm;
bk&m; tJ'aD wmh ezl;ay:vufwifNy;D pOf;pm;Ny;D 'Dvu©PmBu;D oH;k yg; qifjcifyg bk&m;}} tJ'rD mS tif;'Dy*k K¾ v d o f nf
omrn yk*Kd¾ vaf wmhr[kwb f ;l ig\wynfx h rJ S udpNö y;D wJh &[EÅmyk*K¾ v d f jzpfw,fqw kd m odw,f odwt hJ csed f
]]t&Sib f &k m; 'Dvq kd &kd if aorif;Bu;D vmac:ygvrd rhf ,f/ aorif;Bu;D vmac:w,f qdak yr,fv h Ykd aorif;u vmac:
wmr[kwfygbl; tcsdefusvdkY oGm;&wmyg/ tJ'Dawmh aorif;vmac:wJh tcsdefusawmh igrtm;bl;a[h
pmcs&tH;k rSmvdYk t&Sib f &k m;trde&Yf v dS u
kd f ygawmh wynfah wmf jyefyg&apawmh cGijhf yKygb&k m;}} vdYk cGiahf wmif;Ny;D
uefawmhNyD;oumv vuf,SufNyD; aemufqkwfum aemufqkwfNyD; jyef<u w,f? jyef<uwJhtcg
ausmif;aygu0f em;usawmh avmukw&å mpsmef t[keef YJ aumif;uifuae<uw,f? aumif;uifuae <uoGm;wJh
tcgusawmh tif; omrnyk*K¾v d rf [kwyf gvm;? ig\wynfx h u J udpNö y;D wJh &[EÅmyk*K¾v
d yf gvm; tJ'u D srS odw,fw/hJ
odwmeYJ wNyKd ief ufwnf; ig'v D adk evdaYk wmh rjzpfb;l igw Y ynfu h vmNy;D cRe;f jzifh csw d qf NJG yD cRe;f jzifh
csw
d q f wJG t hJ cgusawmh 'Dvakd evdrYk jzpfb;l awmxGurf yS J qdNk y;D oydw(f 1)vH;k ? ouFe;f (3)xnfeYJ wcgwnf;
awmxGuf w,f? awmxGuw f thJ cgusawmh b,fou Yl rkd S rajymbl;? wynfah wGvnf; rajymbl;? rajymbJeYJ
xGuo f mG ;w,f? xGuo f mG ;awmh b,fa&mufwek ;f awmxJa&mufawmh *lBu;D wpfcak wGUw,f? *lBu;D wpfcak wGUawmh
*lx0J ifNy;D tif; 'Dae&mrSm tm;xkw&f ifawmhaumif;rSmyJ qdNk y;D awmh xdik Nf y;D tm;xkwf w,f? tm;xkwaf wmh
aeYvnf;rtdy?f nvnf;rtdy?f b,fvkd tm;xkwf wke;f wJh xdik t f m;xkww f ,f? rwfwyf&yftm;xkww f ,f?
pBuøomG ; tm;xkww f ,f/
b0aygi;f rsm;pGm tdycf &hJ aygi;f rsm;NyD igrtdyaf wmhb;l rtdyv f Ykd aooGm;&ifvnf; 'Dw&m;eJaY ooGm;&ifvnf;
t&if;r½I;kH ygb;l tjrwfxu G f rSmygyJ t&if;½I;H rcHb;l xdik t f m;xkwrf ,f? rwfwyf&yftm;xkwrf ,f? pBuø oGm;
tm;xkww f ,f/ xdik t f m;xkwaf wmh wifyg;u zkawGayguv f mNy;D awmh jynfawGayguNf y;D aoG;jynfawG,u kd sw,f?
'gvnf; ravsmb h ;l wJ?h tJ'aD wmh owdy|mefeYJ tm;xkw&f muaeNyD or®y"Ü mefjzpfatmif t½d;k <uif;ap tom;a<u
ukeyf ap tom;taoG; toufurkd S rn§m& or®y"Ü mefav;qdw k hJ toufurkd n§mbl;wJh aoyapqdNk y;D awmh
qufvuf NyD; xdkif&muaeNyD; pBuøoGm; tm;xkwfw,f? pBuøoGm; tm;xkwfawmh ajcz0g;rSm zkawG
aygufvmw,f? ajcz0g; zkawGayguf vmayrJhvnf; ravsmhbl; aocsif aoygapqdkNyD; oufpGefYBudK;yrf;
rwfwyf&yf tm;xkwf w,fwhJ rwfwyf&yf tm;xkwaf wmhvnf; ajcz0g;awGuylNy;D zkawGayguf vmw,f
'Dvykd J zkawG ayguv f mw,fwhJ aoG;jynfawG ,dv k mw,fwhJ ayguf NyJ uGNJ y;D aoG;jynf awG,v kd m? tJvkd
jzpfvmwmawmifrS ravQmhbl; aocsifaoyapqdkNyD; 'D*lxJurxGufyJeJY qGrf;cHcsdefav; cPwjzKwfxGuf
qG r f ; cH N yD ; oumv &oa&G U eJ Y a&mif h & J w if ; wd r f N yD ; awmh bk e f ; ay;NyD ; awmh tm;xk w f w myJ w J h
oufpeG BYf uKd ;yrf;tm;xkww f ,fw?hJ tJ'v D t kd m;xkwv f Ykd ajcaxmufayguNf yJ uGNJ y;D aoG;jynf,akd ewmawmifrS
21
quftm;xkww f ,f/
[m ig'D*lxJrSmyJ atmif;NyD; tm;xkwfaevdkY r&wmvm;qdkNyD; tJ'Dawmh wpfae&mxGufNyD;
tm;xkwOf ;D rSyq J Nkd y;D awmh ½kur© "l w l ifwhJ opfyifatmufrmS oGm;Ny;D oumv opfyifBu;D uvnf; tBu;D Bu;D
tJ'D opfyifatmufrmS oGm;Ny;D tm;xkww f ,f xdik w f ,f? xkid wf t hJ cgusawmh wpf0guRw&f if w7m;u r&bl;
r&awmh aemufwpf0guRwfoGm; jyefawmhvnf; w&m;u r&bl; r&awmh idk&jyefw,fwJh? bmaMumifh
w&m;r&wmwke;f wJh yd#uwf oH;k yHEk w I 0f ,fikH aqmifNy;D awmh pmcsy*k K¾ v d Bf u;D jzpfaevdYk rmefwufaevdYk rmefcaH evd?Yk
b,frmefcaH evJ pmrmefcaH ew,f pmrmefcaH eonft h wGuf aMumifh w&m;u r&Edik b f ;l ESpaf ygi;f (30)wdwd
tm;xkww f ,fwhJ (30)ESpf jynfzh Ykd em&Dyikd af v;yJuseaf wmhw,fw/hJ
em&Dydkif;twGif;av; tJh'DrSm opfyifatmufxGufNyD;awmh tm;xkwf w,fwJh tm;xkwfwJhtcsdef
ewforD;uvmNy;D idw k ,fwhJ [Jt h oif b,fow l ek ;f ? bmvdiYk w
kd mwke;f ]]wjcm;r[kwyf gb;l ? ewfjynfu ewf
orD;yg?}} ewforD;jzpfygvsuf ewfjynfu tvGecf sr;f omygvsuf bmaMumifh idak ewmwke;f ? ]]t&Sib f &k m;vdk
w&m;rsm; &rvm;vdYk idv k &Ykd &dS if w&m;rsm; &rvm;vdYk wynfah wmf idyk gw,fb&k m;}} ewforD;uawmif igu Y kd
uJ&h UJ jyKaeNyD ewforD;uawmif igY uJ&h UJ jyKaeawmh rjzpfb;l bmaMumifh r&wke;f pmrmefcaH evdYk tJ'aD wmh
enf;enf;avQmah y;rSyq J Nkd y;D oumv r*¾i&f pS yf g; ESit hf nD y#dy'gusatmif tm;xkww f ,fwhJ tJ'o D pfyif atmufrmS
tm;xkww f ,fwhJ tm;xkwaf wmh rMumcifyJ udpNö y;D wJh &[EÅm jzpfomG ;w,f wJah emf (rSeyf gb Y &k m;) rmefcsvukd af wmh
udpNö y;D oGm;wmaygY rmefavQmv h ukd af wmh udpNö y;D oGm;wmaygY udpv ö nf;Ny;D a&m ig[m ESpf (30)wdwd ajcawmuf
raq;&ao;bl; tJawmh ajcaq;OD;rSyq J Nkd y;D ajcaq;tifjyif<uNy;D ajcaq; zd&Yk m<uw,f/
<uwJhtcgusawmh ajcaq;tifjyifem;a&mufwJh wNydKifeufwnf; odMum;rif;eJY okZdwmwdkYu
tr,fBu;D a,mif tzd;k Bu;D a,mif aqmifNy;D qif;vmw,fwhJ qif;vmNy;D oumv rMumcifbJ t&Sib f &k m;
oH C mawmf awG u ig;aomif ; avmuf & S d w J h oH C mawmf a wG u <uvmNyD ; ajcaq;ay;
zd&Yk m0dik ;f aew,ftcsed t f cgusawmh t&Sib f &k m;wdYk wynfah wmfwYkd r[moD0 rax&fBu;D udk uefawmhcsiv f yYkd g
bk&m;? enf;enf;wdr;f ay;ygb&k m; tJ oHCm awmfawGu z,f&mS ;ray;bl;wJ?h z,f&mS ;ray;awmh t&Sib f &k m;
wumr ygygw,f? wumrygawmh t&Sib f &k m;wdYk z,f&mS ;ay;yg wynhf awmfwYkd uefawmh½ykH g uefawmhNy;D
jyefrmS ygy?J tJ'v D ykd J avQmufxm; vdu k af wmh ajymvdu k af wmh tJ'rD mS z,f&mS ;ay;vdu k wf ,fw?hJ 'Dae&mrSm wumru
wef c d k ; BuD ; om;yJ wumrygvd k Y oH C mawmf a wG u wd r f ; a&S m if ay;&w,f w J h wd r f ; a&S m if a y;vk d Y
a&SUrSma&mufoGm;w,f a&mufwJhwNydKifeuf wnf; tJ'DrSm odMum;rif;ESifh okZdwmu ajcaxmufuav;
qkyfay;vdkuf w,fwJh qkyfe,fay;vdkufwmeJY wNydKifeufwnf; uav;ajcaxmuf uav;uJhodkY
tvG e f E k e ,f N yD ; awmh aumif ; oG m ;w,f w J h 'D x d a tmif Bud K ;Bud K ;pm;pm; tm;xk w f w ,f ? xd k u J h o d k Y
BuKd ;pm;tm;xkwEf ikd w f hJ yk*K¾ v d af wG jzpfMuygap ukeo f wnf;/
om"k om"k om"kygbk&m;/
ÓPfpOf
yxrqdkwmu ½Ivdkufw,f ½Ivkdufawmh ½kyf emrf ESpfyg; rjrifbl; bl;vm; (rSefygY) ½kyf emrf
ESpfyg;jrifvdkufawmh emr½lyy&dapä'ÓmPf wzef emr½lyy&dapä'ÓmPfudk qifjcifoHk;oyfNyD; cE¨mudk,fudk
oH;k oyfwt hJ cg usawmh or®óeÓmPf? jzpfrI ysurf I jrifvmawmh O',AÁ,ÓmPf tjzpfukd rjrif tysuu
f b
kd J
22
awmufavQmufwef;Ny;D jrifw,fqakd wmh b*FÓmPf tJ'aD wmh b*FÓmPfuae ysuo f mG ;jyefawmh ab;qd;k Bu;D yJ
'D½kyf emrf ESpfyg; [mqdkawmh b,ÓmPf tvGefcufygvm;? 'DÓmPfu ½kyfemrf (2)yg;ygvm; oGm;jrifw,f/
tJh 'Dawmh tm'De0ÓmPf? tm'De0ÓmPfqdkwmu oljzpfcsifovdk jzpfw,f? udk,fjzpfcsifovdk
rjzpfb;l qdak wmh tm'De0ÓmPf tJ'aD wmh vlaY vmuudyk J raecsib f ;l ? ewfavmuvnf; roGm;csib f ;l ? Ny;D awmh
b,fomG ;csiw f ek ;f jA[®jynfukd oGm;csiv f m;? jA[®jynfuv kd nf; roGm;csif bl;? b,fuakd &mufcsiv f nf; edAmÁ efukd
a&mufcsiw f ,f (wifygb Y &k m;) 'D twGi;f rSmae&wm ysi;f w,f? Ni;D aiGUw,f? w&m;tm;xkwv f Ykd ysi;f wm r[kwb f ;l
oloY bm0twdik ;f raecsiw f phJ w
d f edAmÁ efa&mufcsiw f phJ w d f Ni;D aiGU wJo h abm edA'dÁ gÓmPf 'DrmS ½kyf emrf ESpyf g;
vGwcf siw f ,fqakd wmh ½kyf emrf ESpyf g;vGwo f mG ;&if at;wmyJ? edAmÁ ef&wmyJqakd wmh rkÍw dö u k rswmÓmPf xd½k yk ef mrf
ESpyf g;rS vGwaf jrmufvmygí rem;rae tm;xkwaf wmh y#docFg& ÓmPf 'Drw S zef ocFg&av;awG jyKjyifajymif;vJ
ysufpD;aewmjrifawmh ocFg½kayu©mÓmPf? tJ'Dawmh tEkvHk? y#dvHk tpuaetqHk;? tqHk;uae tp
jyefNyD;½IrSwfaewmu tEkavmrÓmPf? tEkavmrÓmPfrSaewpfcg a*gMwblÓmPfqdkwJh edAÁmefudk
vufñ;Id xd;k jywJah vmuDr*f? r*fu bmwke;f wJ?h r*fqw kd mu ysuo f mG ;wJah e&mu r*f? rysuaf o;vdYk 'Domum
u qdw k t hJ cef; a&mufaew,fqw kd ?hJ oabFmom;rsm;u oabFm ay: us;D iSuu f av;udk wifomG ;wJt h cgusawmh
urf;eD;Nyv D m;qdNk y;D wdik af y:u aeNy;D us;D iSuu f av;udk ajrm§ ufvw T vf u kd af wmh yso H mG ;? yso H mG ;Ny;D urf;&Sm
urf;ua0;ao;w,fqdk&if jyefvSnfhvm 'Dwdkifay:jyefem; tJ'DrSwzef reD;ao;bl;? ra&mufao;bl;?
urf;eJaY 0;ao;w,f pufwifNy;D armif;yg qdNk y;D wGe;f armif;awmh wzefawmfawmfav; c&D;a&mufvmwJt h cg
wzef urf;eJY eD;Nyv D m;? a&mufvNk yv D m; pkpH rf;cdik ;f OD;rSqNkd y;D 'Domumu us;D iSuf uav;udak jrm§ ufvw T v f u kd w f ,f?
tJ'rD mS urf;&Smw,fw?hJ us;D iSuf uav;u ysNH y;D urf;&Smw,f? urf;udak wGUwt hJ cg urf;em;uopfyifay: em;Ny;D
aeawmhwmyJ? jyefrvmawmhb;l ? a[h urf;eD;NyaD [h urf;qdu k af wmh rSmyJqNkd y;D wpfcgwnf; pufuek v f w T Nf y;D
armif;vdu k af wmh rMumcifyif urf;qdu k o f mG ;w,f? tJ'rD mS edAmÁ efrsuaf rSmufjyKomG ;w,f? tJ'aD wmh r*fÓmPf?
zdv
k Óf mPf? edAmÁ efqNkd y;D ÓmPfo;kH ÓmPf[m wpfcgwnf; jywfomG ;w,f/
zdv k q
f akd wmh zdv k Óf mPfqakd wmh at;&m? Nird ;f &m? csKy&f m tm½Hjk yKNy;D awmh Nird ;f Ny;D aewm edAmÁ efqakd wmh
bmrSr&Sad wmhb;l ? bmrSrjzpfawmhb;l ? bmrSrjzpf&m? bmrSr&S&d m tm½Hx k aJ &mufomG ;&m edAmÁ efy?J 'gu rsuaf rSmuf
jyKEdkifw,f/
,ckwiG rf mS awmh tm;xkw&f wmu tedp?ö 'ku?© tewåqw kd hJ vu©PmBu;D oH;k yg; jrifatmif½&I wm
tedpq ö w kd m rNrw J o hJ abmw&m;? b,fvkd rNro J vJ? ½kyf emrf ESpyf g; rNrb J ;l ? tedp½ö &I if; ½I&if;u ysupf ;D
oGm;w,f? jzpfay:jcif;r&Sb d ;l ? ysupf ;D oGm;w,f? tedpv ö Ykd tJ'h vD kd awGUaewJh tcsed t f cgrmS tedpu ö ½Iae&muaeNy;D
tvGeq f if;&JwhJ obm0 ay:vmw,f? qif;&Jwo hJ bm0u 'ku?© tJ''D u k [© m tpd;k &vdYk jzpfovm;? tpd;k r&vdYk
jzpfovm;? (tpdk;r&vdkY jzpfygw,f bk&m;)/
tpdk;r&vdkYjzpfawmh tewå 'Dvu©PmBuD;oHk;yg; ay:vmNyD; oumv? 'ku©jrifvmawmh 'ku©opöm?
'kuo © pömjrifvmawmh 'D'u k © bmaMumifjh zpfwek ;f ? ork',aMumifh b,fork',vnf; tm;xkwaf ewJh yk*K¾v d u f awmh
½ky&f UJ cE¨m&JU ork', ½kycf E¨m? emrfcE¨m 'DcE¨m&JU ork',? 'gukd cspaf evdYk rjzpfEikd af wmhb;l ? tJ'aD wmh ork',aMumifh
'kuj© zpfaew,f/ ork',aMumifh 'kuj© zpfreS ;f odvmawmh y,fvu kd yf gawmhvm;? y,fvYkd r&ao;bl;? tJ'aD wmh
b,foluy,fay;rwkef;? w&m;tm;xkwfvdkY&Sd&if w&m;uy,fEdkifygw,f? y,foGm;vdrfhr,f? ry,fcifu
ork',opöm? y,fvu kd af wmh at;w,f? Nird ;f w,f? csKyw f ,f? ysuw f ,f? eda&m"qdu k f w,f? eda&m"opöm?
23
yGm;rsm;tm;xkwfrIu bmwkef;? (r*¾opömyg bk&m;)
tif; r*¾opöm? opömav;yg;jrifatmifvYkd tm;xkw&f rSm? opöm av;yg;jrifv&Ykd &dS if aomwmyefvnf;
jzpfEikd w f ,f? ou'g*grv f nf; wnfEikd w f ,f? tem*grv f nf;wnfEikd w f ,f? t&[wår*f? t&[wåzv kd f udv
k nf;
a&mufEikd w f ,faemf? a&mufatmifvnf; BuKd ;pm;MuygvYkd wdu k wf eG ;f Ed;k aqmfygw,f? (wifygY bk&m;) tJ'aD wmh
tedp?ö 'ku?© tewåqw kd hJ vu©PmBu;D oH;k yg;? 'kuo © pöm? ork',opöm? eda&m"opöm? r*¾opöm? opömav;yg;
ydik ;f jcm;xifxif odjrifatmif½MI unfEh ikd w
f hJ yk*Kd¾ vaf wG jzpfMuygap ukeo f wnf;/
(om"k om"k om"k)
w&m;obm0
w&m;obm0taejzifhvnf; w&m;tm;xkwfolrsm; tm½HkrQ awGU&Sd cJhaomf tm½Hkaemufvdkufae&if
vrf;vG?J vrf;rSm;aeNy?D 'Djyif tm½Ht k rsK;d rsK;d ay:Eikd w
f myJ xdik wf muawmh ausmif;atmufyx J ikd af ewm pdwu f
&efuek f a&mufcsiaf &muf? rEÅav;a&mufcsiaf &mufae? rEÅav;a&muf aeawmh ta&mif;t0,feYJ vkycf siv f yk af e?
a0'emyJ½I? cE¨myJpdkuf? pdkufoGm; rSmyJ? od&ifjyefac:aygY? ½kyfcE¨may:wGif quf½I a0'emvHk;vHk; rawGUbl;?
aysmufoGm;NyDqdk&if ESmoD;0jyefxm;? ESmoD;0jyefxm;NyD;awmh ab;u vltrsm;r&Sdbl;qdk&if? ydwfom½I?
wGe;f ½IEidk &f ifaumif;w,f? tJ'u D armNy;D awmh wnfNird o f mG ;NyqD &kd if cE¨mjyefpu
kd ?f a0'em½I? tJ'gvrf;rvTEJ ikd b
f ;l /
(tm½Hek rd w d uf awmh ay:rmS yJaemf bk&m;)
tm½H k e d r d w f u awmh ay:rS m yJ rvd k u f e J Y trsKd ; rsKd ; aygY awmawmif t&d y f a wG avQ m uf N yD ; ?
trsK;d rsK;d jrifcsijf rifaewm? cE¨mrS vGww f ,fqw kd hJ oabmrsK;d aygY oGm;Ny;D Munfrh ae&bl;? Munfah e&if om,mae&if
'gvrf;vGJ aeNyD/
(a0'emu rcHomatmif t&rf;jyif;xefae&if quf½aI e&rSmvm; bk&m;)
½IEikd w
f ,fq&kd ifawmh [m aocsiaf oyap? &Sw d muawmh owd y|mefav;yg;? um,Ekyóemowdy|mef
½Iwek ;f rSmvnf;? ESmoD;0wnf; [laom um,udk ½IaomaMumifh um,Ekyóemowdy|mef? 0ifav xGuaf vav;
cHpm;ae&aomaMumifh a0'emud½k aI omaMumifh a0'em Ekyóemowdy|mef? pdwu f av;onf b,frrS ajy;&atmif
ESmoD;0rSm wnfaeatmif jyKvyk af e&aomaMumifh pdwmå Ekyóemowdy|mef tJ'aD wmh 0ifav xGuaf vav;onf
r0ifygeq YJ vkd v Ykd nf; r&bl;? rxGuyf geYJ qdv k v
Ykd nf; r&bl;? olo Y abmtwdik ;f oljzpfaeaomaMumifh "r®mEkyóem
owdy|mef a[m olu owdy|mefw&m;av;yg;eJY jynfph ykH gw,f/
(wifygY bk&m;)
t½I u d k & yf ? cE¨ m ud k p d k u f a0'emud k p d k u f ½ I q&mucd k i f ; vd k u f w ,f / t½I & yf q d k a wmh t½I u d k
vH;k vH;k &yf&rSmvm;qdak wmh vH;k vH;k r&yf&ygb;l obm0t½Iuawmh ½I&rSmyJ/
(rSefygY bk&m;)
r½IvdkY rjzpfbl;? cE¨mudk,fpdkufqdkawmh um,udk ½IawmhvdkY cdkif;vdkuf wm rdrdudk,frdrd½I
um,ud k ½ I a omaMumif h um,mEk y óem owd y |mef emusif u d k u f c J w J h a0'emawG U v mvd r f h r ,f /
a0'emawGUvmvdrrhf ,f? a0'em udak wGUaomaMumifh a0'emudk Munf½h aI omaMumifh a0'emEkyóem owdy|mef?
pdwu f av;onf b,frS rajy;&atmif 'D½yk cf E¨may:wnfae &atmif jyKvyk af e&aomaMumifh pdwmå Ekyóem
24
owdy|mef? a0'emonf emvSnyhf g? emvSnyhf g ud, k uf cdik ;f wmr[kwb f ;l ? remygeq YJ v
kd v
Ykd nf; r&bl;? emyg
emyg qdak wmhvnf; olemcsirf eS mr,f? oloabmtwdik ;f oljzpfae aomaMumifh "r®mEkyóemowdy|mef? a[m
owdy|mefw&m;av;yg;eJY oluvnf; jynfph ykH gw,f/
'DrSwzef qufvufNyD;oumv tm;xkwfae&muaeNyD;awmh a0'emjyif;xefpGm awGUaew,fwJh
tNy;D owfusawmh 'gukd tm½Hjk yK? bmudk tm½Hjk yK&rwk;H ? 'Dvu©PmBu;D oH;k yg;yJ jyefqifjcifEikd w f ,f? ckawGUaewm
bmwke;f 'ku?© opömtm;jzifh rrSeb f EJ iS jhf zpfovm;? trSet f wdik ;f jzpfovm; 'Dawmh trSet f wdik ;f jzpfw,f?
trSet f wdik ;f jzpfaomaMumifh 'kuo © pöm? 'D'u k b © maMumifjh zpfw;Hk ½Iaeawmh yk*K¾ v d af wmh cE¨mork',aMumifh cspaf evdYk
ork',aMumifh 'ku©jzpfaew,f? cE¨mork',aMumifh 'ku©jzpfrSef; odvmNyD y,fvdkufygawmhvm;wJh?
y,fvrYkd &ao;bl;? b,fou l y,fay; rwke;f wJ?h ½Iom½I ? ½Iygrsm;vmawmh wcsed u f sawmh w&m;uy,fay;vdrhf
r,f? ry,fao;awmh ork',opöm? y,fvu dk af wmh at;w,f? Nird ;f w,f? csKyw f ,f? jywfw,f? eda&m"qdu k wf ,f?
eda&m"opöm yGm;rsm;tm;xkwf ae&mu bmwk;kH ? r*¾opöm? tJ'o D pömav;yg; jrifatmifv?Ykd tm;xkw&f wm/
tJ'aD wmh ½Ivu kd wf t hJ cgusawmh emusiu f ukd cf w
J hJ a0'emawGUvm w,f? 'Da0'emawG[m 'Dtwdik ;f yJ
tNrwJ rf;emaeovm;wJh ( ay:vu kd ?f aysmufvu kd ?f ay:vu kd ?f aysmufvu kd f )jzpfysuaf ew,fw?hJ tedpö cHpm;ae
&wJh a0'emawGonf qif;&Jw,fw/hJ okcvm;? 'kuv © m;/
('ku©yg)
tJ'h 'D uk [© m tpd;k &vdjYk zpfovm;? tpd;k r&vdjYk zpfovm;/
(tpdk;r&vdkYjzpfwmyg/)
tpdk;&r&awmh tewå? tJ'gawGvSnfhNyD; jyefqifjcifvdkuf&ifvnf; tedpö? 'ku©? tewåqdkwJh
vu© P mBuD ; oH k ; yg; ygyJ / 'D v u© P mBuD ; oH k ; yg; yd k i f y d k i f B uD ; jrif a evd k Y & S d & if a wmh 0d y óemÓmPf w J h ?
0dyóemÓmPfawGU&vdYk &S&d if? 'kuo © pöm? ork',opöm? eda&m"opöm? r*¾opömqdw k hJ opömav;yg; ydik jf cm;xifxif
odjrifatmif ½IMunfEh ikd w f hJ yk*K¾ v
d af wGjzpfMuygap ukeo f wnf;/
( om"k ---- om"k--- om"k )
tyg,fi&J
(q&mawmfb&k m; 'Dtwdik ;f aevdYk tm;upm;orm;awmif acR; 'Davmufrusb;l w&m;tm;xkwv f Ykd
'Dtwdkif;Nidrfxdkifae&if;eJY a0'emudk pdkuf½Iae&if; ½Iaewmudk acR;oD;acR;aygufawGupD; pD;usawmh?
tJ'gb,fvo kd abm ygvb J &k m;? a0'em&JUacR;vm; udavom0#fa<u;awG y,fwwfwhJ oabmvm;bk&m;/)
twGi;f udavom&JU tnpftaMu;awG qif;wJh oabmrsK;d vnf; jzpfw,f? w&m;tm;rxkwb f J 'Dtwdik ;f xdik af e
vdkYawmh 'DacR;awGvnf; rxGufbl;? tJ'Dawmh udavom tnpftaMu; vnf; rxGufbl;? tJ'Dawmh
w&m;oabmvnf;rjzpfb;l ? (wifygY bk&m;) (w&m;tm;xkww f yhJ *k K¾v
d [
f m 0#fa<u;udk tjrefq;kH qyfEikd f w,fqw kd m
[kwfygovm;bk&m;/) uHBuD;awG rusL;vGefbdkYawmh ta&;BuD;wmaygY/(usefwJhawmfawmfrsm;rsm; 0#fa<u;
tjypfawGukd qyfw,fqw kd m [kwyf govm;bk&m;) w&m;u 0#fa<u; qyfww hJ &m;wJh b00#fa<u;awG qyfwhJ
tyg,af v;yg; 0#fa<u;awG y,fw,fw(hJ wifygY bk&m;) 'djyif 0#fa<u;qdw k muawmh xm;awmh (wifygb Y &k m;)
25
olrsm;udk ½du k cf whJ ,f? ESucf whJ ,f? usK;d yJv h mw,fqw kd m uawmh xm;awmh (wifygb Y &k m;) tyg,af v;yg;
0#fa<u;uvGwEf ikd w f ,f/(wifygb Y &k m;) (tJ'gaMumifh 'ge? oDveJw Y ifr[kwb f ;l 'Dw&m;tm;xkwrf S 0#fa<u;u
ausEikd w f maygY aemfb&k m;/) tajccHuawmh tJ'D 'ge? oDv ygryS J tJ'gryS J vkyEf ikd w f hJ owå&d w dS maygY (wifygY
bk&m;) (owå0gwpfcjk zpfvm&if ol[m w&m;om tm;rxkw&f if tyg,u f szYkd olu owå0gjzpfvmovdk jzpfaewm
trSeyf gvm; bk&m;) cifAsm; ajrBu;D vuf0g;eJyY w k v f u
kd w f murS vGyJ g vdrrhf ,f? tyg,u f szu
Ykd awmh rvGb J ;l ?
(wifygb Y &k m;) usrmS yJ aocsmayguf usrmS yJ? tJawmh w&m;tm;rxkwcf ifu twGi;f u ig&UJ [efu b,fv&kd dS
wke;f rmef&w dS ,f? rmefBu;D w,f? avmb? a'gorsm;w,f? tJawmh w&m; tm;xkwv f u kd af wmh rmefusomG ;w,f
tJawmh rmefusatmif tm;xkwf Edik &f ifawmh ydak umif;wmaygY (wifygb Y &k m; 'DrmefawG[m trsm;qH;k 'ku©
ay;NyD;? tyg,fudk ydkYwmBuD;yJaemf bk&m;) tif; tyg,fudk ydkYwmaygY (ig&Sdw,f? igvkyf&ifjzpfw,f) 'gaygY ('gqdk
tyg,frSm awmfawmfrsm; aeNyDaygYaemf bk&m;) [m odyfawmh rrsm;ygbl;? yk&Gwfqdwf av;awG oGm;vm
aew,f? jcaumifav;awGomG ;vmaew,f vlawGeYJ ,SOrf ,fqkd ol&UJ wpf0ufawmif r&Sb d ;l vlu ('gqkd
tzefwvnfvnf jyefaoae wmaygY aemf bk&m;) tif; 'Dvykd J tzefwvnfvnf jyefjzpf jyefao jyefjzpf
jyefao 'DvdkyJ jzpfaewmyJ? (wynfhawmf Mum;od&bl;w,fbk&m; tyg,fusoGm; wJhvlu qeftdk;xJu
<uufrsm;vdkyJ qeftdk;xJu <uufrsm;[m tay: a&mufcgeD; &cgeD;rSm zkwfqdkjyefus? pOfhtdk;xJjyKwfus
tyg,u f somG ;wJh vl[m tJ'v D rkd sK;d [kwyf govm;bk&m; w&m;vnf; tm;rxkwb f J usawmh jyefwufEikd zf rYkd &S)d
tJ'grS tcefo Y if&h if vufeYJ ukwrf v d &Ykd &dS if tay:a&muf Edik af o;w,f [m i&JusomG ;wJh vluawmh jyefwufEikd zf Ykd
rvG,af wmhb;l bmaMumifrh vG,w f ek ;f wJh bk&m;&,f w&m;&,f oHCm&,fqw kd hJ &wem oH;k yg;u r&Sad wmhb;l
bmeJaY ewke;f wJh avmb a'go arm[eJY aew,f (wifygb Y &k m; olwrYkd mS vnf; tJv&kd dS wmyJvm;bk&m;) [m
tJ'v D &kd ydS &J w
dS maygY avmb? a'go? arm[eJY aew,fw?hJ avmb? a'go? arm[eJY bmaMumifah ewm wke;f wJh
pm;&rJU? 0wf&rJU? ae&rJY? xkdif&rJY? avmb&Sdaew,f? a'gou bmaMumifh jzpfaewmwkef;wJh i&JcH&aevdkY
a'gojzpfaewm? (wifygY bk&m;) arm[ arm[u bmrSrodawmhb;l bk&m;&,f? w&m;&,f? oHCm&,f bmrS
rodawmhb;l arm[zk;kH aeNy;D tJ't D wGuaf Mumifh ol[m vljyefjzpfzYkd rvG,af wmhb;l ? (wifygY bk&m;) ao&if
b,fomG ;OD;rwke;f 'DyjJ yefvnfae wmyJ? i&J? i&Jqakd wmh txufu oHr;kd Bu;D awG rD;awGw[ke;f [ke;f awmufae?
atmufu oHjym;Bu;D awG rD;awG w[ke;f [ke;f awmufae? ab;u oHawmifBu;D awG rD;awG w[ke;f [ke;f
awmufae? tJ'DxJrS Oyy y#doaE¨tm;jzifh vlaumifBuD;vdk? acGaumifBuD;vdk? EGm;aumifBuD;vdk taumif
Bu;D awGjzpfNy;D awmh ajy;&w,f? [ke;f qdNk y;D rD;xpG?J jymus? jyefjzpf? jyefNy;D 'Dvykd cJ aH e&wmyJ? (wifygY bk&m;)
'Dvykd cJ aH e&awmh? vljY ynfrmS (1)&uf i&JjynfrmS (1)puúeYf 'gaMumifh owåad umif;Mu&JUvm;ar;awmh aumif;yg
w,f bk&m;vdkY avQmufMuw,f/ (wifygYbk&m;) bmvdkY owdådaumif;wkef; wJh odyfMum&Snf rcH&vdkYwJh?
olwdkYpdwfxJrSm xifaewmu vlYjynfrSm (1)&uf qdk&if [dkrSm (1)puúefYyJ &Sdao;w,fwJh (wifygY bk&m;)
tJ'Davmufawmif wm&SnfwJhae&m? olwdkYuawmh (1)puúefYavmuf rMum;bl;qdkwJh oabm rsKd;eJY
owådaumif;ygw,f bk&m;vdkY avQmufwmaygY owdåaumif;zdkYr&Sdbl;? vlU jynfrSm (1)&ufqdk&if i&JjynfrSm
(1)puúefYyJ&Sdao;wm tMumBuD;yJ? tJ'Dawmh vljzpfzdkYvnf; cJ,Of;w,fwJh? ewfjzpfzdkYvnf; cJ,Of;w,fwJh
bmaMumifh cJ,Of;wmwke;f wJh bk&m;&,f? w&m;&,f? oHCm&,fqw kd hJ &wem (3)yg; r&Sad wmhb;l wJh (wifygY
bk&m;) ao&if 'Dvykd J cHae&rSmyJwhJ tcefo Y ifv
h Ykd ud, k u f ukov kd af umif;rIeYJ BuKH awGUvmjyefNyD vnfvmzdUk &m
tcsed af &mufvm&ifawmh vGwcf siv f nf; vGwv f mr,fw?hJ tJ'v D rkd S r&S&d if awmh vGwzf &Ykd m rvG,af wmhb;l
26
(wifygY bk&m;)? i&J? wd&pämefqakd wmh EGm;awG bmvkyaf ewke;f vSn;f ay:wifNy;D awmh wH;k awG? wdik af wG ypön;f
awGwifNyD;oumv vluwcgwnf; tay:uaeNyD; ½dkufESufNyD;awmh oGm;aewmyJ? olwdkY ½kef;csifvdkY
½ke;f ae&wmvm;wJh (r[kwyf gb;l bk&m;) r½ke;f csib f J ½ke;f ae&wmwJ?h wd&pämefwhJ tJ'aD wmho[ l m bk&m;&,f?
w&m; &,f? oHCm&,fqw kd hJ &wemoH;k yg; odao;&JUvm;? rodawmhbmeJUaewke;f wJh wd&pd mä efb0rSm avmb&,f?
a'go&,f? arm[&,feUJyaJ ew,f? 'geUJao oGm;jyefNyw D hJ b,fomG ;wke;f 'Dtyg,af v;bkyH jJ yefvn S rhf mS yJ jyefwufEidk zf Ydk
rvG , f a wmh b l ; wJ h ? i&J ? wd & d p ä m ef N yD ; awmh Nyd w å m wJ h ? Nyd w å m qk d a wmh tck v k d y J wD a umif a wG ? 'D r S
wzef ' d j yif h t aumif a wG v nf ; Nyd w å m awG y J ? wapä ? rS i f p m? t½k d ; pk N yd w å m ? tom;pk N yd w å m ?
oHvQuaf jratmufuNyw d må awGy?J th'J ND yw d må awG olwb Ydk mvkyaf ewke;f wJ?h avmb? a'go? arm[eJUyaJ ew,fw?hJ
avmb? a'go? arm[eJUaeawmh aooGm;awmhb,fomG ;OD;rvJw(hJ 'DyjJ yef vmrSmygb&k m;) 'Di&Jy?J wd&pd mä ef?
Nyw d må ? tol&u,ftyg,af v;bkyH J jyefvnfvmrSmyJ? jyefwufzYdk rvG,v f b S ;l ? bmaMumifw h ek ;f wJh bk&m;&,f?
w&m;&,f? oHCm&,frS rodwm? tol&u,fqw dk hJ tyg,af v;bkrH mS aeYp?H ncH? aeYawmh ewforD;ewfom;vkd
cHpm;&w,f/ 'Dvq dk adk wmh eJeaJ wmfao; w,fqw dk o hJ abmrsK;d ,lqcsi, f q l rSmayg?h 'gayaomfvnf; nykid ;f
usawmh acG;eufBuD;tpm;cH&w,f? acG;eufBuD;tpm;cH&wmeJYwif uovm;wJh? oHyla&xJwcgwnf;
qif;oGm;&w,fw?hJ tukev f ;Hk avmifuRr;f oGm;w,f Ny;D &if jyefjzpfw,f 'Dvydk cJ pH m;ae&w,f/ (wifygb h &k m;)
tJ'aD wmh bk&m;? w&m;? oHCm&,fqw dk hJ &wem (3)yg;vnf; rodawmhb;l ? rodawmh b,fomG ;OD;rwke;f wJh
'Dtyg,af v;bkyH jJ yefvn S hf rSmyJ? wwfEidk zf u Ydk rvG,af wmhb;l wJ?h tJawmh a&mufcsio f vm;? &csif ovm;ar;awmh
ra&mufcsiyf gb;l ? r&csiyf gb;l bk&m;? ra&mufcsiaf wmh r&csiaf wmh vGwaf pwwfwhJ tvkyu f v dk yk yf gqadk wmh
rtm;bl;bk&m;? bmaMumifh rtm;wmwke;f ? rvkycf siv f rYdk tm;wm vkycf si&f iftm;&r,f? [kwb f ;l vm;? [ked m;rSm
yGJav;&Sdw,f ZmwfyGJjzpfjzpf tNidrfhyGJyJjzpfjzpf tJ'Dudk roGm;bJ eJYaeygvm;wJh? rtm;bl;qkdNyD;awmh
raebl;oGm;wmyJwhJ tJ'gusawmh tm;aew,f vkycf siw f [hJ m vkcd siw
f [ hJ musawmh tm;wmyJw?hJ rvkycf siw f m
usawmh rtm;bl; 'Dv0dk efcNH y;D awmhaewm? 'geUJ yJ tyg,af v;yg; usMu wmayg?h vGwzf q Ydk w
dk mrvG,af wmhb;l ?
tJvw G cf siwf ,f? aMumufw,f qkv d Ydk &S&d ifawmh tm;omxkwyf g (rSeyf gb&k m;) rSerf eS t f m;xkwaf y;? a[m,ck
tcsdefrSm i,fao;w,f? tm;rxkwfEkdifygbl;qkdvkdY&Sd&if? udk,foDv&Sd&ifawmh ae&OD;r,f? oDvr&Sd&if
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27
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31
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19/ r[kwv f nf;onf;cH? [kwv f nf;onf;cH&rSmyJ/
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20/ avmb? a'go? arm[uif;atmif jywfatmifvkyfMu/
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22/ tjrwfu r½HI;apeJU/ t½HI;uom jrwfygap/
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f vJ/
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25/ edAmÁ ef r*fzv kd f &vdak Mumif;eJY qkawmif;cJw h m rsm;Ny;D /
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vGepf mG raES; edAmÁ efjrifrnf/
33
tNrJqifjcifae&r,fhw&m;u tedpö? 'ku©? tewå
vu©Pm w&m;oHk;yg;jzpfw,f/
d ysufpD;wdkif;vQif rylyifESifh
rysupf ;D um cdik Nf ryJ gu b,frmS tedp&ö rdS nfenf;/
d qif;&JBuKH rI rnnf;nLESihf
csrf;omcsnf;om BuHKaeygu b,frSm 'ku©&Sdrnfenf;/
d vkyw f ikd ;f rjzpf pdwrf npfEiS hf
ud, k v f yk w f ikd ;f om jzpfaeygu b,frmS tewå&rdS nfenf;/
d ajymwdkif;r& a'grxESifh
ud, k af jymwdik ;f om&aeygu b,frmS tewå&rdS nfenf;/
d Buw H ikd ;f rajrmuf pdwrf azmufEiS hf
ud, k Bf uw H ikd ;f omNy;D ajrmufygu b,frmS tewå&rdS nfenf;/
d tm½H[ k o l rQ rawmifw h ESihf
tm½Hw k ikd ;f om awmifw h ygu b,frmS avmbqH;k rnfenf;/
d t&m&mrsK;d pdwrf qd;k ESihf
ae&mwdik ;f om pdwq f ;kd ygu b,frmS a'goqH;k rnfenf;/
d odÓmPfrvdu k f oifrrdu k Ef iS hf
odÓmPfr& rdu k af eygu b,frmS arm[ qH;k rnfenf;/
d Ak'w ¨ &m; arhrxm;ESihf
qH;k rwdik ;f om usiBhf uyH gu b,frmS edAmÁ efa0;rnfenf;/
q&mawmfb&k m;Bu;D \ 2000 jynfEh pS f omoemc&D;wpfcrk mS pma&;ol\ aetdrw f iG jf zpfygonf/ (11-
8-2000)wGif &efuek Nf rKd U? tvHNk rKd Ue,f? A[dv k rf;? trSwf (79)&Sd pma&;ol\ aetdro f Ykd <ua&muf oDwif;oH;k pOf?
eHeuf? aeYvnfydkif;wdkYwGif qHk;rMo0g'ay;w&m; csD;jr§ifhNyD; nydkif; q&mawmfwpfyg;wnf; bk&m;cef;wGif
tcsed Mf umjrifph mG oDwif;oH;k aeavh&o dS nf/ pma&;ol\ om;i,f armif,OfaxG;aqG u q&mawmfwpfyg;wnf;
oD w if ; oH k ; aewJ h t cg ewf a wG v myl a Zmf M uw,f v d k Y Mum;bl ; ygw,f b k & m;? q&mawmf nu
b,foal wGvmygovJb&k m;? ewfawGvmylaZmfvm;bk&m;[k avQmuf xm;&m ]]tif; tif;}} ylaZmfcsiw f hJ
yk*K¾ v
d af wG ntcsed f vlajcwdwaf wmh vmylaZmfMuwmayg[ Y k rdeyYf gonf/ q&mawmfb&k m;Bu;D onf 0denf;
tvGeaf v;pm;aom yk*K¾ v d jf zpfaom aMumifh ar;avQmufaom uav;udk A[kow k &ap&ef 0denf;vJvw G f
ajzMum;ygonf/
qm;awmifq&mawmfb&k m;Bu;D pma&;ol\aetdro f Ykd xyfrH <ua&muf cs;D jri§ ahf epOf&ufrsm;twGi;f
2001 ckEpS ?f {Nyv D (28)&ufaeYwiG f q&mawmfrmS rvIyrf ,Suf Nird o f ufNy;D tcsed t f awmfMum oGm;ojzifh
q&mawmf b,f<uaeovJ bk&m;[k avQmufxm;&m q&mawmfrS ajrmufuRef;odkY <uaeaMumif;?
ajrmufuRe;f ub,frmS &Syd govJb&k m;/ bk&m;wynfah wmfrsm;aeonft h &yfEiS w
hf yl govm; [kavQmufxm;Munf&h m
ajrmufuRe;f u jrifrh &kd af wmif&UJ ajrmufbufrmS &Sad Mumif;? 'Dt&yfa'orS vlrsm;? yk*K¾ v d rf sm;ESihf uGmjcm;aMumif;
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rdeMYf um;ygonf/ ajrmufuRe;f &Sd vlwo Ykd nf qefwpft;kd &Syd gu wpfoufv;kH pm;írukeEf ikd af Mumif; xdak e&m&Sd
vlwo Ykd nf tm;vH;k acsmaMumif;? aZmwduolaX;Bu;D \ ZeD;onfvnf; ajrmufuRe;f oljzpfaMumif;? xdak e&modYk
yifzh wd rf o
S m oGm;a&mufcs;D jri§ hf aMumif; wdu Yk v
kd nf; ar;avQmufojzifh rdeMYf um;cJyh gonf/ xdpk Ofu q&mawmfxH
vlom;r[kwo f nfh yk*K¾ v
d rf sm; rMumcPvma&muf zl;arQmMf uaMumif;? q&mawmftm; tBurd Bf urd f awmif;yef
avQmufxm;cJíh odciG &hf cJyh gonf/ q&mawmfrS 'DtaMumif;rsm; ar;í rdejYf cif;jzpfaMumif; rajymMum;&efrmS cJíh
wpfqifh rajymMum;Ekid cf yhJ g/ ,ck 2005 ckEpS ?f ZGev f pma&;ol\ (rmvm*Edik f a[rmNrKd i)f tdro f Ykd aq;0g;
uko&ef q&mawmf a&muf&o dS wD if;oH;k pOfwiG rf S a&;om;cGijhfyK&ef avQmufxm;cJ&h m ,ckwpfBudrf wGifrS cGifhjyKcJhí
a&;om; azmfjyEkdifjcif; jzpfygonf/
y&dabm*apwD wnfxm;udk;uG,fjcif;
q&mawmf b k & m;BuD ; onf pma&;ol \ om;vwf armif a usmf a qG avQmuf x m;ojzif h
y&dabm*apwDwnfciG Ehf iS ahf usmif;aqmufvyk v f LS cGihf rdecYf hJ ygonf/
apwD (4)rsKd;&Sdygonf/ apwDqdkonfrSm apwd, rSqif;oufvm NyD; vl ewf jA[®m owå0gwdkY
av;jrwf y l a Zmf t yf a omt&m? tk w f ? ausmuf ponf w d k Y j zif h jrif h j rif h a rmuf a rmuf
wnfaqmufjyKvyk x f m;aomt&mudk apwD [lí ac:qykd gonf/
apwD (4)rsK;d rSm y&dabm*apwD? "mwkapwD? "r®apwD? O'´ó d apwD [lí &S&d m y&dabm*apwD[o l nf
jrwfpmG bk&m;&Si?f &[EÅmrsm;\ toH;k taqmifjzpfaom a&ppf? cg;yef;BuKd ;? ouFe;f ? oydwf ponfvnf; aumif;
xdyk pön;f rsm;udk xnfo h iG ;f Xmyemí wnfxm;tyfaom apwD onfvnf;aumif;? bk&m&Si\f oAÁnKwÓmPf&&S&d m
aAm"dyifonf vnf;aumif;? y&dabm*apwDrnf/f apwDxu kd af om toH;k taqmifrsm; [k qdv k akd yonf/ (A
Dictionary of Buddhist Terms rS)
q&mawmfb&k m;Bu;D y&dabm*apwDtwGuf q&mawmfb&k m; \ oH;k aqmifawmfral om y&du&© m &Spyf g;?
"gwfawmfusaeaom qHawmf rsm;? awmifa0S;awmfudk 'g,um udkausmfaqGtm; csD;jr§ifhNyD; (4-6-2000)
&ufaeYwGif apwDawmfxD;awmfwifyGJESifh xd-od-owd ausmif;aqmifvkyf vSL'gef; a&pufcsyGJwdkYESifh
q&mawmfb&k m;Bu;D tm; odum© xyfyJG (&efuek &f dS q&mawmf a0ae,srsm;)udk yJc;l wdik ;f ? anmiftif;aus;&GmwGif
usif;y cJhygonf/
q&mawmfb&k m;Bu;D xd-od-owd anmiftif;ausmif;wGif oDwif; oH;k awmfrpl Of pma&;ol\ om;vwf
udak usmaf qG? om;i,f ud, k OfaxG;aqG yÍöi;f cHí orD;i,f rEkEak qG ESihf q&mawmfb&k m;Bu;D \wynfo h m0u
a':ññ kd vkd iG w f u Ykd oDv&Si0f wfum y#dywfusiBhf ut H m;xkwjf cif;ESihf q&mawmfb&k m;\ a0,sm0pö'geukov kd uf kd
aqmif&u G cf MhJ uygonf/
q&mawmfb&k m;Bu;D onf xd-od-owd ausmif;wGif oDwif;oH;k aepOf &Gmol&mG om;rsm;? OD;yÍöi;f rsm;?
q&mav;rsm;ESihf q&mawmf a0ae,srsm;tm; w&m;cs;D jri§ yhf gonf/ xdw k &m;rsm; cs;D jri§ ahf y;cJo h nfh txJrS
w&m;wpfy'k u f kd wifjyvdu k yf gonf/
ckeu ouFe;f vSLvdu k w
f m bmvdck siv
f Ykd vSLwmwH;k / (edAmÁ efuykd gb&k m;)
edAmÁ efu b,f[mwH;k ? tjzL? teD? taMumiftMum;? tcRet f wuf Bu;D eJv
Y m;? bHek ef;jyó'fBu;D eJv Y m;/
35
(r[kwfygbk&m;)
b,f[mac:w;kH ? edAmÁ ef? edAmÁ efuv kd ckd siv
f v
Ykd LS wm tjzL? teD? taMumif tMum;? tcRet f wufBu;D eJY
vm;qdak wmh 'Dvv kd nf;r[kwb f ;l ? bmrSr&S&d m? bmrSrjzpf&m edAmÁ efuv kd ckd siv f v Ykd LS wm? edAmÁ ef? edAmÁ efeYJ bmrS
r&Sb d ;l qdak wmh rvdck siMf ubl;? tJ'aD wmh w½kwBf u;D ajymovdb k J acguq f JG awmifrS rpm;&wJOh pöm bmvkyrf mS vJwhJ
'DoabmrsK;d tm½Hjk yKMuw,f/
tJ'aD wmh edAmÁ efukd vdck siv f &Ykd &dS if 'gejyKwwfatmif jyK&r,f/
]]'ge vSLrIrjyKvnf;cufjyef? olrsm;twk jyK&ifvnf;cufjyef?
jyKcJh? rjyKcJh ESpfbufESpfwef? y'dkif;oD;pm; ao? rpm;ao[ef?
0dZÆmÓmPfa&pdrfjyKrS? y'dkif;,Ofvdk 'geydkYoedAÁmef
y'dkif;½dkif;vdk 'geav;eJY ydóav; tarT;aygufawmif
ra&mufbl; apmuf½l; rif;edAÁmef}} ... wJh aemf/
0dZmÆ ÓmPfav;eJY vSL&w,fw?hJ 0dZmÆ ÓmPf b,fu&wH;k / (cE¨muyg bk&m;) 0dZmÆ ÓmPf cE¨muaeNy;D
awmh ½ky?f emrf (2)yg; jrifatmifMunf&h r,f/0dZmÆ ÓmPfqw kd m b,f[mac:w;kH /
tedp?ö 'ku?© tewå qdw k hJ vu©PmBu;D (3)yg;? 0dZmÆ ÓmPf aemf
'ge vSLrI rjyK&ifvnf;cufjyef? olrsm;twk jyK&ifvnf; cufjyef? olrsm; twkjyK&ifawmhcufw,f? jyKchJ
rjyKchJ ESpb f ufEpS wf ef jyK&ifvnf; cufw,f? rjyKbaJ ejyefawmhvnf; cufw,fw?hJ tJ'ED pS b f ufEpS w f ef y'dik ;f oD;
pm;ao rpm;ao[ef? y'dik ;f oD; pm&ifvnf;½l;aor,f? rpm;bJ aejyefawmhvnf; iwfaor,f? pm;jyefawmhvnf;
½l;aor,f? rl;aor,f aemf tJ'aD wmh b,fvkd vkypf m;rwke;f / y'dik ;f ,Ofvjkd zpfatmif jyKw&f r,f? a&pdr&f r,f?
tJ ' D a wmh y'd k i f ; ,Of v d k j zpf w J h t cgusawmh ½l ; vnf ; r½l ; awmh b l ; ? rl ; vnf ; rrl ; awmh b l ; ?
pm;vdv Yk nf;aumif;w,faemf y'dik ;f ,Of jzpfatmif jyKvyk Nf y;D awmh 0dZmÆ ÓmPfav;eJU ,ckvykd J 'gejyKwt hJ cgvnf;
0dZmÆ ÓmPfav;eJU vSL&r,f? 0dZmÆ ÓmPfqw kd m b,f[mwH;k ? tedp?ö 'ku?© tewåqw kd hJ vu©PmBu;D (3)yg; jrifNy;D awmh
vSL&r,f/
tvSLcHy*k Kd¾ vv f nf;rNrb J ;l aemf? NrrJ vm;? b,fvrkd Nro J vJ? avmursujf riftm;jzifh Munfv h u kd pf rf;yg?
[dck akH y:rmS xdik Nf y;D awmh tvSLcH aew,f? w&m;a[mjyoqdq k ;kH raew,f/ tJ'aD wmh cHak y:ut&Sib f &k m; b,frS
r<ubJeo YJ w D if; oH;k Ny;D awmh tNraJ eygqakd wmh aeEdik yf grvm;? raeEdik w f m bmaMumifw h ek ;f ? (tedpyö gb&k m;)/
rNrv J Ukd -rNrv J Ukd tedp/ö
tvSLcHy*k Kd¾ vrf Nrb J ;l aemf? tvSLay;yk*Kd¾ vaf &mNro J vm;? b,fvkd rNro J vJ/ avmutaetm;jzifh rsujf rif
tm;jzifph Of;pm; a0zefMunf&h if odavmufygw,f/
trdefU&Sdaep&mawmh w,frvdkygbl;? b,fvdkrNrJovJ? tckxdkifNyD; awmh w&m;em;axmifaew,f?
w&m;emwm r[kwaf o;bl;aemf? w&m; emwmu b,f[mwH;k ? ,ckajyma[maewmudk em;axmifwmu
w&m;em; axmifwmaemf w&m;emwmucE¨mwGipf u kd Nf y;D awmh ½Iaewm? a0'emawG onf;cHNy;D ½Iaewm[m
w&m;emwm? w&m;ojzifeh m aewm? tJ'grS w&m;emwm tJ'aD wmh tvSLcHy*k Kd¾ vrf Nrb J ;l ? tvSLay; yk*Kd¾ vrf Nrb J ;l ?
b,fvrkd Nro J vJ? ,cktcgrmS w&m;em;axmifaew,f? xdik Nf y;D awmh tJ'v D b kd J em;axmifaeyg? tNrw J rf;xdik Nf y;D
awmhb,frS roGm;bJeUJ aeygqakd wmhaeEdik yf grh vm;? (raeEdik yf gb&k m;) raeEdik w f m bmaMumifw h ek ;f (rNrv J Ukd )
NrJ&if'Dvdk aerSmayghaemf? raumif;wmvkyfwmvm;? aumif;wmvkyf wmvm;/ aumif;wmvkyfwm?
36
tNrw J rf;'Dvakd ezdUk aygah emf? raeEdik w f mu bmaMumifw h ek ;f rNrv J Ukd / tvSLay; yk*Kd¾ vrf NrbJ ;l -tedp/ö tvSLcHy*k Kd¾ v?f
tvSLcH&wm qif;&Jovm;? csr;f omovm; (qif;&Jygw,f)? bmaMumifh qif;&JwmwH;k ? ypön;f awG&aeom;eJU
(rNrJvdkUyg bk&m;)/
rNrw J mu (tedp)ö ? qif;&Jwmu ('ku)© /
tvSLcHy*k Kd¾ vf tpd;k r&bl;? bmaMumift h pd;k r&wmwke;f ? ud, k jf zpf csio
f vdk rjzpfvUkd aemf/
jzpf a pcsif w mu b,f v d k j zpf a pcsif w k e f ; / anmif t if ; u &G m ol ? &G m om;awG tuk e f v H k ;
w&m;tm;xkwNf y;D awmh tenf;qH;k ? atmufxpf wpfr*f? wpfzv kd f &apcsiw f ,f? jzpfapcsiw f ,f? jzpfEikd yf grh vm;/
BuKd ;pm; tm;xkwzf Ukd om&Sw d ,f? rjzpfEikd b f ;l aemf? rjzpfEikd w f m bmaMumifh rjzpfEikd w f mwke;f -
avmuypön;f &Sm&wmuwpfaMumif; tvkyv f yk zf Ukd ? w&m;tm; xkwzf Ukd qw kd m ysi;f wmu wpfaMumif;?
tJ't D wGuaf Mumifh rjzpfEikd b f ;l wJah emf? tJ'gBuKd ;pm;tm;xkw&f r,f? jzpfEikd f atmifvyk &f r,faemf? BuKd ;pm;tm;xkwrf S
tyg,af v;yg; vGwrf ,f/ tJ'aD wmh rjzpfEikd af wmh tvSLcHy*k Kd¾ v&f UJ tvdjk ynfo h vm;? (rjynfyh gb&k m;) ?
rjynfah wmh tpd;k r&bl; (tewå)/ tvSLay;yk*¾dKvfa&m tpdk;&&JUvm;? bmaMumifh tpdk;r& wmwkef;?
ud,k jf zpfcsio f vdk rjzpfvUkd aemf? jzpfcsiw f mu b,fvkd jzpfcsiw f mwke;f ? avmu taeeJU ypön;f Opömaygcsiw f ,f?
csr;f omcsiw f ,f? oHo&mtaeeJU? cE¨meJU ywfoufNy;D oumv edAmÁ efuakd &mufcsiw f ,f/ a&mufygrY vm;? &ygrY vm;/
ra&mufao;bl;? r&ao;bl;aemf/ a&mufapwwfwhJ tvkyu f kd vkyrf o S mvQif &Edik wf ,f? a&mufEikd w f ,faemf
tJvakd &muf atmifvnf; BuKd ;pm;&r,f/
'geH o*¾óaomygeH? 'geH ygax,s rkwårH?
'geH OZkuwH r*¾H? 'geHarmu©y'H? 0&H/
'geowdu å awmh tcuftvufa0jzm?
oDv? owåu d awmh touf&n S ½f o kH m?
orx owåu d awmh txufewfjynfjA[®m
r*ftajcrygvQif [efyg0g? rBuD;MuygeJU
psmeform"deUJ rjywfraeom
b,furkd sm;pHjref; wef;vef;BuKd ;oG,u f mqdw k hJ
Nid§K;i,fp&m tyg,fpGJ[mrdkU
wu,fvnf; rjrwfvo S nfh omvQiw f nf;/
(om"k? om"k? om"k ygbk&m;/)
ypönf;aygcsifvQif 'gejyKMuaemf tJb,fvdkjyK&rvJ? usKyfudk vSLygvdkU
ajymwmr[kwfbl;? udk,fapwem&Sd&mvSLyg? tJ'gejyKvdkU &Sd&ifawmh ypönf;aygzdkUyJ/
'geowåduawmh tcuftvufa0jzm ypönf;aygzdkUyJ?
oDvowåu d awmh touf&n S ½f o
kH m?
touf&n S cf si&f ifov D aqmufwnfyg? vHak tmifxed ;f odr;f yg?
oDvowåu d awmh touf&n S ½f o
kH m?
orx owdu å awmh txufewfjynfjA[®m?
jA[®mjynfa&mufcsi&f if orxudv k yk yf g/ 'gayaomfvnf; pdwrf cs& ao;bl;? tJ'aD wmh jA[®mjzpf
37
atmifqakd wmh jA[®mjzpf&if rmeBu;D Ny;D oumv jA[®mjynf w0if;0if; 0ufpm;usi;f w½Iy½f yI w f hJ 0ufBu;D
jzpfwwf w,faemf? pdwrf cs&bl;/
'geowåduawmh tcuftvufa0jzm? oDvowåduawmh touf &Snf½Hkom? orxowåduawmh
txufjynf jA[®m? r*ftajcryg&if [ef yg0grBu;D MuygeUJ psmeform"deUJ rjywfraeom b,furkd sm;pHjref; wef;vef;
BudK;oG,fumqdkwJh NidK;i,fp&mtyg,fpGJ[mrdkU wu,fvnf; rjrwfvS onfomvQifwnf; (om"k? om"k?
om"k)ygb&k m;/ 0dyóemOmPfrS tyg,af v;yg;vGwNf y;D awmh edAmÁ efukd &Edik w f ,fwahJ emf? tJ'aD wmh tyg,f
av;yg; vGwaf tmifBuKd ;pm;tm;xkw&f r,f 0dyóemÓmPf&atmif vkyMf u&r,fwahJ emf? tJ'aD wmh ½ky?f emrfEpS yf g;
odyvm;? ½ky?f emrfEpS yf g; qdw k m[m ESmoD;zsm; pdwu f av;xm;Ny;D awmh 0ifvmwJah v xdwmod? xGuo f mG ;wJah v
xdwmod? xd od owdeUJ ½Iaew,faemf/
ESmoD;0wnf;[laom um,wHcg;ud½k aI omaMumifh um, Ekyóem owdy|mefw?hJ 0ifavav;onf
bmwH;k (½kyw f &m;) xGuaf v av;onf (½kyw f &m;) ESmoD;0onf (½kyw f &m;wJ)h ½kyu f kd toHu wdu k x f d awmh
b,foluodwkef; (emrfuodw,f) a[m ½kyf? emrf ESpfyg; ygyJ? ½kyf? emrf (2)yg; odatmif vkyfyg/ cE¨m
(5)yg;a&modyvm;/
½lyu©Em¨ Zmwdu ½lyu©Em¨
a0'emu©Em¨ ? onmu©Em¨ ? ocFg&u©Em¨ ? 0dnmPu©Em¨
½l y u© E ¨ m ½kyw f &m;u yx0D? awaZm? tmayg? 0ga,m 'g½yk f w&m;aemf olu azmufjyefysupf ;D aew,f?
½kyw f &m;/
a0'emu©E¨m (cHpm;rI)? raumif;wmvJ cHpm;vdkufwmyJ? aumif;wmvJ cHpm;vdkufwmyJaemf tJ'gudk
a0'emu©E¨m/
onmu© E ¨ m rSwo f m;rI bmawGrw S o f m;aewke;f ? bmjzpfjzpfawmh vdu k Nf y;D rSwo f m;aewmyJ? aemf tJ'g
rSwo f m;rI[m onmu©Em¨ /
ocFg&u©E¨m ocFg&av;awG jyKjyifajymif;vTyJ supf ;D aewm ocFg&u©Em¨ /
0dnmPu©E¨m odrw I &m; aemf bmjzpfjzpfvu kd o
f ad ew,f? raumif;wm odvYkd &S&d ifawmh aemufqw k &f r,f?
y,f&r,f/ aumif;wm odv&Ykd &dS ifawmh wd;k vkyf &r,f? tJ'D cE¨m(5)yg; ½kyef mrf (2)yg;vnf;odNy;D ?
cE¨m(5)yg; vnf;odNyDaemf? tJ'g tm,we(12)yg;? "gwf (18)yg; aemf wJh? tJ'D "gwf (18)yg;?
½kyfemrf (2)yg;u pNyD;awmh cE¨m (5)yg;? cE¨m (5)yg; uaeNyD;awmh tm,we(12)yg; aemf?
tm,we (12)yg; qdw k m odyvm;?
pu©m,we? aomwm,we? Cmem,we? Zd0mS ,we? um,m,we? rem,we tm,we(6)yg;/
½lyg½?kH o'´g½?kH *E¨m½H?k &om½H?k azm|Aæm½H?k "r®m½Hk qdw k hJ tm½Hu
k (6)yg; aygi;f vdu k af wmh tm,we(12)yg;
aemf? pu©Kqw kd m ½kyw f &m;? ½lyg½qkH w
kd m ½kywf &m;? ½kyu f kd toHu wdu k x
f ad wmh b,fou l odwek ;f emrfuodw,f?
½ky?f emrf (2)yg;ay:vmNyD aemf tJ'aD wmh pu©Kua&m Nro J vm;? b,fvkd rNro J vJ? jrifvu kd &f if aysmufomG ;w,faemf?
tNrw J rf; jrifraeEdik b f ;l ? aysmufomG ;w,fqw kd mu tedp?ö ysupf ;D aew,faemf? ½lyg½q kH w kd mbmvJ ½ky?f olvrJ Nrb J ;l ?
tJ'Dawmh pu©KuvJ rNrJbl;? ½lyg½Hk uvnf; rNrJbl;? tedpö/
tJ'Dawmh jrifw,f? odw,faemf ½kyf? emrf (2)yg;? emrfvnf; NrJovm;? rNrJbl;? ½kyf? emrf (2)yg; rNrJwJh
oabmw&m; tedpö? 'gxifjrif atmif½I&r,f/ o'´ toHuvnf; ½kyf? em;uvnf; ½kyf? ½kyfudk toHu
38
wdu k xf ad wmh b,fou l odw;kH (emrfuodw,f) þ ½ky?f emrf (2)yg; NrrJ vm;? (rNrb J ;l )? tedpo ö abmudk
jrifatmifMunfyh gaemf? om,mae&if wPSm? rom,mawmh a'go? ta&;rvkyaf wmh arm[ zH;k oGm;NyD avmb?
a'go? arm[ uawmh ruif;Edik Mf ubl;? uif;&ma&mufatmif vu©Pm wifNy;D ½Iyg/
tedpv ö Ykd jrifvu kd &f if vdck siw f ahJ vmb &Sad o;vm;? (r&Syd gb&k m;) a'gojzpfao;vm; (rjzpfygb&k m;)
arm[zH;k ao;vm; (rzH;k ygb&k m;) avmb? a'go? arm[ uif;Nird ;f &medAmÁ efaemf? 'kuo © bm0 oabm w&m;udk
jrifvu kd w f thJ cg? ½Ivu kd wf t hJ cg vdck siw f hJ avmb&Sad o;vm;? (r&Syd gb&k m;) a'go jzpfao;vm;? (rjzpfygb&k m;)
arm[ zH;k ao;vm;? (rzH;k ygb&k m;) avmb? a'go? arm[ uif;Nird ;f &m edAmÁ efaemf? tewåukd jrifvu kd wf t hJ cg
vdck siw f hJ avmb&Sad o;vm;? (r&Syd gb&k m;)? a'go jzpfao;vm; (rjzpfygb&k m;)? arm[ zH;k ao;vm; (rzH;k ygb&k m;)
avmb? a'go? arm[ uif;Nird ;f &m edAmÁ efaemf?/
tJ'D edAmÁ efukd rsuaf rSmufjyKEikd af tmif BuKd ;pm;&r,f? pu©K? aomw? Cme? ESmacgi;f qdw k m ½kyw f &m;?
teHq Y w kd mvJ ½kyw f &m;? ½kyu f kd teYuH wdu k x f ad wmh b,fou l odw;kH ? emrfuodw,f? ½kyf emrf (2)yg;u
NrrJ vm;? rNraJ wmh tedp/ö ½kyf emrf (2)yg; &onfah eYupNy;D qif;&Jovm;? csr;f omovm;? (qif;&Jyg w,fb&k m;)
qif;&Jawmh 'ku?© ½kyf emrf (2)yg; &onfah eYupNy;D tpd;k &&JUvm;? (tpd;k r&ygb&k m;) tpd;k r&awmh tewå? þ
vu©Pm ydik yf ikd Bf u;D jrifatmif Munfyh g/ edAmÁ ef rsuaf rSmufjyK&m a&mufygw,faemf?
pu©K? aomw? Cme? Zd0gS ? vQm t&om aemuf vQmeJY &om½Hk wdu k xf wd hJ tcgusawmh b,fou l
oGm; odwek ;f ? pdwu f av;u odw,f? emrfw&m; uodw,f? ½kyf emrf (2)yg;? 'D ½kyf emrf (2)yg; NrrJ vm;
(rNrJyg bk&m;)? aumif;wmav; pm;vdkuf&awmh aumif;vdkufwm? aumif;vdkuf wm? om,mw,faemf?
avmbwPSm? raumif;wm pm;&awmh a'gojzpf w,f? a'go wPSm? ta&;rvkyjf yefawmhvnf; arm[
zHk;oGm;jyefNyD arm[wPSmaemf? tJ'DwPSmu b,frS rvGwfEdkifbl? vGwfatmif b,fvdk vkyf&rvJ?
vu©Pmwifayg?Y vu©Pmwif ay;yg? tedp?ö 'ku?© tewåvYkd jrifay;vdu k &f if arm[Nird ;f Edik yf gw,fwahJ emf?
pdwfuBuHpnfwmu aumif;wmBuHpnfawmh aumif;wJhoabmav; ay:w,f? raumif;wm BuHpnfawmh
raumif;wJh oabmjzpfay: vmw,faemf? 'gvnf; ½kyu f kd tcHwu kd x f wd hJ oabmrsK;d ? odwhJ pdwu f av;vnf;
ay:w,f? ½kyf emrf (2)yg;yJ? 'D½yk f emrf (2)yg; Nro J vm;? rNrb J ;l ? rNraJ wmh tedpaö emf? ½kyf emrf (2)yg;&onfah eYupNy;D
qif;&Jovm;? csr;f omovm;? (qif;&J ygw,f) qif;&Jawmh 'ku?© ½kyf emrf (2)yg; &onfh aeYu pNy;D awmh
tpd;k & &JUvm; (tpd;k r&ygb&k m;) tpd;k r&awmh tewå? 'Dvu©Pm ydik yf ikd Bf u;D jrifatmif Munfyh gaemf/
tJ'aD wmh ½Irw S w f hJ twGuu f awmh um,Ekyóem owdy|mef? a0'em Ekyóem owdy|mef? pdwmå
Ekyóem owdy|mef? "r®mEkyóem owdy|mef qdw k hJ owdy|mefw&m; (4)yg; jynfph ykH gw,fwahJ emf? 'gukd
½I&r,f/ b,fup½I& rwH;k ? tmemygeowdy|mefu pNy;D awmh0ifvmwJh avav; onf ½kyw f &m;? xGuo f mG ;wJh
avav;onf ½kyw f &m;? ½kyf toHu wdu k rf ad wmh b,fou l odw;kH (emrfuodw,f) 'g ½ky?f emrf (2)yg;yJaemf
tJ'aD wmh ESmoD;0wnf;[laom um,wHcg;udk xdatmifMunf?h um, Ekyóem owdy|mef wJ?h 0ifav
xGuaf vav;onf (0ifvu kd ?f xGuvf u kd )f (0ifvu kd ?f xGuv f u kd )f eJY cHpm;ae&aomaMumifh a0'em? a0'em½Iaom
aMumifh a0'emEkyóem owdy|mef? pdwu f av;onf b,frS rajy;& atmif 'D ½kycf E¨may: wnfaeatmif
jyKvyk af e&aomaMumifh pdwmå Ekyóem owdy|mef? tJ'aD wmh 0ifav? xGuaf v uav;onf r0ifygeYJ qdak wmh
&&JUvm;? rxGuyf geYJ qdak wmha&m olo Y abmtwdik ;f jzpfaeaom aMumifh "r®mEkyóem owdy|mef? oluvnf;
owdy|mefw&m; (4)yg;eJY jynfph kH ygw,fw?hJ 'Dv½kd aI eawmhvnf; ½Iygrsm;awmh 0dyóemÓmPf ay:vmEdik w f ,f?
39
tm;xkwMf uygv?Ykd wdu k w f eG ;f EI;d aqmfygw,f/
'Drw S zef q&meJt Y m;xkwaf wmh q&muaeNy;D awmh t½SLud&k yf? cE¨mudpk u kd ?f tJ'aD wmh um,udk ½IawmhvYkd
cdik ;f vdu
k w f myJ? um,ud½k aI wmh um,Ekyóem owdy|mef? emusiu f u kd cf w
J hJ a0'emawGv Y mawmh a0'emudk
½IaomaMumifh a0'emEkyóem owdy|mef pdwu f av;onf ½kycf E¨may: wnfNird af tmif jyKvyk af e&aomaMumifh
pdwmå Ekyóem owdy|mef/ a0'emonf (emvSnyhf g) (emvSnyhf g) ud, k uf cdik ;f ovm;? (rcdik ;f ygb&k m;)? remygeq YJ akd &m
&rvm;? (r&ygbk&m;) tJ olYoabmtwdkif; oljzpfaeaomaMumifh "r®mEkyóem owdy|mefwJh? aemf
owdy|mefw&m; (4)yg;eJY jynfph kH ygw,fwhJ aemf? BuKd ;pm;Ny;D awmh tm;xkwMf uyg/
'Dvrf;pOftwdkif; rjywfrvyf tm;xkwfvdkY&Sd&if tyg,fav;yg; vGwfEdkifygw,fwJh? tyg,fav;yg;
raMumufMublvm; ar;awmh (aMumufMuygw,f) tyg,af v;yg; aMumufawmh vGwaf pwwfwhJ tvkyf udk
vkyMf uygvYkd wdu k wf eG ;f Ed;I aqmfawmh (rtm;ygb&k m;) bmawGvyk af evdYk rtm;wmwH;k ? yd;k aumifrsm;zrf;awmh
bmeJYzrf;wHk;? yGJvrf;obifeJY zrf;w,f? tJ'Dawmh raumif;wJhvrf;awmh tNrJwrf; vdkufMuw,faemf?
tJ'guakd &SmifMuOf&r,f? ud, k u f todw&m; xm;Ny;D awmh 'Dae&m[m raumif;bl;qdw k ahJ e&mudk roGm;eJv Y Ykd
qH;k rNy;D awmh aeMu&r,f? tJ'D oGm;r,ft h wlwl 'D0yd óem w&m;&atmif tm;xkwrf ,fqw kd hJ oabmxm;
Ny;D awmh tm;xkwyf gvYkd wdu k w f eG ;f Ed;I aqmfygw,f/
aumif;NyD &mZN*Kd vjf ynfrmS ola|;orD;av; wpfa,muf&w dS ,f? tvGef vSywifw h ,fwhJ ola|;orD;av;?
ola|;orD;av;u emrnfu vnf; BuD;w,f? acrmwJh? acrmqdkwJh trsKd;orD;av; ola|;orD;av;?
vSywifw h ,fwhJ ½kyq f if;oP²mefuvnf; jynfph jkH cif;aMumifh Adro dÁ m& rif;Bu;D u awmfaumufNy;D awmifnmpHa'0D?
ra[oDrdzk&m; ajr§mufvdkuf w,f? bk&ifrdzk&m;av;u vSywifhw,fwJh ½kyfqif; oP²mefeJY jynfhpHkawmh
rmeutvGef BuD;w,f? igbk&ifrdzk&m;jzpfw,f? ½kyfqif;oP²mefuvnf; vSw,f? igtrdefY ay;wJhtwdkif;
tukev f ;kH jzpfEikd f w,fqw kd hJ oabmudk tm½Hu k ,lNy;D awmh olxif&m olvyk af ewmayg?Y Adro dÁ m&rif;Bu;D u
'dXed YJ 0Dpu d pd mä uGmaeonfh aomwmyef jzpfw,f/
'dXqd w kd m igu h , kd ?f ig[ h m? igOY pöm? igyh pön;f ? igo h m;r,m;? igv Y ifom; qdw k m tNrw J rf;pGNJ y;D awmh aewJh
Oyg'gew f hJ tJ'g 'dXad emf? 0Dpu d pd mä qdw k mu odaYk vm odaYk vm atmufarhwmudk 0dpu d pd mä ? bk&m;onf bk&m;rS
[kwrf S [kwyf grY vm; (odaYk vm odaYk vm) oHCmonf oHCmrS [kwyf grY vm;? w&m;onf w&m;rS[w k yf grY vm;
olpY w d x f J 'Dvkd atmufarhwmu 0Dpu d pd mä tJ 'dXed YJ 0Dpu d pd mä uGmoGm;rSomvQif aomwmyefjzpf Ekid w f ,faemf?
tJ 'dXed YJ 0Dpu d pd mä uGmatmif BuKd ;pm;tm;xkw&f r,f? ajym½Hek v YJ nf; rNy;D bl;? tvkyu f kd vkyrf S tm;xkwrf o S mvQif
'guuGmEdik w f ,f? aomwmyef jzpfEikd f w,faemf? acrmrdz&k m; tacRt&H toif;tyif;awGay:rmS rmeBu;D Ny;D awmh
aew,f / aomwmyef j zpf a om Ad r Á d o m&rif ; BuD ; u igwpf a ,muf v H k ; aomwmyef j zpf y gvsuf e J Y
rdz&k m;Bu;D urmeBu;D aew,f? aowJt h cg tyg,af v;yg; usvrd rhf ,f? tJ'aD wmh vGw&f m vGwaf Mumif; jzpfwhJ
w&m;udk &atmif wenf;tm;jzifh wdu k w f eG ;f EI;d aqmfryS J qdNk y;D awmh a0VK0efO,smOf [m tvGev f yS wifwh ,fNy;D
yef;rmvfawG&w dS ,f? tJ'o D mG ;Ny;D ½IMunfv h Ykd &S&d ifawmh tukev f ;kH xif&mS ;pGm odvmEdik w f ,f/ olrmefus oGm;r,f/
rmefusomG ;atmif tJ'u D kd vTwrf yS v J Ykd pdwu f ;l vsuf oDcsi;f rsm; oDu;kH Ny;D oumv oDqakd pw,f/
eef;wGi;f ol eef;wGi;f om;awGu oDcsi;f qdk Muw,f/ 'DocD si;f qdk oHMum;wJh tcgusawmh a0VK0efO,smOf
awmfrSm tvGefvSy wifhw,fwJh yef;rmvfawGaygw,f/ Munfh½IzdkY aumif;w,fvdkY qdkwJh taMumif;
oDcsi;f oDu;kH xm;wmudk qdMk uw,f? acrmrdb&k m;Bu;D Mum;wJt h cgus awmh tvGev f yS wifw h ,fwhJ yef;rmvf
40
awG &SdwJh O,sOfawmfudk oGm;NyD; ½IMunfhcsifw,f? ½IMunfhcsifawmh AdrÁdom&rif;BuD;udk oGm;a&mufcGifh
avQmufwifw,f/ bk&ifBu;D u oabmusNy;D oGm;cGit hf rdeaYf y;vdu
k w f ,f/ tJ'aD wmh jrif;,mOf? &xm;,mOf?
qifEiS whf uG wpfcgwnf; oGm;MuzdYk tpDtpOfjyKw,f/ Adro Ád m& rif;Bu;D u trwfBu;D av;OD;udk ac:Ny;D oumv?
tJ'D O,smOfawmf a&mufwt hJ cg bk&m;ausmif; awmfeYJ eD;aeNyD oifwYkd acrmrdb&k m;Bu;D udk bk&m;ausmif;
awmf twGif;odkY 0ifydkYyg r0ifcJhvdkY &Sd&if oifwdkYudk &mZ'gPf ay;r,fvdkY rdefYrSmvdkufw,f/
bk&ifBuD;trdefYawmf emcHNyD;awmh tpDtpOftwdkif; O,smOfawmfodkY oGm;Muw,f/ O,smOfawmf
a&mufwt hJ cg vSnyhf wfNy;D O,smOfawmfxJ Munf½h w I mayg?h tukev f n S yhf wf Munf½h NI y;D awmh tcsed f uvnf;
enf;enf; apmif;vmw,f/ udik ;f jyefMupd&Yk UJ tcsed u f vnf; enf;enf;apmif;oGm;NyD vdYk rdz&k m;Bu;D u ajymvdu k w f hJ
tcg trwfBu;D rsm; u jrwfpmG bk&m;&JU ausmif;awmf twGi;f od0Yk ifNy;D bk&m;udk zl;ygt;kH vdYk avQmufwifMuw,f/
trwfBu;D rsm;u avQmufwifawmh rdz&k m;Bu;D u bk&m;zl;vmwm r[kwb f ;l ? O,smOfawmfukd Munf½h zI Ykd vmwm?
bk&m;zl;jyefawmhvnf; igt Y vSysuaf tmif w&m;a[mvdrrhf ,f/ tJ'aD wmh bk&m; rzl;awmhb;l vdYk jyefajymw,f?
bk&m;rzl;&if uREkfyfwdkYudk &mZ'Pf oifhygvdrfhr,f/ bk&ifBuD;uowfygvdrfhr,f/
'DvdkeJY ausmif;awmftwGif; 0ifjzpfoGm;w,f/ bk&m;a&SUa&muf oGm;wJh tcgusawmh bk&m;u
vSywifw h ,fwhJ ½kyq f if; oP²mefeYJ jynfph w kH hJ vlavmufru ewfavmuf rrQqw kd YJ oabmrsK;d uav;rav;
a&T,yfawmif udik Nf y;D awmh bk&m;udk ylaZmfaewJt h oGif zefqif;xm; vdu k w f ,f? zefqif;xm;wmudk acrm
rdb&k m;Bu;D jrifw,f/ tJ'D jrifvu kd wf hJ wNyKd iw
f nf; vSywifw h ,fwhJ ½kyq f if; oP²mefeYJ jynfph w kH hJ uav;rav;
ygvm;? igaY vmufawmif rubl;/ igu Y ,
kd if g vSw,f vSw,fvYkd atmufarhaewm oljY rifvu kd f &wm[m
ighxuf vSygvm;/ vlavmufru ewfavmufrrQ qdkwJh oabmrsKd;a&mufaeygvm;? w,fvS ygvm;?
w,facsmygvm;eJY olpY w d x f aJ tmufarhNy;D awmh Munfah e vdu k w f ,f wJ?h Munfah ewJt h cgrmS tJ'u D av;rav;u
trmbkawG ayguv f mNy;D oumv ayguNf yu J NJG y;D ? aoG;jynfawG ,du k sNy;D awmh rMumcif tr,fBu;D tdk vdk
jzpfomG ;w,f/ ,yfawmifav;udik &f muae ,dik v f NJ y;D tedpaö &muf oGm;w,f/
tJ'vD kd jrifvu kd wf hJ tcgusrS bk&m;uaumufNy;D awmh w&m; a[mw,fwahJ emf? vSwmvnf; rNrb J ;l ?
½kyq f if;oP²mefeYJ jynfph w kH hJ yk*K¾ v
d v f nf; rNrb J ;l ? ypön;f Opöm aygrsm;wJh yk*K¾ v d vf nf; rNrb J ;l / rmeBu;D aep&m
bmrSr&Sb d ;l tJ'o D abmudk a[majymNy;D oumv vSwmvnf; ½kyw f &m;yJ? tJ'aD wmh aoausysupf ;D Edik w f hJ
oabmw&m;vnf; &Sw d ,faemf tJ ½lyu©Em¨ ½kyw f &m;[m ysupf ;D wJh oabmrsK;d jrifatmif Munfyh g/ vSw,f?
vSw,f? vdYk atmufarhNy;D awmhvnf; wpfcsed u f sawmh aoaus ysupf ;D Edik w f hJ oabmw&m;udk jrifatmifMunfyh g/
tokbBuD;ygaemf-
tJ ½lyu©Em¨ tokbaemf
emrfqw kd hJ a0'emu©Em¨ vnf; tokb?
onmu©Em¨ vnf; tokb?
ocFg&u©Em¨ vnf; tokb?
0dnmPu©Em¨ vnf; tokb? tokbBu;D ygyw J /hJ
b,f[mrS ESpo f ufp&m/ jrwfE;kd p&m? cifrifp&m? wG,w f mp&m r&Sd ygb;l ? wG,w f maevdYk &S&d ifawmh
tyg,f av;yg;usEdkifw,f/ tyg,f av;yg;rS vGwfatmif BudK;pm;NyD;awmh tm;xkwfMuygvdkY wdkufwGef;
EId;aqmfw,f/
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tJ'rD mS rdz&k m;Bu;D u oHa0*awG &vmNy;D awmh atmf ckewH;k u vSywifw h ,f ½kyq f if;oP²mefeYJ jynfph wkH hJ
uav;rav; a&T,yfawmif udkifNyD; bk&m;udk ,yfavcwfvSLae&muaeNyD; tr,fBuD;tdkjzpfNyD;awmh
tembkawGayguNf y;D rMumcifbJ aoausysupf ;D oGm;w,f/ igvnf;'Dvykd J wpfcsed u f sawmh aoausysupf ;D
vdrrhf ,f qdw k YJ oabmw&m;udk jrifNy;D oHa0*awG &Ny;D awmh w&m;ESv;kH oGi;f qifjcifvu kd w
f ,f/
tJ'aD wmh w&m;em;axmif&muaeNy;D awmh w&m;emvdu k wf ,faygY tif; cE¨mwGi;f pdu k ½f v
I ukd wf ,f?
a0'emawGvnf; awGUvmw,f? a0'emawG awGUvmawmh a0'emudk ½Iw,f/ a0'em½IwmuaeNyD;awmh
a0'emqH;k &m edAmÁ efukd rsuaf rSmufjyKomG ;w,f/ rsuaf rSmufjyKomG ;awmh aomwmyef tjzpfoYkd a&mufomG ;w,f/
'dXed YJ 0dpu
d pd mä uGmNy;D awmh aomwmyef jzpfonfEiS hf wNyKd ief ufwnf;? udik ;f bk&m;udk uefawmhNy;D awmh
jyefMupd&Yk UJ qdNk y;D rMumcifbJ jrif;&xm; pD;Ny;D awmh jyefMuw,f/
eef;wGi;f jyefa&mufawmh oHa0*&Ny;D awmh aomwmyeftjzpf uaeNy;D ol[m eef;wGi;f rSm aecsiw f hJ
pdwrf &Sd awmhb;l ? xGucf siw f hJ pdwjf zpfvmNy;D oumv aemufrMumcifbJ Adro dÁ m&rif;Bu;D udk avQmuf wifw,f/
bk&ifBu;D u cGijhf yKv&Ykd &dS if eef;awmfrS xGuyf g&apawmhvYkd cGiahf wmif;w,f rif;Bu;D u cGijhf yKw,f/ eef;awmfrS
xG u f N yD ; oumv bk & m;ausmif ; awmf o d k Y oG m ;NyD ; awmh &[ef ; jyKEd k i f w ,f / cG i f h j yKvd k u f w meJ Y
bk&m;ausmif;awmfomG ;Ny;D awmh ouFe;f 0wfw,f/
ouFe;f 0wfí tJ'rD mS &[ef; jzpfomG ;w,f/ &[ef;jzpfwahJ emuf qufvufNy;D awmh BuKd ;pm;tm;xkwf
vduk w f m edAmÁ efrsuaf rSmuf jyKomG ;w,fw?hJ &[EåmrBu;D jzpfomG ;w,f wJah emf/
'dYk 'g,um ? 'g,u d mrawGvnf; &[EÅmrde;f r? &[EÅma,mufsm; jzpfMu&avatmif -
tedp?ö 'ku?© tewå qdw k hJ vu©PmBu;D (3)yg;? 'kuo © pöm? ork',opöm? eda&m"opöm? r*¾opöm?
opöm(4)yg; ydkif;jcm; xifxif odjrifatmif ½IMunfh EdkifwJh yk*¾KdvfawG jzpfMuygapukefownf;/
(om"k - om"k - om"k yg bk&m;)
þuJo h Ykd q&mawmfb&k m;Bu;D onf w&m;awmfrsm; tvsO;f oifh ovdk a[mMum;cJNh y;D (20-6-2000)ckEpS f
naewGif &xm;ydkYaqmifa&; 0efBuD;XmerS 0efBuD; OD;yef;atmif\ txl;&xm;wGJESifh rEÅav;odkY jyef
<uoGm;cJyh gonf/
11-8-2000 &ufaeYwGif q&mawmfbk&m;BuD;\ usef;rma&; tajctaeaMumifh pma&;ol\
yifah vQmufcsut f & nae (5;30)em&DwiG f (79) A[dv k rf; tvHNk rKd Ue,f&dS pma&;ol\ tdro f Ykd <ua&mufí aq;ukorI
rsm;cH,lygonf/ a&muf&SdonfhaeYwGifyif q&mawmfbk&m;BuD;tm; ouFef; ESifh vSLbG,f0w¬Kypönf;rsm;
qufuyfvLS 'ge;f &m? q&mawmf\ qkay;? ouFe;f uyfukd xyfwMl unfñkd o'¨gymG ;Muygapjcif;iSm azmfjyvdu k yf gonf/
a&S;OD;pGm Moumo uefawmhBuKd ;jzifh nDnmjzjz&Gwq f u kd efawmhNy;D oDvcH,Ml uygonf/
q&mawmfb&k m;Bu;D u jyefvnfqak y;yHrk mS -
um,0pD raemMunfí oH;k vD'gG & yPmrjzifh &Scd ;kd ylaZmftyfaom bk&m;tp? w&m;tv,f? oHCmtqH;k
&wemjrwfo;kH yg;taygi;f udk ½kad ojrwfE;kd vufprkH ;kd í &Scd ;kd ylaZmfz;l arQmrf mefavsmh uefawmhMu&aom yPmr
ouúpö o'¨gukodkvfuHapwemwdkYaMumifh tyg,fav;yg;? uyfoHk;yg;? &yfjypf&Spfyg;? &efolrsKd;ig;yg;?
0dywådw&m;av;yg;? Asoew&m; ig;yg;? rD;(11)yg;? &ef(6)yg;? (25)yg;aomab;? (32)yg;aomuHMur®m? (96)yg;
aom temrsKd ; cyf o d r f ; ? ab;&ef c yf o d r f ; wd k Y r S uif ; vG w f N id r f ; onf o mjzpf í r*f a &muf zd k v f 0 if
vdtk ifqE´wpfv;kH wpf0wnf; jynfph EkH idk Mf uwJo h rl sm; jzpfMuygap [k cs;D jri§ yhf gonf/
42
qufvufí ouFef;ESifhvSLbG,f0w¬Kypönf;rsm;udk qufuyf Mu&ygonf/ q&mawmfbk&m;BuD;u
vSLbG,0f w¬K qufuyforl sm;tm; vdu k qf akd ponfrmS -
edAÁmeó ypöa,m a[mwk
baEÅ - t&S i f b k & m;? r,H - tuREk f y f w d k Y o nf ? ur® Í ö - uH u d k vnf ; aumif ; ? ur® z vÍö -
uH\tusKd;udkvnf;aumif; o'¨ [ d w G m- o'¨gudk ,HkMunfygukefonfjzpfí £rH p D 0 &H -þ(0gqdk)ouFef;udk
tm,o®awm- t&Sif bk&m;tm;? a'r- qufuyfvLS 'ge;f Muyguek \ f t&Sibf &k m;/
£'H ar yknH tmo0u©,H 0[Ha[mwk? £'H ar yknH edAÁm eó ypöa,m a[mwk ar -
tuREykf w f \ Ykd £'H yknH- þaumif;rI onf? tmo0u©,H - umrmo0? b0go0? 'd|mo0? t0dZmÆ o0wnf;
[laom tmoa0gw&m; (4)yg;wd\ Yk uke&f mukeaf Mumif;jzpfaom edAmÁ efukd 0[H 0[Hawm- wm-&Guaf qmifEidk o f nf?
a[mwk-{uefraoG jzpfygap ownf;/ ar- ar-tuREykf w Ykd ? £'H yknH- þaumif;rIonf? edAÁm eó-
f \
edAmÁ ef\? ypö a ,m ,m-taxmuftyHo h nf? a[mwk-jzpfygapownf;/
oHk;q,fhwpfbHkü usifvnfusufpm; oGm;vmaexdkifMuukefaom a0ae,sowå0gtaygif;wdkYonf
tuREyfk w f Ykd ,ckjyKwhJ ukov kd u f kd rdbrsm;ESiw hf uG y&dowftaygi;f udk &nfreS ;f í trQay;a0yguek \ f / trQ&Muí
ud,k pf w d Ef pS jf zm use;f rm? csr;f omMuonf jzpfMuygap ukeaf om0f/
tm;vHk;Mum;Mum;orQ trQ - trQ - trQ ,lawmfrlMuyg ukefaom0f - om"k? om"k? om"k/
(oH k ; Bud r f )
pma&;ol\ tdrw f iG f q&mawmfow D if;oH;k aexdik pf OftwGi;f xl;jcm;jzpfpOfrsm;ESihf MunfE;l o'´gymG ;zG,?f
Munfñzkd , G &f mrsm; zl;jrif BuKH awGUc&hJ ygonf/ (xl;jcm;jzpfpOf tcef;wGif azmfjyxm;ygonf/)
12-8-2000 &ufaeYwiG f okbax&D0w¬KtaMumif;? 13-8-2000 &ufaeYwiG f omoemabmifay;r0ifí

(7)&uftpmiwfcq H E´jyaom 0w¬K taMumif; 14-8-2000 &uf 0gacgiv f jynfah eYwiG f atmufygq;kH rw&m;udk
csD;jr§ifhygonf/
owdwrH ÓmPfajruwkwf
ynmpGe;f cRe;f tkyf
jrifwm&Sif;vdrfhr,f
odvG,f jrifvG,f xifjrifbG,f
tedpö 'ku© tewå qdw k hJ oH;k yg;vH;k bJ
tewåeYJ acsreI ;f tukev f ;kH yHrk &
oknw"gw&f if; owdruif;&atmif
Munf&h if; jrif&if; xifvif;½kyef mrf
[kwrf eS v
f rd m® y&dn
d mjzifh
tBurd Bf urd t
f cg yGm;½IvrYkd Ykd
wtm;jyKvkduf&avawmhownf;/ /
15-8-2000 &ufaeYwiG f xyfrcH s;D jri§ o hf nfwh &m;rSm-
oH;k aysmufvYkd ig;uGm
43
ajcmuf&mG eJY uGJ
qHyifpkwfzGm;av;eJY
a&Ta&mifv&JG if av;&GmupGJ
tm;udk;rrSm;apeJY
rSm;rsKd;awGwufwufpifatmif
&ufpufyif jA[®p&kd pf Mk uayawmh
ud,k jf yKrS ud, k Ef &k ayawmhownf;/ /
oH;k = tedp?ö 'ku?© tewå
ig;uGm = ig;yg;oDv
ajcmuf&mG = ewfjynfajcmufxyf
qHyifpkwfzGm; = i&J? wd& dpämef? Nyw d må ? tol&u,f
av;&Gm = tyg,af v;bHk
&ufpufyif = jyif;xefpmG tm;xkw&f r,f
q&mawmf B uD ; onf (16-8-2000)&uf a eY naewG i f rEÅ a v;od k Y jyef v nf < uoG m ;ygonf /
pma&;ol\aetdrw f iG f (7)7uf oDwif;oH;k Ny;D jyef<urnfah eYwiG f q&mawmfb&k m;Bu;D u xl;xl;jcm;jcm; cs;D jri§ chf o hJ nfh
pmcsKd;av;rSm-
jyef&OD;r,f jyefOD;r,f
ewfa&uef tjrefqif;w,f
(7)&uftwGif; jyef<ur,f/
16-3-2001 &uf aomMumaeY nae (4;30)tcsed w f iG f pma&;ol \ yifah vQmufcsut f & trSw(f 79)?
A[dv k rf;?tvHNk rKd Ue,f aetdro f Ykd q&mawmfb&k m;Bu;D xyfrH <ua&mufcs;D jri§ chf yhJ gonf/ q&mawmfb&k m;Bu;D
<ua&mufow D if;oH;k pOf q&mawmfBu;D tm; OD;xdyx f m;í oHCmawmf(61) yg;tm; (17-4-2001) t*FgaeYwiG f
yifzh wd íf omoemhtarGcH tvSLawmf jyKvyk cf yhJ gonf/ xdak eYnaewGif pma&;ol\om; armifausmaf qG u
yÍÆ i f ; cH í ud k & if r sm;tjzpf OD ; 0if ; (q&mawmf b k & m;BuD ; \'um&if ; )? OD ; cif a usmf
(uxd u (,ck ) ½l y aA'Xmeaq;wuú o d k v f ( 2))? armif , Of a xG ; aqG (pma&;ol \ om;i,f ) ?
ud&k if(2)yg;(Adv k rf LS ;Bu;D uduk akd rmif(av))\om;vwf armifvif;xufatmifEiS hf om;i,farmif&efNzKd ;atmif[ed ;f ?
armif0if;Edik ?f zd;k olawmfarmif[ed ;f ol&atmifaqG(pma&;ol\ajr;) wdu Yk q&mawmf bk&m;Bu;D tm; OyZÆm,fjyKí
omoemhtarGc, H l cJMh uygonf/
td r f ü oD w if ; oH k ; pOf & uf r sm;twG i f ; naeyd k i f ; rsm;ü q&mawmf bk & m;BuD ; tm;
0wfjznfo h nft h csed rf sm;wGif pma&;ol\ rdom;pkwu Ykd odvo kd nfrsm;udk avQmufxm;ojzifh q&mawmf bk&m;Bu;D \
i,fpOfb0ESihf usiMhf ut H m;xkwcf yhJ rkH sm;? vduk ef musiMhf uH &rnfq h ;kH rMo0g'rsm;? omref vly*k Kd¾ vw
f rYkd odEikd ?f rjrifEikd ?f
rMum;Edik o f nfh ewfjA[®m? ajrmufuRe;f ? ½kup© ;kd rsm;taMumif;? tyg,af v;bH&k dS ruRwf rvGwyf t J rQa0í&Edik o f l
trQay;ír&Edik f ao;olrsm;taMumif;ESihf jrwfpmG bk&m;&Siv f ufxufrS tm;ustwk,&l rnfh yk*Kd¾ vx f ;l wynfh
om0ursm;taMumif;wdrYk mS aeYpOfEiS t hf rQ emMum;ír0 tHMh oxl;qef;bG,f vufawGo Y m"ursm; r½d;k Edik f tm;r&
rwif;wdrf EdkifcJhyg/
44
wpfaeYnaetcsed üf pma&;olr, S cktcsed w f iG f &[EÅmrsm;&Syd g ao;ovm; bk&m;[k avQmufMunf&h m
]] ig;yg;&So d nf}} [k rdecYf hJ ygonf/ b,fae&m wdw Yk iG of wD if;oH;k ygovJb&k m;[kar;avQmufMunf&h m ]](1)
OD ; ok r e (&ef u k e f a wmif y d k i f ; atmuf y d k i f ; )? (2) OD ; ok E ´ ( ZvG e f - jynf ) ? (3)OD ; a&0w
(&efuek af wmifyikd ;f )?(4)OD;auo&(&efuek af wmifyikd ;f ) [k rdeMYf um;cJyh gonf/
q&mawmf b k & m;BuD ; onf vS L 'gef ; onf h t cgrsm;wG i f pd w f x m;wwf NyD ; vS L wwf a p&ef ?
qkawmif;rrSm;ap&efESifh vma&mufuefawmholwdkif; udkvnf;]] csrf;omygap }} [k qkay;avh&dSygonf/
q&mawmfb&k m;Bu;D &efuek o f w D if;oH;k pOf&uf? v rsm;üaeYpOf &ufrysuq f rG ;f vmuyfMu aomwynf&h if;
'g,u d mrrsm;\ jzpf&yfrsm;ESihf qkawmif;MuyHrk mS wpfa,mufaom 'g,u d mrBu;D rSm t½kPq f rG ;f vmuyf&if;
vrf;üolr\ um;bD;aygufoGm;ojzifh um;bD;vJae&if;ESifh q&mawmfbk&m;BuD; oDwif;oHk;&mbufvSnfh
ívuftyk cf s&D if;qGr;f ruyfvu kd &f ? rrDrS nf pd;k aomaMumifh ]]q&mawmfb&k m; qGr;f tuyfrcHygEiS Ohf ;D bk&m;?
wynf h awmf u d k apmif h y gOD ; bk & m;}} [k vS r f ; íqk a wmif ; NyD ; ? um;ud p ö N yD ; ía&muf v m csd e f r S
qGrf;pítuyfcHonfESifhBuHK&ygonf/ xdkaeUu usef'g,um? 'g,dumrrsm;u qGrf;uyfcsdefa&muf
ojzifhq7mawmfbk&m;BuD;tm; ]]qGrf;bkef;ay;&ef <uawmfrIygbk&m;}} [k avQmufaeMutcsdef avQmuf
xm;aomf v nf ; qG r f ; tuyf r cH a o;yJ ]]aeygtk e f ; }} [k o m rd e f Y Mum;NyD ; tuyf r cH y g/
um;bD ; ayguf a eaom'g,d u mr BuD ; a&muf vmaomtcsd e f r S qG r f ; tuyf c H N yD ; /
qGrf;tuyfrcHao;onfhtaMumif;udk xdk'g,dumrBuD; ajymrSom tvHk;pHk oabmaygufMu&awmhonf/
qGr;f bke;f ay;csed w f iG f vnf; qGr;f [if; cGuaf ygi;f wpfcgwpf&H 60-70cefY &dyS gonf/ q&mawmf bk&m;Bu;D onf
uyfcx H m;aomqGr;f [if;cGuw f ikd ;f udk wpfZeG ;f pDom cyfí tm;vH;k udak &maESmum bke;f ay;awmfryl gonf/ odUk
ayr,fv h nf; qGr;f bke;f ay;pOf tcsKd Uaom 'g,u d mrrsm;u t"d|mefEiS ¤hf if; wd\ Yk qGr;f [if;cGuu f kd rsm;rsm;
bk e f ; ay;apcsif o jzif h b,f E S p f Z G e f ; cyf y g[k pd w f x J r S x d k i f í qk a wmif ; NyD ; Munf h a epOf
xdx k 'kd g,u d mrwd\Yk qkawmif;twdik ;f xkq d rG ;f cGuf udck yfygonf/ xyfcyfaeaomqGr;f [if;cGurf mS xk;l jcm;rIU&o Sd jzifh
odvdkí xdkqGrf;[if;cGuf b,folU[if;vJ? qkawmif;NyD; bkef;bkef;tm;xyf uyfaew,fr[kwfvm; ?
[k'g,u d mrtcsi;f csi;f ajymMum;&m xkq d rG ;f [if; cGuyf ikd &f iS 'f g,u d mruvnf; olrpdwx f rJ S qkawmif;vdu k af Mumif;
ajymygonf/
qG r f ; bk e f ; ay;pOf wcsd K U [ if ; cG u f u d k vH k ; 0rcyf o jzif h x l ; qef ; onf xif í qG r f ; uyf N yD ; csd e f
xk d q G r f ; [if ; cG u f t m;Munf h M u&m bk e f ; bk e f ; rbk e f ; ay;aom 0uf o m;ES i f h a &maES m csuf x m;aom
[if;jzpfaeonfuakd wGU&onf/ 0ufom;onf ykygÜ ;r,fawmfrS q&mawmfBu;D xHtvSLcHxm;aomaMumifh jzpfonf/
q&mawmfbk&m;BuD;rbkef;aom aemufwpfrsdK;ig;&HU jzpfonf/ ig;&HUrSm i,f&G,fpOfqGrf;cH<ucsdefü
oydww f iG ;f odYk ig;&HU t&Siw
f pfaumifcek f 0ifvm ojzifh xkt d csed rf pS í q&mawmfb&k m;rSm ig;&HU[if;tuyfrcHawmhyg/
qG r f ; bk e f ; ay;NyD ; csd e f w G i f pm;yG J a y:&d S q G r f ; [if ; cG u f t m;vH k ; tm; wpf c G u f p D Munf h ½ I U í
rdepftenf;i,fMumarwåmydkYygonf/ q&mawmf bk&m;BuD;\arwåma&udk vdkcsifMuaomtcsdKU 'g,um?
'g,dumrrsm;onf arwåmrydkYrSDtcsdefwGif q&mawmfbk&m;BuD;tm; cGifhawmif;NyD; a&ykvif; rsm;tm;
qGrf;[if;cGufrsm;ESifhtwl pm;yJGay:odkYwifNyD;arwåmydkYcsdefwGif vdk&mqkrsm;awmif;NyD; om"k? om"k? om"k
(3)Budrfac:Muygonf/
qkawmif;jynfhonfholwdkY\ arwåma&wdkYonf a&ylaygif;rsm;jzpf jcif;? a&vQHjcif;? a&yGufjcif;?
45
a&xJta&mifpf rkH sm;jrif&jcif; xl;jcm;tHzh , G f &mjrifawGU Mum;od&ygonf/
xkdarwåma&rsm;tm; rnfuJhodkYtoHk;jyK&rnfudk avQmufxm;aom tcg ]] vdkovdkoHk;aygh
}}[kred MYfum;cJyh gonf/ xdak rwåma&\tpGr;f onf 0#fem? uHemrSvíJG a&m*gtrsm;tm;oufomjcif;? aysmufuif;jcif;?
ty rd j cif ; wd k U ud k v nf ; uif ; vG w f a pjcif ; ? wcsd K Uvl r sm;onf rd r d w d k Y , H k M unf r I j zif h
pum;ajymqd k & mwG i f a tmif j rif a p&ef q k a wmif ; í arwå m a&aomuf j cif ; ? wcsd K Uvl r sm;
rdrdwdkYtdrfütEÅ&m,frsm;rusa&mufap&ef zsef;yufjcif;wdkY q&mawmfbk&m;BuD;rdefYMum;csuftwdkif;
vdo k vdak omufo;kH Muygonf q&mawmfb&k m;Bu;D bke;f ay;Ny;D ? use&f o Sd nfq h rG ;f rsm;tm; 'um? 'umr rsm;u
qkawmif;uma0iSoHk;aqmifMuygonf/
q&mawmfb&k m;Bu;D onf use;f rma&;aumif;onfEiS hf qH;k rMo0g' rsm;w&m;rsm; cs;D jri§ ahf eustwdik ;f
(8-5-2001)&ufaeY naewGif þuJo h Ykd qH;k rMo0g'ESihf w&m;wpfy'k cf s;D jri§ chf yhJ gao;onf -
pdwfuBuHpnf? aumif;wmBuHpnf&if BuHpnfwJhtwdkif; jzpfvm w,fqdkf&if avmb? avmbu
Nyw
d må bHt k usK;d ay;w,f? raumif;bl; atmufarh&if wenf;enf;? BupH nfryI suo f mG ;&if a'go? a'gou i&Jjynf
tusK;d ay;w,f? xdwm odwm aumif;wm raumif;wmudk ta&;rvkyb f ;l qd&k if ta&;rvkyw f o hJ abm?
rodwJhoabmrsKd;qdk&if arm[zHk;oGm;jyef NyD 'gqdk wd&pd ämefbkH tol&u,f tusK;d ay;jyefw,f/ avmb? a'go?
arm[eJYyJaeawmh tyg,fav;yg;yJ tusKd;ay;w,f? tyg,fav;yg;yJvSnfh w,f/ tyg,fav;yg;rS
vGwfajrmufatmifqdk&if tedpö? 'ku©? tewåqdkwJh vu©PmBuD; (3)yg;yJ tNrJqifjcifyg/ oHk;oyfyg?
odrYk o
S mtyg,af v;yg;rS vGwEf ikd w f ,f/ vGwaf tmifvBJ uKd ;pm;tm;xkwaf y;yg/ vu©PmBu;D (3)yg; qifjcifaevd&Yk &dS if
edA mÁ efukd rsuaf rSmufjyK&mvnf;a7mufygw,f/
þuJo h Ykd vSL'ge;f aeaom tcsed w f iG f vu©PmBu;D (3)yg; wpfyg; yg;udk tm½Hjk yK&r,f/ tedpv ö u©PmESihf
tewåvu©Pmwdu Yk kd ½I&mrSm El;nHíh rodomvQif 'kuÓ© mPf (vSLaepOf anmif;? em? usi?f yl paom cH&cufaom
a0'em) qifjciftm½HkjyK&r,f/ tm½HkjyKNyD; vSLoGm;wJhyk*¾dKvf? 'gejyKoGm;cJhr,f? oDvawGaqmufwnfcJhw,f?
bm0emawGyGm;rsm;cJhw,f/
odaYk yr,fvnf; wpfae&m wpfXme? aumif;w,fxifwahJ e&m a&mufomG ;vd&Yk iS v f nf; arhomG ;wwfw,f/
okjA[®ewfom;wJh okjA[® ewfom;avmif;av;[m uóy bk&m;&Siv f ufxufu bmvkycf w hJ ek ;f qdk awmh
'geawGjyKcw hJ ,f? oDvawGaqmufwnfcw hJ ,f? bm0emÓmPfawG yGm;cJw h ,f/ 'Dvykd J yGm;rsm;Ny;D vmapumrl
vGwfaewJhobm0&Sdw,f/ 'ge oDv bm0em ÓmPf&atmif jyKvkyfvmonfhtwGuf aoonfhwdkifatmif
vljY ynfewfjynf? vljY ynfewfjynf pkeq f efNy;D vmcJw h ,f? i&J? wd&pd mä ef? Nyw
d må ? tol&u,f qdw k hJ tyg,af v;bHu k kd
wpfcgwpfacgurf Q ra&mufb;l wJh bmaMumifh ra&mufygvrd rhf wH;k qdak wmh 0dyóemqdw k hJ ]0d}qdwk m txl;xl;
tjym;jym; ]yówd}½I\/ 0dyóem-txl;xl; tjym;jym;awGUwJh[mudk ½Iwmonf 0dyóemvdkYac:w,f/
0dyóemÓmPf &wJt h wGuaf Mumifv h nf; ol[m tyg,af v;yg;rusb;l wJ/h
'geavmufeJY tm;rudk;&bl;? tm;udk;&atmifvnf; vkyfyg/ 'gevkyfw,fqdk&if vu©PmwifNyD;
edAmÁ efrsuaf rSmuf jyKNy;D vSL&r,f/ 'Dvrkd vSLbJeYJ 'Dtwdik ;f yJ a&mhvLS w,fNy;D a&mqd&k if ol[ Y mu bmtusK;d
aus;Zl;rS r&Sdbl;/ okjA[® ewfom;avmif;av;uawmh 'DvdkyJ edAÁmef rsufarSmufjyKNyD;awmh vSLcJhw,f/
'gejyKay;aomfvnf; tm;rud;k &ao;bl; wJh tvSLvSLwJt h ay:rmS oefo Y ef&Y iS ;f &Si;f vkyNf y;D vSL&w,f? 'gqkd vSy
wifhw,fwJh ½kyfqif;oP²mef ESifhjynfhpHkw,f? tJ'Dvdkr[kwfbJ npfwD; npfywf roefYr&Sif;jyKcJhvSLcJhrd&if
46
tom;ta&npfywfNy;D rvSb;l wJ/h tJ'v D ykd J ol[m oefo Y ef&Y iS ;f &Si;f vSLcJv
h Ykd vSywifw h ,fw½hJ yk ?f oDvaqmuf
wnfcv hJ Ykd touf&n S w
f ,f? vSL'ge;f rIrsm; jyKcv hJ Ykd ypön;f aygw,f? 0dyóem ÓmPf&atmif yGm;rsm;cJw h ,f/
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47
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48
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49
2004 ckESpf? q&mawmfbk&m;\ usef;rma&;ESifh

xl;jcm;csufrsm;
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aetdro f Ykd om;vwf armifausmaf qGrS oGm;a&muf yifah vQmufcsut f & <uvmygonf/
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aq;ynm½Iaxmifrh S wdik yf ifMuNy;D q&mawmfb&k m;tm; &efuek af &mufvQif a&mufcsi;f nae 2 em&D 30
rdepfrmS OD;aESmufEiS hf tm½Hak Mumaq;½Ho k Ykd wifvu
kd &f yg onf/ xdak eY nae 4 em&D 45 rdepfrmS OD;acgi;f
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q&m0efBu;D rsm;u omrefvo l m; qdvk Qif r&awmhyg q&mawmfb&k m;Bu;D \ bke;f uHtvdt k wdik ;f omyJ&adS wmh
50
onf[k ajymMum;Mu&m q&mawmfb&k m;Bu;D \ &[ef;tr a':at;r,fEiS hf orD;rsm;? armifausmaf qGwu Ykd
bk&m;wGif opömjyKMuygonf/ q&mawmf bk&m;Bu;D onfa0ae,srsm;? u,foifu h ,fxu kd o f l uRwx f u dk o
f rl sm;?
use&f adS eao;aomaMumifh tHzh , G af umif;atmif jyefvnfuse;f rma&; aumif;rGev f mygonf/
20-1-2005&uf Mumoyaw;aeY nae(4;30)tcsd e f w G i f pma&; ol \ yif h a vQ m uf c suf t &
]]rmvm*Edik af [rmNrKd if }} aetdro f pfo<Ykd ua&muf cs;D jri§ chf yhJ gonf/ q&mawmfb&k m;Bu;D oDwif;oH;k pOf &uftwGi;f
pma&;ol \orD ; ES p f a ,muf r S m q&mawmf b k & m;BuD ; tm; OyÜ Z Ñ,f j yKNyD ; omoemabmif 0if v d k í
q&mawmfbk&m;BuD;tm;avQmufxm;&m cGifhjyKojzifh 29-1-2005 &uf? paeaeY eHeuf(11;00)em&D
jymodv k jynfausm(f 5)&ufaeYwiG f pma&;ol\orD;ESpaf ,mufEiS t hf wl orD;Bu;D \oli,fcsi;f ? q&mawmf bk&m;Bu;D \
'um&if ; jzpf o l OD ; od e f ; xG e f ; \ orD ; wd k Y y g omoemtarG c H ,l M uygonf / oD v &S i f a v;yg;wd k Y o nf
npOf(7;00)em&DrSpí 0dyóem w&m;tm;xkwfMuygonf/ xkdodkYw&m;tm;xkwfpOftcsdefrsm;ü av;yg;
vH;k \ta&SUwnfw h nfrh S vGepf mG awmufyaom tvif;a&mifukd wcsed w f nf; cHpm;&jcif;? tm;vH;k \b,fbufrS
"gwyf ½kH ukd of uJo h Ykd vufceJjzpfjcif;? xl;jcm;aomtarT;eH&Y &djS cif; q&mawmfb&k m;Bu;D u raemESiv hf míw&m;
jyoajymqd k o nf u d k o d & d S j cif ; ? q&mawmf b k & m;BuD ; \arwå m aMumif h tcsd e f Mumjrif h p G m xd k i f E d k i f j cif ; ?
w&m;xkdifaepOftwGif; q&mawmfbk&m;BuD;jzwf avQmufoGm;ouJhodkYMum;Mu&jcif;? xl;jcm;tHhMoaom
w&m;todEiS jhf zpf &yfrsm;udk q&mav;rsm;xHrMS um;odc&hJ ygonf/
xl;jcm;csurf mS 21-2-2005 &uf naeaq;uyfNy;D csed w f iG f q&mav;rS ]] bke;f bke;f reufjzefvjynfah eY
bk&m;wynfah wmfwu Ykd kd cs;D jri§ rhf mS vm;bk&m; odoo d momjrif&atmifjyvm; bk&m;}} [kavQmuf&m bmrSrrdeyYf J
NyKH ;aeonfuo kd mzl;&Ny;D oDv&Siw f Ykd \r,fawmfEiS t hf wl avScg;rSjyefqif;vmcsed w f iG f oH;k a,mufv;kH wcsed w f nf;
tcsdeftcgr[kwf aumif;uif;rS vQyfpD;vif;wef;;vufoGm;onfudk thHMopGmjrifvdkuf& onfhtwGuf
q&mawmfb&k m;Bu;D xHcsucf si;f wufNy;D oGm;avQmufMunfch hJ í odcMhJ u&ygonf/
q&mawmfb&k m;Bu;D oDwif;oH;k pOf&uftwGi;f q&mawmfb&k m; Bu;D tm; wynfo h m0utaygi;f wdu Yk
qDrD;(8000)jzifhylaZmfjcif;? xreJxkd; vSL'gef;jcif;wdkYjzifh ukodkvf'gejyKcJhMuygonf/ 20-3-2005&ufnaewGif
av,mOfEiS hf rEÅav;&efuif;awmifoYkd jyefvnf<uoGm;cJyh gonf/
26-4-2005&uf t*FgaeYn(7;20)tcsed w f iG f pma&;ol\ yifah vQmufcsut f & ]] rmvm*Edik af [rmNrKd if
}}aetdro f qYkd &mawmfb&k m; Bu;D xyfrH <ua&mufcs;D jri§ chf yhJ gonf/ 12-5-2005&ufaeYwiG f q&mawmf bk&m;Bu;D rS
½k w f w &uf u sef ; rma&;raumif ; ojzif h aq;ynmok a woe OD ; pD ; Xme? ñT e f M um;a&;rS L ;csKyf ?
qD;ESifhausmufuyfXme\ XmerSL; a'gufwmydkifpdk;? r*Fvm'Hk aq;½HkrS ESvHk;cGJpdwfukq&m0efBuD; AdkvfrSL;BuD;
a'guw f mwifarmifat;ESihf a'guw f ma':r, l m? txl;Muyfrwfuo k aqmif ICU rS a'guw f ma':vv S [ S ef wdu Yk
vdktyfonfrsm;udk ppfaq;prf;oyf NyD;ukoay;cJhMuygonf/ q&m awmfbk&m;BuD; oDwif;oHk;pOftwGif;
jrefrmhr;D &xm;rS q&m0efBu;D a'guw f m OD;ausm0f if;ESiq hf &m0efrsm;? a'guw f mOD;0if;Ekid Ef iS hf a'guw f m wifwif0if;
wdYk armifErS ESpOf ;D wdu Yk vnf; wpfywfwpfcgvt kd yfonfrsm;udk ukov kd ,
f cl hJ Muygonf/
q&mawmfb&k m;Bu;D oDwif;oH;k pOf &ufwpfaeYwiG f q&mawmf bk&m;Bu;D \ use;f rma&;tajctaeudk
&Sr;f jynfe,f&Sd anmifa&TNrKd Ue,f awmifyikd ;f xdu k t f rd of b l ;kd bd;k rS tm½H, k Nl y;D ? bd;k bd;k rS q&mawmfO;D pEd́rm tm;
opf j rpf opf O rsm;,l í om;vwf r S y if h a qmif v mum q&mawmf B uD ; tm; aq;jrpf ?
aq;Orsm;jzifhuyfvSL'gef;cJhygonf/ q&mawmfBuD;rSvnf; tprf; oyfcHum ukorludkcH,lygonf/
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q&mawmfb&k m;Bu;D ESihf awmifyikd ;f xdu
k t
f rd o
f b
l ;kd bd;k Bu;D rSm rodrjrifawGUz;l Muay/
zav;&GmrS usKdufrwfaumfapwDxD;wifyGJ
(14-5-2005)&ufaeY q&mawmfb&k m; wynf&h if; om0ujzpfol rsm;jzpfonfh OD;wifE, G ?f a':csKrd o d m;pkrS
zav;bk&m; xD;awmfwifyJG taMumif;udk a':csKrd S pma&;ajymMum;csuu f kd wifjyvdu k &f ygonf/
zav;&G m onf yJ c l ; wd k i f ; ? u0Nrd K U e ,f t wG i f ; &S d &G m wpf & G m jzpf o nf / zav;bk & m;BuD ; onf
tajcBu;D rm;vGe;f onfukd ñTe;f qdzk UJG Ny;D zav;ol awG tajcBu;D onf[k ajymprSwjf yKMuonf/
usKd u f r wf a umf a pwD a wmf j rwf u d k tif ; waumf N rd K Ue,f ? ywå m ; q&mawmf O D ; ok E ´ & u
OD ; aqmif x D ; awmf w if c J h y gonf / zav;bk & m;xD ; wif &mod k Y uRef r oG m ;a&muf & rnf j zpf y gojzif h
qGrf;uyf&ufysufrnfhtaMumif; qm;awmifq&mawmfbk&m;BuD;tm; avQmufxm;&if; q&mawmfbk&m;
vnf;<ua&mufyg&ef avQmufxm;&m? <urnf[k OD;acgi;f ndryhf gonf/
16-5-2005 &ufaeY eHeuf (3)em&DwiG f rdrt d rd rf u
S m;jzifh rdom;pk xGucf yhJ gonf/ &efuek Nf rKd Uxu G o f nfEiS hf
uRerf onf c&D;oGm;&if; &Gwzf wf o&ZÑm,faeMutwdik ;f &Gwzf wf&ef rsuv f ;kH rSw
d íf bk&m;tm½Hjk yKvu kd f csed wf iG f
bkef;bkef;onf um;acgifrdk;ay:wGif awmifa0S;wpfacsmif;axmufí ouFef;rsm; avwGifvGifhumvGifhum
rwfwyf<ua&mufvdkufygvmonf udk rsufvHk;xJwGif rsuf0g;xifxifzl;awGUvdkuf&ygonf/ uRefronf
rsuv f ;kH ydwf tm½Hjk yKwikd ;f bke;f bke;f udk wvrf;vH;k zl;awGUae&ygonf/
zav;&Gm usKu d rf wfaumfapwDoYdk eHeuf(8)em&Dx;kd &ef puúeyYf ikd ;f om vdo k nft h csed f um;qdu k o f nfrYkd
vltyk pf Bk u;D wd;k a0SUum pdezf ;l awmftm; bk&m;ay:oYkd rwifrD &xm;,mOfay:ü&Sad epOftaetxm;udk "gwyf rkH sm;
vSnyhf wf½u kd &f if; bke;f bke;f bk&m; <ua&mufz;l arQmyf gb&k m;[k avQmuf&if; "gwyf rkH sm; ud, k w f ikd ½f u
kd cf yhJ gonf/
pdezf ;l awmfwifyJG atmifjrifpmG Ny;D ajrmuf cJíh &efuek o f Ykd jyefcyhJ gonf/ xD;wify"JG gwyf rkH sm;udk ul;ygonf/ "gwyf rkH sm;
ul;,l&&Síd pdezf ;l awmfyrkH sm; Munfv h u kd &f m bke;f bke;f <ua&mufz;l arQmaf eyHk awGU&í bke;f bke;f tm; avQmufxm;&m
bke;f bke;f acgi;f ndrjhf cif;jzifh [kwrf eS o f nf[k todtrSwjf yKvu kd yf gonf/
26-5-2005 &uf a eY w G i f q&mawmf b k & m;BuD ; \ ax½k y Ü w å d r l M urf ; ud k
q&mawmfb&k m;Bu;D a&SUwiG zf wfjyNy;D vdt k yfonfrsm;udrk ed MYf um;Ny;D y,fp&mrsm;&dyS gao;ovm;[kavQmufxm;&m
]] y,fp&mr&dSaMumif;}} udkrdefYMum;cJhygonf/
11-7-2005 &ufaeYwGif pOfhudkifNrdKUe,f uoJukef;aus;&Gm qm;awmif y#dywådausmif;odkY
0gq&kd efav,mOfjzifh jyefvnf <uoGm; cJyh gonf/
&efukef arC0wDausmif;odkY <ua&mufjcif;

5-1-2006 &ufaeY reuf 9em&DtcsdefwGif AdkvfcsKyfqef;qifh OD;aqmif yifhavQmufcsuft&
aq;ppfrcI , H &l ef &efuek w
f ikd ;f ? oCFe;f uRe;f NrKd Ue,f arC0wDausmif;odYk <ua&mufcs;D jri§ yhf gonf/
q&mawmf b k & m;BuD ; &ef u k e f o d k Y r<ua&muf r D t csd e f u yif awmif O uú v myNrd K Ue,f & S d
trsK;d orD;i,fwpfa,mufrmS &[ef;awmfwpfyg; psmefjzifh aumif;uifr<S uvmonfukd zl;awGU&onf[k tdyrf uf
52
jrifruf xm;ygonf/ q&mawmfbk&m;BuD; arC0wDausmif;odkY <ua&mufvmonf udk Mum;od&ojzifh
vma&mufz;l jrifaomtcg tdyrf ufxrJ S &[ef;awmfrmS q&mawmfBu;D jzpfaeaMumif; tHMh o0rf;omjzpfc&hJ aMumif;
arC0wD ausmif;wGif ajymcJhygonf/
q&mawmfbk&m;BuD; usef;rma&;tajctaeaMumifh 2000 jynfhESpf Zefe0g&DvrSpí &efukefwGif
w&m;rjyonfrmS (6)ESpw f wd &d cdS yhJ gonf/ ,ck Adv k cf sKyq
f ef;qifh yifah vQmufcsujf zifh ouFe;f uRe;f NrKd Ue,f
arC0wD ausmif;ü oDwif;oH;k pOf (8-1-2006)&ufaeY eHeuf (8)em&DcefrY mS wpfBurd ?f n (7)em&Dcefw Y iG f
wpfBudrf? aeYpOf 0dyóemur®|mef;w&m;udk csD;jr§ifh awmfrlygonf/ w&m;tm;xkwfcsdef tcsdefwdkif;wGif
q&mawmfb&k m;u ½Iay;? ½Iay; cE¨mud, k af ysmufatmif½yI g/ 0ifavxGuaf v awGUatmif&mS yg/ cE¨mud, k f rñ§mESihf
r&yfEiS ?hf wpfqufwnf;½Iyg/ tm½Hw k jcm; vdu k rf oGm; ygEiS hf tcsed af phcge;D wGif w&m;tm½Hak jz? bk&m;tm½Hjk yK[k
rdefYawmfrlonf/
ta&SUrSmxdkifí wpfcsdefvHk; w&m;xkdifolrsm;tm; apmifha&Smuf ay;ygonf/ q&mawmfbk&m;BuD;\
apmifah &SmufraI Mumifh w&m;xdik o f l tm;vH;k oifw h ifah om twdik ;f twmtavsmuf rdrw d \ Ykd o'¨g? oDv? 0D&, d
tay:rw l nfí orm"dtm;rsm; &Muygonf/
(16-1-06)&ufaeYxd q&mawmfb&k m;Bu;D (9)&ufww d d 0dyóem w&m;udk cs;D jri§ chf yhJ gonf/
(17-1-06)&ufaeY eHeuf (9)em&DcefYü pma&;ol\om; armifausmfaqGtdrfodkY <ua&muf csD;jr§ifhí
q&mawmfbk&m;BuD;onf (19-6-06)&ufaeY nae (3)em&DwGif pOfhudkifNrdKUe,f uoJukef;aus;&Gm?
rif;&Gmuke;f &yf xd-od-owd ausmif;odYk jyefvnf<ua&mufomG ;cJyh gonf/
udk,fawGUxl;jcm;jzpfpOfrsm;
&[ef;trBuD;a':at;r,f\ udk,fawGU jzpf&yf

q&mawmfb&k m;Bu;D onf 2005 Zefe0g&v D pma&;ol\aetdrüf oDwif;oH;k pOf q&mawmfb&k m;Bu;D \
ax½kyw Ü adå &;om;jyKpak ecsed w f iG f tcsKd Uaom wynf&h if;wdu Yk ¤if;wd\ Yk ud, k af wGU jzpf&yfwu Ykd kd ajymjy? a&;ydYk
ay;Muojzifh pm½Iol olawmfaumif;wdYk Munfño kd '¨gymG ;rsm;Ekid Mf uap&ef &nfoefí pkpnf;wifjyvdu k &f ygonf/
1327 ckEpS ?f 0gqv kd jynfah eY ncsr;f tcgwiG f ykygÜ ;r,fawmfonf qHyifjzefcY svsuf pdr;f Eka&mif0wfpjkH zifh
ESi;f yef; (5)cdik u
f ikd af qmifvsuf 0gqo kd uFe;f vma&muf qufuyfonf/ ykygÜ ;r,fawmfjzpfaMumif; om;awmf(2)yg;
ygrvmaMumif;? a0blq&mawmfxo H mG ;a&muf ouFe;f qufuyfaeaMumif;avQmufxm;Ny;D q&mawmftm;
0ufom;tvSLcH vdyk gaMumif; avQmufxm;oGm;cJo h nf/
1332 ckEpS w f iG f q&mawmf tpmtdraf &m*gjzpfí a0'emcHpm; ae&onf xdEk pS o f BueF t f MuwfaeYwiG f
tpmtdraf &m*g jyif;xefvmí ppfuikd ;f aq;½Ho k Ykd nwGi;f csi;f yifycYkd &hJ onf/ xdrk wS pfqifh cGpJ w
d &f ef rEÅav;aq;½Ho k Ykd
nwGi;f csi;f yif ydcYk &hJ onf/ aq;½Hw k ifxm;pOf q&mawmf ukwifEiS hf (1)awmifcefu Y mG aeonfukd nwm0efus
c&pf,mefbmom0if q&m0efonf jrifawGUvu kd &f í xatmf vdu k &f m? xdpk Ofuaq;½H&k dS q&m0ef? q&mr?
olemjyK (7)a,mufcefY jrifawGvu kd &f í wtHw h Mojzpfc&hJ onf/ q&mawmfBu;D rSmvnf; a&m*goufom&m&cJNh y;D
53
cGpJ yd jf cif; rcH&bJ aq;½Hrk S jyefqif;cJ&h onfrsm;udk &[ef;trBu;D a':at;r,f ajymjyí odc&hJ onf/
1365 ck E S p f qm;awmif & G m od k Y q&mawmf < upOf w G i f vnf ; qG r f ; bk e f ; ay;aepOf cH w G i f ; rS
ta&mifrsm;0if;0if;vufvuf xGuaf y:ae onfukd qGr;f vmuyfol &Gmol&mG om;rsm; tm;vH;k vdyk if zl;awGU Mu
&aMumif; &[ef;trBu;D a':at;r,fuajymjyygonf/
'kwd,AdkvfrSL;BuD;odef;xGef;\ udk,fawGU jzpf&yf

q&mawmf b k & m;BuD ; ES v H k ; aoG ; aMumusOf ; í cG J p d w f u k o rI c H , l p Of wpf c sd e f w nf ; yif
'k w d , Ad k v f r S L ;BuD ; od e f ; xG e f ; onf v nf ; q&mawmf bk & m;BuD ; uJ h o d k Y r *F v m'H k p pf a q;½H k w G i f
wufa&mufaq;ukocJyh gonf/
20-1-05 aeYwGif aus;Zl;awmf&Sif qm;awmifq&mawmf bk&m;BuD;onf pma&;ol\aetdrfodkY
<ua&mufcsD;jr§ifh aepOf&ufrsm;twGif; wpf&ufaomaeYwGif 'kwd,AdkvfrSL;BuD;odef;xGef;onf ZeD;ESifhtwl
pma&;ol\ vIdifNrdKUe,f&Sd rmvm*Edkifa[rmNrdKif tdrfokdY q&mawmfbk&m;BuD; tm; zl;arQmfuefawmh&ef
a&muf&v dS mcJo h nf/ q&mawmf bk&m;Bu;D tm; zl;arQmu f efawmh&if; vGecf ahJ om(9)ESp0f ef;usif aq;½Hw k ufpOfu
'kw, d Adv
k rf LS ;Bu;D ode;f xGe;f \ ud, k af wGU xl;jcm;jzpfpOfukd q&mawmf bk&m;Bu;D a&SUwiG f ajymjycJyh gonf/
Advk rf LS ;Bu;D onfvnf; ESv;kH cGpJ w d Nf y;D ajcovH;k rS taMum (3)acsmif; xkwíf tpm;xd;k xm;&ojzifh
txdik f txcufcyJ gonf/ a&tdro f Ykd 0if&mwGif aq;½Hük (Adv k x
f ikd )f tdrof mwpfv;kH om&So d jzifh eHeufapmapm
tdy&f mrSxNy;D a&tdro f o Ykd mG ;&m a&tdrx f rJ S q&mawmfb&k m;Bu;D u jyefxu G v
f monfukd zl;awGU&ygonf/
aemuf w pf a eY w G i f a&td r f w G i f q&mawmf b k & m;BuD ; ES i f h rwd k u f qd k i f & ef
q&mawmfbk&m;BuD;xufOD;pGma&tdrf0if&ef eHeuf (4) em&DcefY a&tdrfodkY oGm;&m q&mawmfbk&m;BuD;u
a&tdrrf jS yefxu G vf monfukd zl;awGU &jyefygonf/
aemufwpf&ufwiG f 'gx Y ufapmEkid o f rQ apmapm eHeuf (3)em&DcefY a&tdro f o Ykd mG ;jyef&m ,ciftwdik ;f
q&mawmfukd zl;awGU&ygonf/ q&mawmfu ravsmhao;bl;vm;[k rdefYygonf/
Adv
k rf LS ;Bu;D u tjcm;udprö sm;udk rdeo Yf nf[k xifí ravsmhyg bk&m; [k jyefavQmufcJhygonf/
xdkodkY avQmufNyD;csdefrSpí 0rf;oGm;csdefwGif 0rf;oGm;í r&awmhyg/ rnfodkYyif 0rf;oGm;&ef
tBurd Bf urd Bf uKd ;pm;aomfvnf; 0rf;oGm;r& jzpfae ygawmhonf/ pOf;pm;&cufNy;D twefMumrS q&mawmftm;
ravsmhyg bk&m; [k avQmufxm;bl;onfukd owd&vmygawmhonf/ tdy, f may:wiG f yufvuftaetxm;ESihf
q&mawmfb&k m;Bu;D tm; tm½Hjk yKvsuf avsmh vdkufygNyDbk&m; [k vuftyk cf srD ;kd &Scd ;kd uefawmhvsuf awmif;yef
aomtcgrS yHrk eS t f wdik ;f 0rf;jyefomG ;í &awmhaMumif;? aemufwpfaeY eHeufwiG f q&mawmfb&k m;Bu;D xHoYkd
oGm;a&mufNy;D q&mawmf\ ajctpHw k iG f vufprkH ;kd uefawmh í avsmhvdkufygNyD bk&m; m;[k avQmufxm;
aomtcgwiG f q&mawmfb&k m;Bu;D rS jyefvnfí rdeo Yf nfrmS avsmhvdkuf awmh NyD;oGm;wmaygY[k rdeyYf gaMumif;?
xdjYk yif q&mawmfonf olz;l awGU bl;pOfupí 'g,um? 'g,u d mrrsm;rS qufuyfvLS 'ge;f aom qGr;f ? qGr;f [if;rsm;
tm;vHk; tenf;i,fpD xnfharTum bkef;ay;aMumif;? &om wPSmudk *½krxm;onfudk udk,fawGU
zl;awGUcJh&aMumif;? Munfñdk ygaMumif; ,ckq&mawmf pma&;ol\tdrfokdY a&muf&SdaeaMumif; owif;&í
rdom;pkvma&muf zl;ajrmfjcif;jzpfaMumif; pma&;oludk ajymjyygonf/
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a':vSMunf? a':vS&D tcef;(22^23)? wdkuf(354)
taemuf&efuif;NrdKUe,f? &efukefNrdKU\ udk,fawGUjzpf&yfrsm;
&efuek Nf rKd U? &efuif;NrKd Ue,f? taemuf&efuif;? wdu k (f 354) tcef;trSw(f 22^23)wGif aexdik o f l touf
(82)ESp&f dS a':vMS unf onf pma&;ol\aetdro f Ykd q&mawmfb&k m;Bu;D tm;zl;arQmu f efawmh&ef vm a&mufco hJ nf/
a':vMS unfu q&mawmf bk&m;Bu;D tm; zl;awGUaepOf ajymjyonfrmS vGecf ahJ om tESpf (40)cefu Y a':vMS unfonf
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y&dw&f w G af y;jcif;jzpfonfukd jrifawGU&onf/ rMumrD y&dw&f w G af epOftwGi;f y&dwt f ;kd rsm;rS a&rsm; qlyu G v f suf
usvmonfukd tHMh opGm jrifawGU&í 0rf;ajrmuf0rf;om yDwjd zmvsuf rsm;pGm Munfño kd '¨g yGm;rsm;cJ&h aMumif;
xd k p Of r S p í ,ck w d k i f q&mawmf a &muf & S d o nf h a e&mrsm;od k Y oG m ;a&muf zl ; awG Y c J h N yD ;
ud;k uG,v f mcJah Mumif;ajymjycJyh gonf/ xdaYk emuf a':vMS unf\ nDr a':v&S D ,cktouf (72)ESpu f vnf;
ol \ rsuf j rif ud k , f a wG U xl ; jcm;jzpf & yf wpf c k u d k ajymjyygonf / vG e f c J h a om (33)ES p f c ef Y u
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wlr trnfuakd c:í vmcJ[ h k ac:vu kd íf a':v&S D w&m;avQmufaeonfh q&mawmf&&dS m ae&modYk a&mufvmNy;D
q&mawmfbk&m;wynfhawmfudk ac:ygovm;[kavQmufvdkuf&m tif;[k acgif;Nidrfhvdkufojzifh wtHhwMo
jzpfMu&onf/ a':vS&DrSmvnf; ¤if;tm; w&m;csD;jr§ifhaepOf tcsdefwpfck twGif; wlrjzpfoludk a&uefxJ
ckerf csjzpfatmif wpfcsed w f nf; wpfNyKd if wnf; aqmif&u G v f ukd jf cif;udk xl;jcm;tHzh , G jf zpfí vGepf mG Munfñkd
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xl;jcm;tHhzG,fjrifawGUMu&onf/ 1996 ckESpf? r*Fvm'Hk ppfaq;½HkwufpOf vnf; q&m0ef? q&mrrsm;?
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qHyifprsm;pkvHk;aeNyD; tcsdKU"gwfawmfrsm; jzpfíaeonfudk jrifawGU ae&onf/
tcsKUd 'g,um? 'g,u d mrrsm;\ aetdr&f dS qHawmfwo Ykd nf wpfv;kH wnf;jzpfygap[k qkawmif;onft h cg
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55
OD;wifEG,f+a':csKd? trSwf(47) opömvrf;rBuD;? awmifOuúvmyNrdKUe,f? &efukefNrdKU\

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qHawmfrsm;tm;vk;H pkNy;D ? abmvk;H wpfv;Hk vkd vk;H vk;H av;zl;arQm&f ygonf/ tHMh opGmzl;awGU&Ny;D ? pdwx f J pdwuf ;l wpfck
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56
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59
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jyif;jyif;½Iyg/ igph w d f tjyif xGuw f ,fxif&if jyif;jyif;½I? jrefjref½yI g? pGe;f vGe;f q&mawmf bk&m;Bu;D uvnf;
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61
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62
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wpfaeYwiG f a'guw f mnDn\ D om;jzpfol ]]q&mawmfb&k m; ormywf0ifpm;aom a&awmfcs;D jri§ yhf g}}
[k avQmuf onfukd yxrOD;pGm Mum;cJ&h ygonf/ q&mawmfb&k m;Bu;D u a&ykvif;udu k ikd íf 0ifoufukd jyif;pGm
wpfcsu½f NI y;D tawmf MumMumBu;D touf½&I yfaeNy;D rS xGuo f uf udk xkwíf a&ykvif;udk vufjzifo h yf
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q&mawmfb&k m;Bu;D aq;½Hw k iG f taESmifth ,Surf sm; raumif;qd;k &Gm;rsm; oef&Y iS ;f rI &S?d r&Sd avQmufwifMuonfukd
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&[EÅm b,fEpS yf g; &Syd govJ[k avQmufxm;&m? (5)yg;&Syd gw,f[k ajzMum;ygonf/ wpfyg;pD oDwif;oH;k &mudk
ar;avQmuf&m jrefrmjynf ajrmufyikd ;f rS wpfyg;? tv,fyikd ;f rSm wpfyg;? awmifyikd ;f &efuek rf mS jrpfrul;&bl;
wpfyg;? wpfyg;u [dr0EÅm<uoGm;NyD [k rdeNYf y;D aemufwpfyg;udrk l avQmufír& rajzbJ aeygonf/ (trSerf mS
q&mawmfb&k m;Bu;D ud, k af wmfwikd jf zpfojzifh zGiíhf rrdejYf cif; omjzpfygonf/)
r*Fvm'Hpk pfaq;½HBk u;D wGif npOf n(9)em&DcefY atmufoYkd qif;ípBuø <uygonf/ wpfn pBuø <uNy;D
q&mawmfb&k m;Bu;D em;aepOf ½H;k cef;rS nwm0efusppfonfu raeYnu oef;acgiaf usmf q&mawmf atmufrmS
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tdyo f nfEiS w hf NyKd ief uf udak tmifxeG ;f cdik u f tcef;wHcg;udk twGi;f rS tNraJ omhcwftyd o f nfom jzpfygonf/)
aq;½HkwGif vrf;ravQmufEkdifí avief;qGJovdkjzpfaeolrsm;? q&mawmfarwåma&wdkufonfESifh
vrf;jyefavQmuf Edik o f mG ;Muygonf/ (q&mawmfonf arwåm"gwt f vGeBf u;D rm;ygonf/)
q&mawmfb&k m;Bu;D wyfrawmfaq;½HBk u;D wGif oDwif;oH;k pOf wyfrawmfppfbufqikd &f mrS t&m&SBd u;D rsm;?
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63
'kw, d aq;ppfc, H &l ef <ua&mufpOfu Adv k rf LS ;Bu;D udu k akd rmif\ tdro f pfwiG f oDwif;oH;k ygonf/
wwd,aq;ppfcH,l&ef <ua&mufpOfu a':jrwfaqG\ tdrfopfwGif oDwif;oHk;ygonf/ wpfaeY
a':jrwfaqG tdrw f iG f w&m;jypOf w&m;xkid o f l rsm;pGm&Sad eonfteuf uReaf wmfvnf; wpfO;D tygt0ifjzpfygonf/
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xm;cJ h N yD ; tjyef ? uRef a wmf r S m q&mawmf v J r nf p d k ; í wH c g;Mum;rS acsmif ; Munf h & m aumif ; uif r S
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a&muf o G m ;&m? q&mawmf b k & m;BuD ; tm; xd k a iG p m&if ; rS L ;u rEÅ a v;aq;½H k B uD ; wG i f zl ; &pOf u
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q&mawmfb&k m;Bu;D \ arwåm"gwjf zifh at;csr;f Muygap? q&mawmfb&k m;Bu;D jyaomw&m;awGU Muygap?
q&mawmfb&k m;Bu;D enf;wl at;csr;f rI&Muygap? ,ckrmvm*Edik af [rmNrKd iw f iG f q&mawmf bk&m;Bu;D tm;
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64
a':cifcif0if; (M.A) trSwf(95)? jynfvrf;? (8)rdkif? &efukefNrdKU\ udk,fawGUjzpf&yf
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ukopOfujzpfygonf/ q&mawmfb&k m;Bu;D onfvnf; ESv;kH cGpJ w d cf ,
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olzY cif use;f rmpGm touf&iS af eygonf/
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odyrf aumif;ao;? q&mawmf&efuek f jyef<uvmrnf rxifryd g/ 0gqo kd uFe;f udrk l uyfcsiv
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65
aus;Zl;&Sifa0blq&mawmfbk&m;BuD;
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odum© 3 yg;qdw k m t"dov D ? t"dpw d ?å t"dynmygy/J
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a'go arm[ jzpfcGifhr&vdkY avmbrD;? a'gorD;? arm[rD; Nidrf;w,f? Nidrf;awmh at;w,f/
rxdcifuvnf; odvrYkd jzpfb;l ? xdNy;D jyefawmhvnf; rodvYkd rjzpfb;l ? xdwek ;f udo k m odvjYkd zpfw,f?
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66
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bmrSvnf; r&aygif}} vdkYrSm; rrSwfvkdufMuygeJY/ jrifhjrwfwJh b0? bk&m;omoemeJY BuHKBudKufwJhtcg 'Dvdk
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aus;Zl;&Sifa0blq&mawmfbk&m;BuD; ñTefjyawmfrlavh&Sdaom oE´d|du "r®vrf;pOf

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xm;Ny;D vky&f w,f/
4/ 0dyóemw&m;qdw k m xif&mS ;wJw h &m;udk jrifatmif ]]½Irw S jf cif;}} yif jzpfw,f/ xif&mS ;wJh w&m;udk
jrifatmif r½IEdkif&if 0dyóem rjzpfbl;/
5/ xif&mS ;wJw h &m;qdw k m wjcm;rSm oGm;í &Sm&wmrsK;d r[kw?f a&Smifr&? wdr;f r&? rjrifcsiíf rae&atmif
ud, k rf mS tNrJ xif&mS ; aewJh ½kyef mrfw&m;awGyJ jzpfw,f/
6/ ud, k rf mS tNrx J if&mS ;aewJh ½kyef mrfw&m;awGxrJ mS vlwidk ;f em;vnf vG,u f wl m[m ]] tmemyge =
xGuaf v 0ifav}} ½Irw S rf I jzpfw,f/
7/ ]]xGufav 0ifav}} qdkwm trd0rf;rS arG;uxJu aoonftxd tNrJrjywf 'vyfpyf &SdaewJh
w&m;oabmjzpfw,f? tvkyv f yk f ae&if;? pum;ajymae&if;? pmusuaf e&if;? tdyaf ysmaf e&if;vnf;
&Sad ewmyJ/
8/ xGuaf v 0ifav [m tNrrJ jywf &Sad eaomfvnf; trSww f rJh aeMuí ]]owdrrl *lrjrif}} jzpfaeMuw,f?
]]owdr&l if jrLudk awmif jrif&w,f}} qdw k mudk *½kpu kd Nf y;D Munf½h aI erS &Srd eS ;f odMuw,f/
9/ ]]Munf}h } qd&k mrSm 0dyóemjzpfbt Ykd wGuf xGuaf v 0ifav xd&m ESmzsm; ESm0rSm 0ifwikd ;f xGuw f ikd ;f
&dy&f yd f &dy&f yd Ef iS hf ]]wxdxJ xdaewmudk wodxo J ad eatmif}} 'vpyf odjrifatmif Munf½h I ae&r,f/
tdrt f rd;k udk pyfatmif xlxrl ;kd rS aeyl'Pf rd;k &Gm'Pf cHEikd w f ,f/ ( 24 em&D wpyfxJ &ygap/ )
10/ wpf&uf 24 em&D wpyfavmuf&vQif tvGeo f o d mygw,f (edoZf "kwifaqmif)/ bk&m;qH;k rwm
rSeo f rQ qif;&Jatmif rqH;k rbl;/ csr;f ombdcYk sn;f yJ/ bk&m;vufxufu edoZfaqmifwhJ yk*K¾ v d rf sm;
ydNk y;D awmhawmifrS touf&n S Mf u use;f rmMuw,f/ tdycf siv f Ykd tdy&f if wpfoo H &mvH;k Ed;k awmhrmS
67
r[kwb f ;l / tdycf si&f if rtdycf sif wJah e&m &Sw d ,f/ tJ'u D kd a&mufatmifomG ;/
11/ xdwmudk odaevQif ]] odum© oH;k yg; r*¾i&f pS yf g;rStp aAm"dyu©, d w&m; 37 yg;? yd#uoH;k yHk tvH;k pHk
wpfNydKifeuf yg0ifNyD;jzpfw,f/
12/ ]]xdwm}} [m ]]½kyf}} oabmjzpfw,f/ ]]odwm}} [m]]emrf}} oabmjzpfw,f/
13/ w&dyf&dyfESifh xdwdkif; aysmufwdkif;(½kyf? emrf) jzpfrI ysufrIawG jzpfysufí aejcif;jzpfw,f/
14/ w&dyf&dyfESifh ESmzsm; ESm0rSm xdvdkuf? aysmufvdkufaewmawG udkom wpfqufxJ odjrifatmif
Munf½h aI e&if MumvQif 0dyóem orm"d wpxufwp? wcPxuf wcP wd;k wufNy;D tm;Bu;D
vmwJh tcg ESmzsm; ESm0wGio f mru cE¨mud, k rf mS vnf; tvdv k kd w&dy&f yd f w&G&aG wG jzpfysuaf ewmudk
awGU&r,f/
15/ wpfu, kd vf ;kH w&dy&f yd f w&G&G tNrrJ jywf jzpfysuaf ewmudk awGUvm&wJt h cg (tedpu ö kd aumif;pGm
jrifaomaMumif)h ]]'ku© ESihf tewå}} [m tvdv k kd xifjrifvmvdrrhf ,f/ yg;pyfu qdak ebdYk rvdb k ;l ?
0dyóemtvky[ f m ]]xdru I kd Munf½h aI e½Ho k m jzpfw,f}}? ]]Munf½h aI e&if; ½Irw S af e&if;}} odxu kd o
f rQukd
tvkv kd kd wpfaeY xufwpfaeY wd;k Ny;D odvmvdrrhf ,f/
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tvGeo f o d mvSygw,f/ b,fvkd odom ovnf;qdak wmh ]]a&iwfí aeaomolonf a&udak omuf&onf
&Sad omf a&iwfajyouJo h }Ykd } jzpfomG ;awmhw,f/ olrsm;ar;p&m rvdk ud, k wf ikd of rd ,f (oEd́|ad um)/
17/ r*fÓmPf? zdv k Óf mPf &Ny;D a&mufNy;D vdYk ]]zvormywf}}udk 0ifpm;csi&f if rdrv d mcJbh ;l wJ?h 0dyóem
vrf;udk jyefMunf&h w,f? zvormywf[m ud, k yf ikd tf rd Ef iS w
hf w l ,f/
18/ ,H, k MkH unfMunf vHv Yk 0D&, d &S&d EdS iS hf xdrI odrw I u Ykd o kd m wqufxJ jzpfatmif Munf½h aI e ]]axGvD
umvD}}awGukd vdu k rf vkyEf iS ?hf ]]tckvyk ?f tckr;D Nird ;f ? tckcsucf si;f yJ csro f mw,f/}} (tumvdaum)/
68
urÇmhomoemjyK aus;Zl;awmf&Sif awmifykvkawm&
urÇmat;q&mawmfbk&m;BuD;\ 0dyóem½Ienf;
(1258 ckESpf? waygif;vqkyf 3 &uf paeaeYwGif zGm;jrifawmf rlonf/ 1348 ckESpf? uqkefvuG,f
paeaeY eHeuf 8 em&D 4 rdepf wGif cE¨m0efcsawmfrlonf/)
a,m*D o nf xd k i f w mud k ]]xk d i f w ,f } } [k o d v Qif 0d Z Æ m (tod y nm) jzpf \ ? rod v Qif
t0dZÆm(rodrIarm[)jzpf\? &yfwm? oGm;wm? tdyfwm ponfwdkYudk odvQif 0dZÆmjzpf\/ rodvQif t0dZÆmjzpf\/
pm;wmudk ]]pm;w,f}} aomufwmudk ]]aomufw,f}} ponf ½IrSwfNyD; odvQif 0dZÆmjzpf\/ rodvQif
t0dZÆmjzpf\/ xkdYtwl usifBuD;? usifi,fpGefYwmudk ]]pGefYw,f pGefYw,f}}[k rSwfNyD; odvQif0dZÆm? rodvQif
t0dZmÆ jzpfonf/ xked nf;twl jyKjyKorQ trlt&mtm;vH;k udk odatmif rSw&f rnf/ þü ]]t0dZmÆ ? rodwm?
arm[}} pum;vH;k wd\ Yk t"dygÜ ,o f nf twlwjl zpfonf/ ]]0dZmÆ ? odwm? tarm[}} [laom pum;vH;k wd\ Yk
t"dygÜ ,v f nf; twlwyl ifjzpfonf/
t0dZmÆ jzpfvQif ocFg& (tusK;d qufukd qufvufjzpfapwwfaom ukov kd ?f tukov kd u
f )H ponfwYkd
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csKyyf suu
f m oHo&m &yfawmhonf/
xdaYk Mumifh 0dZmÆ jzpfatmif jrifwm? Mum;wm? eHwm? pm;wm paom tm½Hrk sm;udk awGU BuKH wikd ;f awGU BuKH wikd ;f ?
jrifumrQ ponfoad tmif ½Irw S f &rnf/ tjcm;tjcm;aom pum;ajymwm qdwq f w d af ewm ½SLwm? ½Iu d wf m?
ydewf m? azmif;wm? a'gojzpfwm? ESajrmwm ponfjzifh ud, k tf rlt&m? EIwtf rlt&m? pdwt f rlt&m? jzpfjzpforQukd
odatmif tNrJrjywf? ½IrSwf ae&r,f/ xdkodkY½IrSwfEdkifrSom oHo&mjywfaMumif; 0dZÆmjzpfí r½IrSwfEdkifu
oHo&m&Snaf Mumif; t0dZmÆ csn;f jzpfaevdrrhf nf/
emrf½yk uf kd trSex f ifjrifvQif ykxZk Ofjzpfaomfvnf; &[EÅmvdk csr;f ompGm aeEdik o
f nf/ odaYk omf ykxZk Ofjzpfí
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acs/ xdkYaMumifh emrf½kyfudk trSeftwdkif; ydkif;jcm;odaomyk*¾Kdvfonf ouúm,'d|d(igpGJtjrif)udk y,fpGefYEdkifí
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xkaYd Mumifh jrif Mum; eH pm; xd od tm½Hrk sm;ESiw hf uG aps;a&mif;? aps;0,f? v,fvyk ?f ,mvkyf paom
rnfonfu h pd uö kd jyKjyK jyKorQukd owdrvpfapbJ ½Irw S o f ifMh uygonf/
&moufyef o&P*Hkwnf
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¨ ? jrwfpmG bk&m;tm;?
ed,smawrd? tyfEiS ;f vSL'ge;f yg\/
2/ tZÆm'ð uwGm? ,aeYukd tpjyKí t[H? tuREyfk of nf? twåmeH? rdru d ,kd u f ?kd "r®ó? w&m;awmfjrwftm;?
ed,smawrd? tyfEiS ;f vSL'ge;f yg\/
3/ tZÆm'ð uwGm? ,aeYudk tpjyKí? t[H? tuREkfyfonf? twåmeH? rdrdudk,fudk? oHCmó?
oHCmawmfjrwftm; ed,smawrd? tyfEiS ;f vSL'ge;f yg\/
4/ ZD0w
d y&d,EÅu
d ?H toufq;kH onfwikd af tmif? Ak'?Ḧ jrwfpmG bk&m;udk o&PH? ud;k uG,&f m[lí? * pämrd?
qnf;uyfyg\/
69
5/ ZD0wd y&d,EÅu d ?H toufq;kH onfwikd af tmif? "r®?H w&m;awmfjrwf ud?k o&PH? ud;k uG,&f m[lí? * pämrd?
qnf;uyfyg\/
6/ ZD0w d y&d,EÅu d ?H toufq;kH onfwikd af tmif? oHC?H oHCmawmf jrwfu?kd o&PH? ud;k uG,&f m[lí?
* pämrd? qnf;uyfyg\/
vlwikd ;f onf rdru d ,kd u f o kd m cspjf rwfE;kd qH;k jzpfaMumif; rdrd cspjf rwfE;kd aomud, k uf kd
jrwf p G m bk & m;tm; wpf o uf y ef t yf E S i f ; vS L 'gef ; ol \ wpf & uf a e&jcif ; onf o&P*H k r wnf o l \
wpfoufwmae&jcif;xuf ydkrdk jrwfaMumif;? tusKd;BuD;aMumif;? vlwdkif; o&P*Hk aqmufwnfMu&ef
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pyfí q&mawmfb&k m;Bu;D u ,ckaqmufwnfMuwJh o&P*Hu k awmh wpfBurd w f pfcg aqmufwnfum rQjzifh
wpf o uf v H k ; touf q H k ; onf h w d k i f a tmif tNrJ w nf w J h o&P*H k w J h / uav;rS p í vl r a&G ; bl ; ?
oufoufomomav;eJY tifrweftyifyef; tukecf NH y;D jyKvyk w f hJ ukov kd af vmufrubl;/
bk&m;? w&m;? oHCm[k qdktyfaom &wemoHk;yg;qdkwm avmu rSm 'DxuftxGwftxdyf
tjrif h t jrwf q d k w m r&S d a wmh b l ; ? tJ ' D v d k txG w f txd y f tjrif h t jrwf j zpf w J h &wemoH k ; yg;ud k
]]twåorHayrHewå}d }wJ/h ud, k Ef iS whf al om cspjf cif;qdw k mvnf; r&Sad wmhb;l wJ?h owå0g[o l í b,foYl udk
b,fvdkyifcspfw,fqdkaomfvnf;yJ udk,fhudk,favmufrcspfbl;wJh? 'Dvdk tcspq f ;kH jzpfwhJ ud, k chf E¨mud, k u f kd
tjrwfq;kH jzpfwhJ &wemoH;k yg;tm; tyfEiS ;f Ny;D oumv vSL'ge;f &onfh tjzpfaMumifh b,fuo k v kd ef rYJ S rwlb;l wJ/h
vSLw,fwef;w,fqdkwm[m udk,frSwpfyg; tjcm;jzpfwJhypönf;udk omvQif vSLwef;Muw,f/
'Do&P*Hu k awmh tJ'v D rkd [kwb f ;l ? tcspq f ;kH jzpfwhJ ud,
k chf E¨mud,k uf kd tjrwfq;kH jzpfwhJ &wemoH;k yg;tm;
tyfESif;NyD; oumv vSL'gef;&onfhtjzpfaMumifh b,fukodkvfeJYrS rwlbl;wJh? 'Do&P*Hk ukodkvf[m
tifrweftm;aumif;w,f/ tm;Bu;D w,f/ tm;vnf;ud;k &w,f/ tusK;d vnf;yJ tifrwefrsm;w,f/
b,fvdktusKd;rsm;&apwwfowHk;qdkawmh ]][ðowDwdo&PH}} wJh/ ñSif;qJwwfvdkY ]]o&P*kH}}
ESyd pf ufzsuq f ;D wwfvYkd ]]o&P*H}k } vdaYk c:w,f/ bmudk ñ§i;f qJEydS pf ufzsuq f ;D wwfowH;k qdak wmh 'Do&P*Hk
wnfwo hJ &l UJ tay:ü usa&mufvwåUH jzpfwhJ ab;&efudk aMumufjcif;? xdwv f efjY cif;? ud, k qf if;&J pdwq f if;&Jjcif;?
i&Jw&d pämef? Nyw d må tol&u,f [k qdt k yfaom tyg,af v;yg;odYk vm;jcif;udk wm;jrpfzsuq f ;D wwf w,fw/hJ
'Do&P*Hu k 'gvm;qdak wmh r[kwaf o;bl;wJ/h 'Do&P*Hw k nfwhJ olrsm;[m aoonf\tjcm;rJüh
ewfjynfoaYkd &mufw,fw/hJ ewfjynf a&mufomG ;wJt h cgusawmhvnf; 'djyifuewfrsm;eJY rwlb;l wJ/h ewfjynfrmS
ewfawGrsm;pGm&Sdw,f/ o&P*HkwnfwJhewfvnf;&Sdw,f/ o&P*Hkrwnf wJh ewfvnf;&Sdw,f/ tJ'D
o&P*Hrk wnfwhJ ewfrsm;xuf o&P*Hw k nf wJh ewfrsm;u q,fyg;aomtaMumif;jzifh ydv k eG w f ,f/
q,fyg;aom taMumif;awGu bmawGw;kH qdak wmh-
(1) touf&n S jf cif;rSmvnf; ydv k eG wf ,f/
(2) tqif;vSjcif;rSmvnf; ydv k eG w f ,f/
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(4) ta>ct&Hy&dowfaygrsm;jcif;rSmvnf; ydv k eG wf ,f/
(5) tpd;k &jcif;rSmvnf; ydv k eG w f ,f/ (5)yg;
(6) ewfw\ Ykd tqif;
70
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omoemawmftwGi;f ü xdev f if;ysUH EUHS jzpfay:aom ur®Xmef;jzpfavonf/
xdu k m,*wm owd ur®|mef;onf um,mEkyóemowd ur®|mef;\ tm;vH;k aom yAÁtydik ;f wdüYk
rlvtajccH ur®|mef;jzpfjcif;aMumifh wpfaMumif;? xdu k r®|mef;wpfrsK;d wnf;udk yGm;rsm;tm;xkwjf cif;jzifyh if t&d,m
tjzpfodkY {uefrkcs a&muf&SdEdkifjcif;aMumifh wpfaMumif; jrwfpGm bk&m;onf xdkum,*wm owdy|mef
ur®|mef;ud(k {aum "ar®m)wpfck wnf;aom w&m;[lí >ruf[ a[mMum;awmfral vonf/
aus;Zl;&Sif awmifykvk awm& q&mawmfbk&m;BuD;udk,fwdkif tm;xkwfí a[mMum;awmfrlaom
oH;k q,fEh pS af um|mo um,*wm owdy|mefymG ;enf;udk azmfjyvdyk gao;onf/ ygVb d momjzifh aum|mo[k
ac:aom 32 yg;aom cE¨mtpdwftydkif; tpktyHkwdkYudk qHyiftp usifi,f usatmif EIwfwdkuf&atmif
aumif ; pG m usuf r S w f & ef j zpf o nf / xk d a um|mo [l a omud k , f c E¨ m tpd w f t yd k i f ; wd k Y u d k ¤if ; wd k Y \
tqif;oP²mefwnf&mt&yf ponftm;jzifh pdwüf tawmftoifh uGuu f u
G u
f iG ;f uGi;f xifjrifvmonfh wdik af tmif
toGm;tjyef EIwfjzifhvnf;aumif;? pdwfjzifhvnf;aumif;? xyfumxyfum &GwfqdkyGm;rsm; ESvHk;oGif;&ef
vdktyfygonf/ udk,fum,\ aum|morsm;udk EIwfjzifh qHyifrS usifi,ftxd &GwfqdkyGm;rsm;pOftcgüyif
pdwt f m½Hjk zifv
h nf; ÓmPfay:aeatmif ESv;kH oGi;f í ½IymG ;jcif;udk jyK& ayonf/ xdaYk Mumifh pdwjf zifh ESv;kH oGi;f &ef
&&Szd Ykd tmedoiftwGuf EIwjf zifh &Gwq f ykd mG ;rsm;jcif;onf vd&k if;y"metcsuf jzpfayonf/
]]EIwfjzifh &GwfqdkyGm;rsm; o&ZÑm,fjcif;onf pdwfjzifh ½IyGm;&jcif;\ taMumif;&if;jzpf\/
pdwfjzifh½IyGm;&jcif;onf aum|morsm;\ rwifhw,f aomtokb vu©Pm oabmudk xkdxGif;í
odjcif;\taMumif;t&if; jzpf\/}} [laom a'oempum;&yfrsm;ESiv hf nf; nDñw G af yonf/
72
32 - aum|mowdkYrSm -
1/ auom? avmrm? ecg? 'EÅm? wapm - wpyÍöu-ur®|mef;
2/ rHo?H ESm½k? t|d t|drÍd ?Hö 0uúH - 0uúyÍöu-ur®|mef;
3/ [m',H? ,ueH? udavmruH? yd[uH?
yyægoH - yyægoyH Íöu-ur®|mef;
4/ tEÅ?H tEÅ*P k ?H O'&d,?H u&do?H rw¬v*k F - rw¬v*k yF Íöu-ur®|mef;
5/ ydw?Hå aorS?H ykaAÁm? avm[dw?H aoa'g?
ara'g - ar'quú-ur®|mef;
6/ tók? 0om? aca|m? odCmF ? Pdum?
vodu? rkwHå - rkwq å uú-ur®|mef;
1/ qHyif? tarT;? vufonf; ajconf;? oGm;? ta&/
2/ tom;? taMum? t½d;k ? ½d;k wGi;f jcifq?D tñSKUd /
3/ ESv;kH ? tonf;? tajr;§ ? tzsO;f ? tqkw?f
4/ tlr? tlord ?f tpmopf? tpma[mif;? OD;aESmuf/
5/ onf;ajc? ovdy?f jynf? aoG;? acR;? tqDc/J
6/ rsu&f nf? qDMunf? wHawG;? ESy?f tap;? usiif ,f wdjYk zpfavonf/
xdk 32 aum|mowdu Yk kd tpOftwdik ;f (toGm;enf; = tEkv)kH (tjyefenf; = y#dv)kH (toGm;tjyefenf;
= tEkvykH #dv)kH wdjYk zifh yGm;pOf wpfBurd f 165 &uf jynfah &mufyu kH kd um,*wm owdy|mefwiG f azmfjy xm;ygonf/
xko d Ykd o&pÑm,fjcif;tm;jzifh pDjzef;½IymG ;aomf ur®|mef;\ aum|mo edrw d wf o Ykd nf vdo k nfxufyNkd y;D
xifv, G jf rifv, G jf cif; tjzpfoYkd a&muf&v dS m\/ &G&H mS zG,jf zpfonfh ysupf ;D wwfaom cE¨mud, k \f oabm udv k nf;
ydrk ykd mG ;rsm; ½Ijrifjcif;tjzpfoYkd a&muf&v dS m\/ pdwu f vkd nf; [d[ k kd 'D'v
D iG jhf cif;rS wm;jrpfNy;D vQif aum|mowdu Yk kd
ydkrdkxifjrifvmapaawmh\/
orm"dukd vQijf refpmG &&SEd ikd jf cif;tvkiYd mS jrwfpmG bk&m;onf um, Ekyóem owdy|mefukd rlvtajccH
ur®|mef;tjzpfjzifh t"duxm;í oGeo f ifa[mMum;awmfral vonf/ um,Ekyóem owdy|mefukd ½IymG ; jcif;onf
a0'emEkyóem? pdwEå yk óem? "r®mEkyóem owdy|mefw&m; wdu Yk kd qufvuf½yI mG ; tm;xkw&f efjzpfaom
rlvtajccH ur®|mef;Bu;D jzpfí vdYk qdck o hJ nfh tjcm;oH;k yga;om owdy|mefw&m;wdu Yk kd oD;jcm;yGm;rsm; tm;xkw&f ef
rvdktyfawmhay/
av;yg;aom owdy|mefw&m;awmfwiG f qHyifru S siif ,ftxd uk, d u f m,\ t"dutpdwt f ydik ;f jzpfaom
aum|mo taygi;f tpkwu Ykd kd qifjcifEvS ;kH oGi;f &aom um,*wm owdy|mef ur®|mef;onf xl;uJ rGejf rwfaom
ur®|mef;jzpfonf[k trSwjf yK&ef ta&;Bu;D ayonf/ okweå f w&m;awmfrsm;t& jrwfpmG bk&m;onf xdu k r®|mef;udk
r*¾i&f pS yf g; tusiühf vdt k yfq;kH aom usiphf Ofvyk if ef;wpfck taejzifh ({aum"ar®m)wpfcw k nf; aom w&m;[lí
>ruf[a[mMum;awmfrlavonf/ xdkur®|mef;udkvnf; bk&m;&Sif\ om0ujzpfMuaom vlyk*¾Kdvf?
&[ef;yk*K¾ v d rf sm;tm;vH;k wdYk yGm;rsm;tm;xkw&f rnfh ur®|mef;[lí jy|mef;awmfral vonf/
73
aocgeD;ESvHk;oGif;oifhyHk
q&mawmf b k & m;BuD ; u vl w d k Y o nf aocgeD ; tcsd e f o d k Y a &muf a om tcg a&m*ga0'emcH p m;rI
qk w f , k w f a vsmh y g;oG m ;NyD ; pd w f E S v H k ; wG i f a&m*g a0'emcH p m;&rI x uf ao&rnf h a b;ud k
awG;awmaMumuf&UHG onfph w d rf sm; ay:ayguv f mwwfygonf/
xdo k Ykd ay:ayguv f maomtcgwiG f jrwfpmG bk&m;ocif tewå vu©Pmokwüf a[mMum;awmfro l nfh
aewHrr? aeaom[rod?® earaom twåmwd {0arwH ,xmblwH or®ynm, 'XAÁ/H igr[kw?f ig\Opömr[kw?f
ig\ud, k rf [kwf [lí [kww f ikd ;f rSepf mG od&NdS y;D cyford ;f aom ocFg& oabm w&m;wdo Yk nf jzpfNy;D vQif rkcs{uef
trSeyf J ysupf ;D jcif; oabm&SMd uonf [lí pdwEf v S ;kH oGi;f oifo
h nf[k rdeaYf wmfryl gonf/
oOyg'daooedAÁmefrSm tukef&SdEdkifw,fqdkwm odomxif&Sm; atmif £wd0kwf ygVdawmfedó,
edAmÁ e"gwo k w k w f iG f þuJo h Ykd a[mawmf rlygw,f/
wó wd|aEÅ0 yÍö`d E, d́ med a,oH t0dCm wwåm
remyg remyH ypöEkabmwd? okc'ku©H y#doHa0a'wd?
wó a,m &m*u©a,m? a'gou©a,m arm[u©a,m
t,H 0kpw ö d bdua© 0 oOyg'd aooedAmÁ e "gw/k
wó
wó? xdk&[EÅmyk*¾dKvf\? wd | aEÅ 0? toufxif&mS ;wnfpOfyif vQi/f yÍödÈ´d,med? ig;yg;ukefaom
£aÈw ´ o Ykd nf/ t0dCm wwåm? rcsKyfao;onf\ tjzpfaMumifh? remyg remy remyH? ESpo f ufz,G &f adS om tm½H?k
rESpo f ufz, G &f adS om tm½Hw k u Ykd /kd ypöEkabmwd? oH;k aqmifcpH m;\/ okc'ku©H? csr;f omqif;&Ju?kd y#doHa0a'wd?
cHpm;\/ wó wó? xd&k [EÅm yk*K¾ v d t f m;? a,m &m*u©a,m ,m? tMuif &m*\ukejf cif;onf? a,m a'gou©a,m ,m?
tMuifa'go\ ukejf cif;onf? a,m arm[u©a,m ,m? tMuif arm[\ukejf cif;onf? a[mwd jzpf\/ bd u © a 00?
&[ef;wdkY t, t,H þ &m*? a'go? arm[\ ukefjcif;udkyifvQif oOyg'd aooed A Á m e "gwk? oOyg'd
aooedAmÁ e"gw[ f íl ? 0k p ö w d qdt k yf\/
tEkyg'daoom orÜ&m,dumm/
[dkbufa&mufoGm;NyD;? bm&SdwHk;ar;tHk;rSmyJ/ onfedAÁmefrSmvnf; &Sdw,f/ &SdwJhtaMumif;
bk&m;&Sit f pOftwdik ;f a[mawmfrw l ,f/ cE¨mig;yg;? tm,we wpfq,fEh pS yf g;? "gww f pfq,f&h pS yf g; opömav;yg;
onfvkd tpOftwdik ;f a[mawmfrw l ,f/ cE¨mig;yg;uawmh r&Sad wmhb;l / tm,we wpfq,fEh pS yf g; &So d nfth euf
cE¨mxdu k w f hJ tm,we wpfq,fw h pfyg; r&Sad wmhb;l / cE¨mxJygomG ;Ny;D / cE¨mrxduk wf hJ "r®m,we qdw k m&Sw
d ,f/
"gwfwpfq,fh&Spfyg; &Sdonfhteufu cE¨mxdkufwJh "gwfwpfq,fhckESpfyg; r&Sdawmhbl;/ cE¨mxJygoGm;NyD;/
cE¨mrxdu k w f hJ "r®"gwq f wkd m&Sw d ,f/ opöm
av;yg;&So d nft h eufu cE¨mxdu k w f hJ opömoH;k yg;r&Sbd ;l / cE¨mxJygomG ;Ny;D / cE¨mrxdu
k w f o hJ pömwpfyg;useaf ew,f/
tJ'g b,fopömvJ? (eda&m"opöm ygb&k m;)/ at; tJ'D tEkyg'ad oo edAmÁ efrmS ckajymwJh "r®m,we "r®"gw?f
eda&m"opöm &Sw d ,fvYkd ajym&a[m&rSmyJ/
edAmÁ efEpS rf sK;d vH;k [m bk&m;&Siu f &Swd ,fvYkd a[mxm;wm &S&d rSmyJ/ tm;vH;k oabmayguv f ufcMH uNyv D m;/
edAmÁ efa&mufomG ;Ny?D edAmÁ efa&muf vQif [db k ufukd a[mp&m r&Sad wmhb;l /
74
aus;Zl ; &S i f pG e f ; vG e f ; *l a usmif ; ausmif ; q&mawmf b k & m;BuD ; OD ; u0d \ ud k , f a wG U
w&m;usifhpOftcsKdUESifh qHk;rMo0g'rsm;
(1239 ckESpf? waygif;vqef; 2 &uf wevFmaeY eHeuf 6 em&DwGif zGm;jrifawmfrlí 1314 ckESpf?
uqkefvjynfhausmf 9 &uf paeaeY nae 4 em&D 45 rdepftcsdefcefYwGif y&dedAÁmef jyKawmfrlonf/)
v,f,mvkyf&if;w&m;wufyHkaqmifyk'f
ajymif;pif;ajrqG aeYnruGm xd-od-owd ------- todvu kd cf g a&cyfaygi;f xd;k rIrsK;d pHpk mG vkyu
f ikd b
f -d
xd-od-owdyg/
wwd,ajrmuf r*fayguaf vvQi?f &efoel ;D uyf? &Sv d wfqifjcif? tdro f al csmvS? od&xifxif? &Si&f [ef;
jzpfvrf; cGiahf wmif;pOf/
tdrfolUoabm? vdkufavsmíom? aemufqHk;yJBuJ ,mxJqif;&m cdkif;EGm;ab;rJh? ajy;cJhjrefpGm?
xGeaf xmifvsuf awmxGuo f mG ;awmh&mS /
w&m;tm;wuf? awmxGucf o hJ nf? a':wifvLS 'ge;f ouFe;f {uoD bke;f Bu;D OD;ausmuf cs;D ajrm§ uf0wfxnf?
&Sifu0djzpfbd armif&ifrnf/
armif&ifay:acsmuf---- cdka&mufusifhonf &xm;ysHBuD; jrnf[D; qdkufNyD? odMum;ewfrsm;
apmifph m;zl;Munf? aemufq;kH r*f vSr;f wuf r[max&f/ /
b,fukodkvfaMumifhw&m;aygufa&muf
&Siu f 0d(pGe;f vGe;f q&mawmfb&k m;Bu;D )onf rdrb d ,fb0u vmonfukd tusK;d ay:uaeNy;D taMumif;udk
qifjcifMunfh&m wd&dpämef trsKd;rsKd;jzpfcJhonfursm;NyD; vlYb0&wmu tvGefenf;aMumif; awGU&Sd w,f/
usiv f nfco hJ rQ b0awGukd Munfrh qH;k Edik w f meJY b,fb0u taMumif;aMumifh ,ckb0tusK;d xl;&onfukd
tjrefocd siw f meJY t"dXmef ,lNy;D Munfah wmhrS ,ckb'úrÇm uóybk&m;&Siv f ufxufwek ;f u aus;om;
Muufwla&G;b0eJY bk&m;&Siftm; opfoD;uyfvSL qkawmif;cJh bl;aomtaMumif;aMumifh ,ckvdk w&m;xl;
w&m;jrwf&wmudk awGU&w,f/ (q&mawmfb&k m;ud, k w f ikd f rdeMYf um;cJ)h
xd-od-owdeJY rjywf½I½dIuf tm;xkwfygrsm;vmawmh cE¨mudk,f ay:rSm a0'emawG ay:vmw,f/
tJ'aD y:vmwJh a0'emay:rmS owduyfNy;D vdu k yf grsm;vmawmh rdrcd E¨mud, k uf kd rSexf rJ mS jrif&ovdk O',AÁ,ÓmPf
tjrifoefvmNy;D tl? toJ? ESv;kH ponfw h u Ykd kd &ifcjJG youJo h Ykd aocsmpGm jrif&awmhw,f/
cE¨ m ud k , f j zpf j cif ; ysuf j cif ; [m tpd k a omf v nf ; aumif ; ? tajcmuf aomf v nf ; aumif ;
trsK;d rsK;d jzpfwwfMuw,f/ aemufqufvufí o'¨g 0D&, d ZGo J efoefeYJ aeYnrjywf w&m;tm;xkwo f mG ;jyefygu
pdw-f apwodw-f ½kyw f \
Ykd jzpfysujf cif;udk ydik ;f ydik ;f jcm;jcm; jrif&vdrrhf ,f/ O',AÁ, ÓmPfus&mrSm tMurf;pm;?
tvwfpm;? tEkpm; oH;k rsK;d &Sw d ,f/ ud, k w
f ikd f BuKd ;pm; tm;xkwyf grv S nf; odEikd v
f rd rhf ,f [k q&mawmfb&k m;Bu;D u
rdefYawmfrlcJhonf/
tJ'Dvdk jrifNyD;aemuf 1282 ckESpf? 0gqdkvjynfhausmf 13 &uf? Mumoyaw;aeY n 10 em&D
tcsed af vmufwiG f yxrtBurd f w&m;xl;udk &awmfro l nf/
75
tJ'v D kd tm;xkw, f if; a0'emay:rmS owdvu kd yf grsm;vmawmh wpfpxufwpfp onf;cHEikd v f mw,f/
olwumu eift h ar eifEh rS eJY qJ vdu k &f if rBuKd uw f phJ w
d jf zpfvmw,f/ tJ'aD wmh owdu a'goyguvm; vdYk
atmufarhNyD; jyefodrf;vdkufw,f/ 'Dawmh igawmfawmf awmfvmNyD? a&S;uqdk&if yg;qGJcsvdkufrSm? ckawmh
igonf;cHvmEdik Nf y;D qdu k m 0rf;ajrmuf vmw,f/
½lyg½u kH av; jrifvu kd jf yefawmh om,mrI jzpfvmw,f? om,mwm u avmb? rsupf u d jrif½w kH if
jrifwm? ½lyg½u kH onm? eifeYJ bmqdik f owke;f ? aemufawmh Mum;wmeJY onmeJjY zwf? xdwmeJY onmeJjY zwf?
eHwmeJY onmeJjY zwf? þuJo h Ykd jzwfjzwfomG ;awmh tawmf oabmayguf vmw,f/
1282 ckEpS ?f 0gacgiv f jynfah usmf 13 &uf? paeaeYn 10 em&D tcsed af vmufwiG f 'kw, d tBurd f w&m;xl;udk
&awmfrjl yefavonf/
'kw, d tBurd f w&m;xl;&&mwGif wpfBurd &f Ny;D jzpfí oGm;vrf; vmvrf; odNy;D jzpfojzifh twGi;f a0'em
wufjcif;rQavmufom xl;jcm; onf[k rdeaYf wmfral vonf/
1282 ckEpS ?f awmfovif; vjynfah usmf 13 &uf? wevFmaeY n 10 em&Dtcsed af vmufwiG f wpfu, kd v f ;kH
&So
d rQ taMumtjcifawG jywfomG ; rwwf tvGejf yif;jyvSwhJ a0'emudk onf;cHNy;D aemuf wwd,tBurd f
w&m;xl;udk &awmfrjl yefavonf/
'geYJ &efou l kd &Smawmh avmb? a'go? arm[? rme qdw k hJ w&m; awGyq J wkd m odjrif&w,f/ avmb?
a'go? arm[? rmeqdak yr,fh pdppfvu kd f awmh 'kut © ay;qH;k w&m;[m avmbyJ qdw k m od&w,f/ 'Dawmh
avmb [m t"du&efol tppfqNkd y;D avmbudk owfwmayg/Y b,fvkd owfowke;f vdYk ar;w,fqykd gawmh/
xdawmh odw,f? odwt hJ ay: owd xm;Ny;D vdu k yf grsm;avawmh avmb[m ao;ao;Ny;D tm;enf;enf;
oGm;wmayg/Y
1281 ckESpf? oDwif;uRwfvu bk&m;rSm qDrD;xGef;NyD; qkawmif; cJhwm[m 1282 ckESpf?
oDwif;uRwv f jynfah usmf 5 &ufaeYrmS omoemh abmif a&mufawmh qkawmif;wmeJY &[ef;jzpfwm wpfEpS o f m
Mumonf/
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wpfu, kd w f nf;oGm;Ny;D w&m;tm;xkwf aeavonf/ OD;ausm'f if ouFe;f 0wfomG ;Ny;D 5 &uftMumwGif OD;a&vkyf
onf &Sif0dZ,trnfESifh ouFef;0wfNyD; &Sifu0dESifhtwl oGm;a&mufaexkdif avonf/ wpfaeYaomtcg
ausmif;ab;em;wGif rIBd u;D wpfyiG hf ayguaf e onfukd ud&k ifBu;D &Siu f 0dawGU jrif&í qGEJ w I vf ukd &f m rIpd u
kH av;rsm;yg
wpftv kH ;kH ygvmonfEiS hf oHo&m0#f'u k r© S uRwv f w G af wmhrnfh twdwf edrw d [f k atmufarhum t½d;k aMuaMu
ta&crf;crf; rjywfrvyf ravsmw h rf; w&m;tm;xkwcf &hJ m-
1282 ckESpf? oDwif;uRwfvjynfhausmf 13 &uf? t*FgaeY n 10 em&D tcsdefavmufwGif
aiGapmif;wef;Bu;D wpfcu k kd jrifvmNy;D 0D0D 0D0D [k jrnfvsuf &xm;ysw H pfpif; tvGet f &Sed jf yif;pGmESihf rdrxd o H Ykd
wnfhwnfhBuD; vmaeonfudk awGU&aomfvnf; *½krpdkufbJ w&m;udkom tm;xkwfNrJ tm;xkwfaepOf
cE¨mud, k Bf u;D onf aygv Y mí txufoYkd ajrmufNy;D vQif Nird u hf eJjzpfí &xm;u rdrad tmufoYkd a&muf&adS e&m
ab;udkvSnfhMunfh aomtcg axmifhav;axmifhwGif ewfBuD;av;yg;udk;vnf;aumif;? vuf,mbufwGif
odMum;rif;udv k nf;aumif; jrif&jyefojzifh pdwx f rJ mS w&m;xl; &awmhrnft h wGuf vma7muf apmifah &Smufonf[k
xifNy;D £&d,mykwu f kd rjyifbJ w&m;tm;xkwNf rJ tm;xkw&f m pwkwt ¬ Burd f w&m;xl;udk awGU&onf/
76
&Sifu0donf udpöNyD;onfESifh owd&í Munfhvdkufawmh odMum; rif;ESifhwuG ewfrif;BuD;av;yg;
&xm;ysyH gu, G af ysmufomG ;Muw,f/ tJ'v D kd pwkwr¬ *fukd &Ny;D wJah emuf txufb0*f? atmuft0Dpu d satmif
[if;vif;jyifBuD;jzpfum tukeftpif jrif&w,f/ odMum;rif;ESifh ewfrif; BuD; av;yg;vnf; ewfjynf
jyefomG ;MuNy;D -
vlYjynfrSm &[EÅwpfyg; ay:xGef;aeNyD oGm;zl;MuvdkY wcJeuf a<u;aMumfaewmudk awGUjrif&w,f/
tJ'Daemuf teD;qHk;aom owå0gtrsKd;rsKd;udk jrif&NyD; bkr®Zdk;0f? ½ku©Zdk;0f ewfawGeJYwuG txuf
ewfjA[®mawG zl;ajr§mfuefawmh vmMu wm[m Munfhvdkudk rqHk;Edkifatmif jrif&w,f/ tJ'Dvdkjrif&awmhrS
owå avmu? ocFg&avmu? Moumo avmu? twGi;f avmuoH;k yg;? tjyif avmuoH;k yg;udk ydik yf ikd Ef ikd Ef ikd Bf u;D
odjrif&awmhw,f/ b,fvjkd rif&ovJ qd&k if owå0gawGu owåavmu? ¤if;owå0gawGukd jyKjyifay;aewmu
ocFg&avmu? ¤if;owå0gawG&UJ wnf&mrD&S m bHAk rd mefawGu Moumoavm u &,fvYkd tjyifavmuoH;k yg;udk
jrif&w,f/ twGi;f avmu oH;k yg;u pdw?f apwodu?f ½kyq f w
kd hJ w&m;oH;k yg;udk ydik ;f ydik ;f jcm;jcm;Bu;D jrif&wmu
owåavmu? pdw?f apwodu?f ½kyq f wkd hJ w&m;oH;k yg;wd\ Yk jzpfjcif; ysujf cif;udk jyKvyk w f mu ocFg&avmu?
wnfrSD&mu Moumo avmu &,fvdkY twGif;avmuoHk;yg;udk jrif&w,f? tJ'Daemuf bk&m;*kPfawmf
w&m;*kPaf wmfrsm;udv k nf; uGuuf uG u f iG ;f uGi;f odjrif&awmhw,f/
'geYJ aomwmywård *fu t&[wår*fusatmif þum; ½ky?f þum; emrf? þum; pdw?f þum;
apwodu?f þum; 'kuo © pöm? þum; ork',opöm? þum; r*¾opöm? þum; eda&m"opöm? þopömav;yg;
odjrif&wmudyk if aomwmywård *f? aomwmywåzd v kd f ac:w,f/
'kw, d tBurd f þum; ½ky?f þum; emrf? þum; pdw?f þum; apwodu?f þum; 'kuo © pöm?
þum; ork',opöm? þum; r*¾opöm? þum; eda&m"opöm? þopömav;yg; odjrif&wmudyk if ou'g*grrd *f?
ou'g*grdzdkvf ac:w,f/
wwd,tBurd f þum; ½ky?f þum; emrf? þum; pdw?f þum; apwodu?f þum; 'kuo © pöm?
þum; ork',opöm? þum; r*¾opöm? þum; eda&m"opöm? þopömav;yg; odjrif&wmudyk if tem*grrd *f?
tem*grdzdkvf ac:w,f/
pwkwt ¬ Burd f þum; ½ky?f þum; emrf? þum; pdw?f þum; apwodu?f þum; 'kuo © pöm?
þum; ork',opöm? þum; r*¾opöm? þum; eda&m"opöm? þopömav;yg; odjrif&wmudyk if t&[wår*f?
t&[wåzv kd f ac:w,fvYkd vmvrf;udjk yefNy;D ypöa0u©Pm qifjcifí csr;f om aew,f/
jrifwmudk onmzHk;w,f? onmudk ouFm&Sif;rS ouFmuif;r,f/ jrifwmudk onmr&Sif;awmh
ouFmruif;w,f/ jrwfpmG bk&m;u tedpv ö Ykd a[mw,f/ onmu edpv ö Ykd vdrx f m;w,f/ jrwfpmG bk&m;u
'kuv © Ykd a[mw,f/ onmu okcvdYk vdrx f m;w,f/ jrwfpmG bk&m;u tewåvYkd a[mw,f/ onmu twåvYkd
vdrx f m;w,f/ jrwfpmG bk&m;u tokbvdYk a[mw,f/ onmu okbvdYk vdrx f m;w,f/ onm&JUtvdru f kd
cH&vdkY 'ku©a&mufw,f/ tJ'Donm&JU tvdrfudk jrwfpGmbk&m; udk,fawmfjrwfBuD; u-owdyXmefav;yg;eJY
b,fv&kd iS ;f vQif ouFmuif;w,fvYkd a[mw,f/ b,fv&dk iS ;f ay;ygovJ qdv k Qi-f
um,mEkyóem owdy|mefu okbonmudk &Sif;ay;w,f/
a0'emEkyóem owdy|mefu okconmudk &Sif;ay;w,f/ pd w å m Ek y óem owd y |mef u
edpöonmudk &Sif;ay;w,f/
77
"r®mEkyóem owdy|mefu twåonmudk &Sif;ay;w,f/
rdr\d cE¨mud, k u
f m,wHcg;udk xdawmh odw,f/ odwt hJ ay:rmS owdxm;aerSjzifh owdy|mefw&m;
av;yg; jynfph akH ew,f/ b,fvrkd sm; jynfpakH eygovJq&kd if xdro I ufoufukd owdjyKaewmu um,mEkyó
em owdy|mefvYkd ac:w,f/
xdawmh zó? a0'emcHpm;rIoabmudk owdjyKaewmu a0'em Ekyóem owdy|mefvYkd ac:w,f/
odrI oufoufukdf owdjyKaewmu pdwmå Ekyóem owdy|mef vdYk ac:w,f/
eD0&P w&m;awG Nird ;f Ny;D olo Y abmudk olaqmifwmudk owdjyK aewmu "r®mEkyóem owdy|mefvYkd
ac:w,f/
tJ'v D kd owdy|mef av;yg;eJY ouFm&Si;f vdu k af wmh ouFmuif;oGm; wmayg/Y tedpu ö kd tedprö eS ;f odw,f/
'kuu
© kd 'kur© eS ;f odw,f/ tewåukd tewåreS ;f odw,f/ tokbudk tokbrSe;f odw,f/ tJonfvkd ouFm&Si;f
oGm;awmh? <um;csiw f ,f? 0gcsiw f ,f? armfcsiw f ,f? armufcsiw f ,f qdw k m [mav t0gZw d vf Ykd ac:w,f/
t0gZwd q f akd wmh t0dZmÆ ayg/Y
tJ'gaMumifh ]]'kuc© yford ;f ? csKyjf ywfNird ;f ? Zmwford ;f ? jynfeAd mÁ ef}} aphaphawG;awmh a&;a&;ay: qdo k vdak ygY
av[k w&m;a[m cs;D jri§ ahf wmf rlavonf/
pGef;vGef;q&mawmfbk&m;BuD;\ qHk;raqmifyk'f
xd - od - owd
(1) xd - od ESpyf g; owdxm; &jim; edALÁ wm/
(2) xd - od ay:ü owdpu kd f arQmv f u
kd f edALÁ wm/
(3) xd - od ay:wGif owdwif tpOfcsrf;omrSm/
(4) xd - od ESpfck owdjyK usifhrI þtwdkif;om/
aus;Zl;&Sif pGef;vGefq&mawmfbk&m;BuD;\ qHk;rMo0g' tusOf;csKyf
1/ acgi;f wGaJ rSmufvQif aemufwaJG wG vdrw hf wfw,f/ OD;pD;acgi;f aqmif vG&J if aemufvu kd f i,fom;awG
'ku©rsm;rnf/ (wm0efcHrsm; qHk;rcsuf)
2/ ud, k u hf u
kd ,
dk Mf unfñadk tmifae/ ud, k u hf u kd ,
dk f Munfñv dk Qif olwpfyg; Munfñv kd rd rhf nf/ (w&m;jynfph kH
atmiftm;xkwv f Qif ud,k u hf ukd ,
kd v f nf; Munfñ\ kd /)
3/ ud, k ihf ef;ud&k w
d ?f olwpfyg;ief;&dwv f Qif a>rudu k wf wfw,f/ (ud, k t
hf vkyu
f o
kd m tm;xkw&f ef? olwpfyg;
vkyif ef;wGif 0ifr½Iyf rdap&ef 'kua© wGUwwfw,f/)
4/ rsuf p d j rif o l E S i f h rsuf p d r jrif o l ES p f O D ; vrf ; rS m awG U v Qif rsuf p d j rif o l u a&S m if a y;&rnf /
wd;k rdvQijf rifoo l mtjypf&\ Sd / (w&m;odjrifol udq k v kd \
dk w&m;rodrjrif rvdrm® aom vlUtEÄmvudk
arwåm *½kPmjzifh a&Smif&rnf/)
5/ olwpfyg;tcsprf cHcsief UJ ? tcspcf cH siv f Ukd cspaf wmh yJw h wfw,f/ (wPSm avmbygwhJ tcspef UJ tcsprf cHcsief UJ ?
olwpfyg;vnf;rcspfeJY? vufonf;eJU jcpf&ifawmifrS yJhwwfao;w,f/ cspfrd&if cspf'ku© a&mufí
oHo&m0JMoCxJ arsmaewwfw,f/ epfaewwfw,f/)
6/ bkef;rBuD;csifeJU ? bkef;BuD;csifvdkU bkef;BuD;awmh bkef;rTefwwfw,f/ *kPfrBuD;csifeJU *kPfBuD;csifvkdU
78
*kPBf u;D awmh *kPaf rT;pl;wwfw,f/ (bke;f Bu;D atmifBuaH qmifjyKvyk af wmh 'kua© wGUwwfw,f/ r&dw S *hJ P
k f
vkyaf wmh 'kua© wGUwwfw,f)
7/ *kPrf vkad wmh *kPyf w kd ,f/ *kPv f akd wmh *kPNf yKd w,f/ (ud, k rhf &dwS m xuf *kPBf u;D udv k ckd siv f Ukd vkyaf wmh
ysupf ;D w,f/ rvdck siaf yr,fh olUtvdv k &kd vmawmh *kP&f w Sd ,f ? ydw k ,f/ )
8/ rjynf h a omtd k ; abmif b if c wf w ,f / ae&musvQif rvI y f a wmh b l ; / (rwwf w wuf
tvGeaf jymcsiu f s,cf siMf u\/ yvTm; armf<um; wwf\ wu,fwwfvmawmh rajymbl;/ rar;&if rajzbl;/
ar;&if ajzw,f/ a&tk;d ae&mwusrxm;vQif vIyaf ew,f/ ae&mwus xm;vQif rvIyb f ;l /rSw&f rnf/
)
9/ ud, k rf BuKd uw f hJ trIrsKd ;eJU olwpfyg;udk rjyKeUJ / (ud, k cf si;f pm w&m;xm;&ef olwpfyg;rw&m;rjyK&ef
t&m&m ud, k Ef iS Ehf iId ;f í owdjyKqifjcif&m\/ )
10/ olwpf;yg;udk vufñ;Id wpfacsmif;xk;d vQif ud, k u hf kd ok;H acsmif;xk;d ae\/ (olwpfwyg;tjypfuo kd m jrifwwf\
ud, k t hf jypfu, kd f rjrifwwfacs/ ud, k rhf suaf cs; ud, k rf jrifovdk qdv k \kd / xdUk aMumifh ud, k t hf jypfom
½IMunfh&rnf/ ppfaq;&rnf/ olrsm;tjypfwpfck udkom jrif\/ pGyfpGJwwf\/ udk,fhtjypfum;
ok;H q&daS ewwf\/)
11/ pdww f kd ? pdwaf yguf ? pdwyf surf jzpfapeJU / pdww f v kd Qiw f if;rjynfh awmhb;l / pdwaf yguaf evQif ,du k saevQif
wif;rjynfb h ;l / pdwyf suf aevQif b,faumif;ygrh vJ/ (xdUk aMumifh pdwrf qd;k MuESihf ? pdwrf wdMk u ESihf ?
a'gorjzpfMuESifh/ qefjcifwJh pdyfawmif;uav; wdkae&if? ysufae&if? aygufae&if raumif;ovdk?
wif;rjynfo h vdk pdww f ?kd pdwaf ygu?f pdwyf suaf e&if b,frmS w&m;jynfo h l pdw&f n S o
f ?l pdwaf umif;ol
jzpfygrY vJ/ w&m;r&Edik ?f rodrjrifEikd ?f w&m;eJY jynfph o kH rl [kwaf cs/)
12/ olwpfyg;raumif; raxmif;wm? ud, k rf aumif; cufvrd rhf mS / olcY rsmxuf ud, k chf rsm ta&;Bu;D w,f/
(olwpfyg;raumif;wm jrif&? Mum;&? od&í raxmif;wmvSay? rqdik af cs/ uk, d rf aumif; rS cufvrd rhf ,f/
ud, k af umif;zdt Yk a&;Bu;D w,f/ olcY rsmxuf ud, k chf rsm r*fzv kd f edAmÁ ef&bdYk tvGet f a&;Bu;D w,frw S /f )
13/ wpfaeYusawmh udk,fh0efudk,fxrf; udk,fhvrf;udk,foGm;ygvdrfhr,f/ (aemufqHk;wpfaeY aovQif
ud, k jf yKvyk cf w hJ hJ tukov dk wf &m;u tusKd ;ay;vdrrhf ,f? uHypfcs&m oGm;&\/ xdUk aMumifh ok*wd 'k*w ¾ u d kd
ydik ;f jcm;odjrifatmif w&m;tm;xkwMf u rarhMueJU ? ud, k vhf rf; ud, k af vQmuf yef;wdik ef Ad mÁ efa&mufygap/
)
14/ csw d cf sw d cf si;f awGUvQif csw d w f wfw,f/ aqmifq h v JG Qif Muufaygiyf hJ wwfw,f/ (ajrG ?ajrcG si;f rdUk ajcjrifw,f/
yg;udu k v f Ukd em;udu k w f ,f? &efjzpfwwfw,f/ aqmihq f o JG vdk ydrk q kd ;kd &Gm;vmvQif w&m;pGíJ axmifwef;us
'kua© &mufwwfao;\/ avmuDvnf;raumif; aemifoo H &mvnf;raumif;acs/ &efukd &efEiS hf rwkeUf EiS ;f eJU
/)
15/ NidrfNidrfae vQif csrf;omw,f/ ajcaqmhvQif ajcqif;&Jw,f? vufaqmh vQif vufqif;&Jw,f/
(w&m;tm;xkwNf y;D Nird Nf ird af v;ae&ef? £È, ´d oH0& apmifah &Smuf&ef jzpf\/ ajc&Snf c&D;oGm;vQif qif;&J\
vufuvnf; trIopfvyk af e&if qif;&J\/ ud, k &f wJh w&m;t&om cHpm;ae&w,f/ ud, k pf w d f Nird ;f csr;f
edAÁmefeef;0ifpm;&\/)
16/ olwpfyg;bmomudk rzsuef UJ / avmurSm Ak'b ¨ mom? [dEL´ bmom? c&pf,mefbmom? r[maA'ifbmom
79
av;rsKd ;&dw S ,f[k ajymqdMk u \/ odUk aomf vlwpfa,mufvQif wpfbmomjzpfw,f/ (ukov dk f tukov kd f
uHw&m;twdkif; olUtaMumif;eJU olUtusdK;jzpfvmw,f/ olUt,l0g'eJUoljzpfwmawG rzsufeJU /
wu,ftrSew f &m;odcsiv f Qif w&m;tm;xkwo f rd nf/ )
17/ MuufzBuD;vdk acgif;raxmifeJU ? tarmufraxmifeJU ?Muufrvdkae? acgif;pdkufae/ (rmewHcGef
rxleUJ ?raxmifvmT ;eJU ? ynm&dw S &m; odjriforl eS vf Qif onf;cHNy;D rmecsKd ;EdrS x
f m;&w,f/ pyg;yiftESrH sm;
pxGufvmpu axmifaew,f? tqHjynfhvmawmh ikdufusvmw,f/ ajcokwfykqdk; a>rpG,fusKd;odkY?
csKdusKd;EGm;yrmuJhodkY usifh&rnf/ "r®aoemywd t&Sifom&dykwå&monf tvGefrmecsxm;aMumif;
yd#uwfo;Hk yküH txift&Sm;&d\ S /)
18/ rD;oGm;wJv h rf;odUk rjzpfapeJU / a&oGm;vrf;jzpfygap/ (rD;avmifomG ; wJv h rf; rD;cd;k awG ? rD;awmufawG?
jymawG? avmifpmawGeUJ tvGef t½kyq f ;kd vS\/ a&oGm;vrf;uawmh tvGeaf t;csr;f om,m vSayonf/
avmb ? a'go ? arm[tm;BuD;NyD; cdkuf&efjzpf? pdwfqdk; uGJNyJ oGm;atmif olwpfyg;ausmif;&dS
oH C mawG x J r S m rjyKvk y f & ? pd w f o abmcsif ; nD n G w f a t;csrf ; om,m0ajym pnf y if a tmif
aqmif&u G of mG ;&\/ ausmif;vmNy;D cavmufqef a,muf,ufcwf 'kua© y;wwfaom tm*EÅ KwUdk ukd
qk;H rawmfrcl \ hJ / )
19/ r&Sw d mxuf rodwmcufw,f? rodwmtcufq;Hk ? r&dq S if;&JvUkd cuf wmyJ- rSe\ f ? 'kuj© zpfw,f/ xdUk xuf
rodwmu ykq d ;dk ao;w,f/ (txl;ojzifh t0dZmÆ arm[zk;H vTr;f aeí w&m;rodrjrifEikd af tmif avmb
a'go arm[ Bu;D rm;jyif;xefaewJh ykxZk Of tuef;awG rodwm rjrifwmu ydq k ;kd 0g; cufv\ S /)
20/ ukov kd f ? tukov kd yf J owå0gac:p&m&dw S ,f/ ukov kd f ? tukov kd u
f vG&J if owå0gac:p&mr&d/S (rSe\ f /
vl&,fvdkYjzpfvmwm ukodkvf? tukodkvfaMumifh wGJjzpfvmMuw,f/ t&[wåzdkvf&rSyJ ukodkvf?
tukov kd af wG y,fpeG Uf íw&m;ESv;Hk oGi;f y&deAd mÁ efjyKw,f/ )
21/ oydwrf ausmef UJ ? oydwaf usm&f if i&JBu;D wwfw,f/ xdik t f rd rf xm;eJU? xdik t
f rd x f m;awmh aumfzt D rI
a&mufwwfw,f/ (oydwrf ausmef UJ qdw k m ajceJUausmw f m rqdv k akd cs/ 0ufom;[if;avmif;awmh NyKH ;NyKH ;
NyKH ;NyKH ;eJU? csOaf ygi[ f if;avmif;awmh rJ&h UJG aewmudak jymwm/ bmyJ avmif;avmif; vSLvSLwJh owdxm;
arwåmyGm;&\/ tvSLcHy*k K¾d v[ f m onf;cH&\/ onf;rcHEikd &f if 'kua© wGUwwfonf/ i&JBu;D wwfonf/
xdkiftdrfxm;awmh aumfzDaomuf&mupNyD; trIa&mufwwfw,f/ vlxGufwwfw,f/ qGrf;cHwJh
oHCmawmfrsm;tm; qk;H rawmfr\ l )
22/ udk,fawmfwdkU pdwful;rvGJMueJY/ 'g,um 'g,dumrrsm; vSLwJh qGrf;pm;? vSLwJhouFef;0wf?
aqmufay;wJhausmif;rSmae? udk,fhw&m; udk,ftm;xkwf,lwmxuf yg;eyfwm &dSMuao;ovm;?
pdwu f ;l rvGMJ ueJ/Y (w&m;tm;xkwaf eaom &[ef;rsm;udk qk;H r tm;ay;avh&aSd wmfr\ l /)
23/ tqifwl csnw f rl ?S tqifawmhwyl g&UJ csnrf wlvQif raumif;bl;/ (txnfrsm;rSm tuGu?f tcsw d f
tqifwlaomfvnf; csnfuBuD; w,f? nHhw,f rwlbl;? csnfao;NyD;acsmí cdkifw,f? csnfxnfeJY
yd;k xnfusawmh omrwlb;l / pGe;f vGe;f enf;qdNk y;D ajymwwf? a[mwwf? w&m;jyMuaomfvnf; w&m;ppf
w&mrSeaf wGUrS odrS pdwcf s&\/)
24/ olwpfyg; tdwu f yfxu J yduk q f &H atmifBu?H &awmh igyg;vdYk vnfvYkd &wmyJ[k tyg;tvnf rvkyef /YJ
tyg;vnfawmh tyg,v f m; wwfw,f/ om;uav;eJaY ysm?f orD;uav;eJaY ysm?f aysmv f u kd f wm? yg;vduk w
f m?
80
armfvu kd w
f m? <um;vdu k w f m? 0gvu kd w f mwJ?h t0gpw d vf wkd mu t0dZmÆ yJ? r[efb;l / tm;ud;k &SmOD;rSyq J Nkd y;D
bk & m;? w&m;? oH C m tm;ud k ; &awmh tvG e f a t; tvG e f j r tvG e f c srf ; om aewmaygY [k
pGe;f vGe;f q&mawmfb&k m;Bu;D u ud, k af wGUw&m; a[mMum;awmfrcl \ hJ /
25/ om;tm;ud;k vdu k ?f orD;tm;ud;k vdu k ?f r,m;tm;ud;k vdu k f rjzpf MuapeJ/Y bk&m;? w&m;? oHCm tm;ud;k Mu
[k &[ef;udpö Ny;D pD;í O'ge;f w&m; a[mawmfr\ l /
26/ odrt f wGi;f Oykojf yKNy;D aomtcg pGe;f vGe;f q&mawmfb&k m;Bu;D qH;k rMo0g' ay;awmfryl rkH mS ud, k af wmf
wd k Y pmcsKyf r zsuf M ueJ Y / &wemoH k ; yg;OD ; xd y f x m;í armif b ,f o l ? r,f b ,f o l ? b,f 0 gonf
rmwmrdcifzmG ;oefpY ifonf ponfjzifh ZmwmzGUJcMYJ uovdyk J &wem oH;k yg; rarhMueJ?Y OD;xdyx f m; ud;k uG,Mf u/
vlawG pmcsKyzf suMf u ovdk &[ef;awGuvnf; ]]oHom& 0¥³ 'kua© wm armpew¬m,}} qdw k t hJ wdik ;f
omraP0wfuwnf;u pmcsKyv f mwm 0wfjyKvmwm oHo&m0#fqif;&JrS vGwaf jrmuf uRwv f w G f
yg&jcif;tusK;d iSm jrwfpmG bk&m; omoemh0efxrf; &Si&f [ef;tjzpf cH,u l wdjyKopömqdk pmcsKycf w hJ m udk
rzsuMf ueJ/Y pmcsKyzf su&f if i&JBu;D wwfw,f/
27/ xdkYaemuf &[ef;w&m;ig;yg;&Sdw,f/ tvdk&Sdjcif;? usufpm;jcif;? aqmufwnfjcif;? ESvHk;oGif;jcif;?
Ny;D qH;k jcif;wJ/h
(u) (r*fzdkvfedAÁmef) csrf;omudk tvdk&Sdjcif;/
( c ) ynmudkusufpm;jcif;/ (0dyóemynmrSpí r*fzdkvfynmtxd)
( * ) oDv? orm"d? ynmwdu Yk kd aqmufwnfjcif;/
(C) aMumifMh urI? awmifw h rI uif;wmudk ESv;kH oGi;f jcif;/
( i ) (tEkyg'Daoo) edAÁmef[m NyD;qHk;jcif;yJ/ tJ'g &[ef;rsm;odtyfwJh
w&m;ig;yg;jzpfw,f/ (rSwfMuyg)
28/ rodvYkd vdck si?f vdck siv f Ykd pGvJ rf;? pGv J rf;awmh jyKvyk ?f jyKvyk af wmh &&S?d &&Sad wmh cHMuayawmh/
29/ rcHom rSefygbdonfw&m;? cHomvQif oHo&maMumrSm arsmvdrfh trsm;/ (rodwmu t0dZÆm qdkwJh
arm[? vkcd siw f mu wPSmqdw k hJ avmb? pGv J rf;wmu Oyg'gef 'Dw&m;oH;k yg;eJY jynfph akH wmh vl? ewf?
jA[®m? olaX;Bu;D ? ol<u,fBu;D avmutxufwef;pm; jzpfcsif wmayg/Y 'Dvjkd zpfcsiaf wmh aMumifMh u
awmifhwNyD; jyKvkyfw,fqdkyg awmh/ bm&&SdovJ Zmwdudk &&Sdw,f/ Zmwdudk &&SdrIjzifh rtdkcsif?
remcsif? raocsif? rae&bl;? ZmwdqdkwJh 0#faumifBuD;&&SdrIjzifh BudK;pm;NyD; cHMuzdkYyJ/ cHMu ayawmh/
(wynfhawmfwdkYawmh 0#fqif;&Judk xdkxdkb0u cHcJhMuavNyD jzpfaomaMumifh rcHcsifbl; qdkygawmh/
rcHcsif&if oDv? orm"d? ynm odu©moHk;yg;eJY bk&m;? w&m;? oHCm &wemoHk;yg; OD;xdyfxm;NyD; orx
0dyóem w&m;yGm;rsm;tm;xkwMf u/)
30/ 0denf; Oya'rsm;iHík q&mawmfBu;D ajzqdt k rde&Yf odS nfrmS (bk&m; rBuKd uw f m rvkyef )YJ pum; wpfv;kH wnf;eJU
0denf; tukeif rkH ad p\/
31/ EGm;aumif; raumif; acsmif;twwfrmS odvrd rhf ,f/ (w&m;tm;xkwf aom a,m*Drsm;tm;qH;k ryHw k nf;/
igwu Ykd ,mvkycf b hJ ;l wJo
h q l akd wmh EGm;taMumif; aumif;aumif;odw,f/ ajym&OD;r,f/ EGm;aumif; aumif;eJY
vSn;f armif;wJo h [ l m acsmif;udk wufEikd w f ,f/ armif;ol vnf; ryifyef;vSb;l / 'gayrJh EGm;raumif;awmh
armif;olu qif;Ny;D wGe;f wifay;wmawmif r½ke;f csib f ;l / ayNy;D acsuefaew,f/ jyefvn S hf Munfah ew,f/
81
tJ'D Oyrmtwdik ;f yJ w&m;tm;rxkwcf sio f al wG[m tajym& tvGecf ufw,f/ 'gaMumifh w&m;tm;xkww f hJ
a,m*DawG vnf; wu,fh o'¨gw&m;eJY tm;xkwf rxkwf a0'em tcHcufwt hJ cg odomvmw,f/
pdwrf wnfNird b f ;l / wcsKUd xu
G af jy;Muw,f/ w&m; udk vH;k 0tm;rxkwcf siw f o hJ u
l awmh tjypfawGajym
uJ&h UJ pGypf JG aeMuw,f/ 'Dawmh ur®óum Oayu©m xm;&awmhrmS yJ[k qH;k ravh&\ dS /)
32/ armif;Bu;D qGx J m;w,f/ xkMunfh odvrd rhf ,f/ (xdyk *k K¾ v
d f w&m; &S?d r&S?d od? rodukd prf;oyfMunf&h if
odEdkifaMumif; Oyrmjy qHk;rawmf rlcJh\/ uGJae&if uGJoH-tufoH ay:vmvdrfhr,f/ aumif;ae&if
aumif;wJt h oH xGuv f mvdrrhf ,f/ xdaYk Mumifh w&m;oabmü c&D;a&muf? ra&muf wD;acguf Munf&h m\/
)
33/ aeYwikd ;f ESv;kH oGi;f 7ef q&mawmfb&k m;Bu;D onf wynf&h [ef; a,m*Drsm;tm; qH;k ryHrk mS -
(u) ud, k rf BuKd uw f m olrsm;oGm;rvkyef /YJ
( c ) ao&vdrOhf ;D r,f? em&vdrOhf ;D r,f? td&k vdrOhf ;D r,fqw kd m tNrEJ v
S ;kH oGi;f Mu/
( * ) ypöa0u©PmqifjcifaeMu&r,f/ 'DaeYigbmawGvyk &f ovJ ukov kd af wGvm;? tukov kd f awGvm;?
pOf;pm;pdppf? ud, k hf tjypfukd qifjcifMu? tjypf&&dS if aq;aMumokwo f ifypfMu/
(C) 0ifav^xGufavowdjyK? owdESifhjzpfay:vmorQ ukefqHk;&m jzpfysuf½IMunfhNyD; 0dyóem
w&m;jzpfaeygap/ (xdr?I odr?I owd MuyfMuyfjyK)
( i ) aocge;D r&PoEéaZmus&mwGif a0'emBu;D pGmcHao&w,f/ 'Dawmh bmeYJ aorvJ? b,fvakd orvJ?

ao0Hah tmif MuyfMuyf w&m;zdtm;xkw?f aorif;eJY &ifqikd 0f ahH tmif w&m; tm;xkwf Mu/ aocge;D
0ifav xGuaf vrSm owdNraJ eatmif jzpfysuf tpOf odaeatmif tmao0eypön;f quf&efusiMhf u/
34/ wpfa,mufwnf;pum;ajymraeeJY? 0dwufawGtm;xkwfypf (a,m*D rsm;*lxJ0if w&m;tm;xkwf?
vlem;uyf&if umr0dwufawG 0ifvm wwf\/ BupH nfpw d uf ;l aumif;aewwfMu\/ umr0dwuf? Asmyg'
0dwuf? 0d[ðo0dwufawG r0if&atmif tm;xkwf&rnf/ tm;xkwf NyD;vnf; cE¨mudk,fay:rSm
a0'emuyfvm&if todeYJ a0'emvdu k f ae&w,f/ wpfa,mufwnf; pum;ajymraeeJ/Y
35/ BuKd ;tvdrf ajyovdak ygh ? a&SUavQmufajzvdrYk &awmh aemufaMumif; jyefvnfwwfw,f/ jyefNy;D BuKd ;u
vdraf ewwfw,f/ ( a,m*Drsm; w&m;tm;xkwíf owd? orm"d? ynmxufoefaumif;rGeíf 0dyó
emÓmPfawG jrifvmNy;D aemuf a&SUavQmufajzp&mr&daS wmh ajzNy;D wJh BuKd ;u aemufu jyefvrd v f movdyk J
aemufaemufu jyKvyk cf w hJ hJ tukov kd w f &m;awG ay:vmwwfw,f/ wpfcsKd U 'Dtukov kd af wG owd&Ny;D
w&m;quf í tm;rxk w f 0 H h M ubl ; / xG u f a jy;wwf M u ao;w,f / þae&mrS m
aemufaf Mumif;jyefae&efr[kw?f jzpfcNhJ y;D wm awG Ny;D ygap/ ,ck ypöKyeÜ f wnfw h nfah e&ef/ a&SUavQmuf
w&m;wpf qifx h uf wpfqifjh rif&h ef txGut f xdyt f qk;H odYk a&mufz&Ydk m BuKd ;pm; &rnf/
36/ a<u;&Sif;rS ab;uif;rnf/ oHo&ma<u;awG ? 0#fa<u;awG &Sif;ypf &w,f/ (w&m;tm;xkwf&if;
"m;eJxY ;dk cJv
h Udk ? vSpH yG ef YJ xk;d cJv
h Ykd rdru
d , kd rf mS rcsrd qefY a0'em cH&wwfw,f/ EGm;owfcv hJ Ykd EGm;vdak tmf
ae&w,f/ olwpfyg; n§Of;qJcJhvdkY a&m*ga0'emqdkawG jzpfay:vm w,f/ a0'emvdkuf&if;vnf;
cHpm;csurf oufomvSacs/ onf;cHNy;D a0'emudk vdu k &f w,f/ 'D0#fa<u;awG? oHo&ma<u;awG&iS ;f rS
r*fÓmPf? zdkvfÓmPf yGifhvif;&&dSr,f/ BudK;pm;onf;cHMu/)
82
37/ yg&rDr&d&S ifvnf; &daS tmifvyk Mf u ? yg&rD&&Sd ifvnf; r*fzv kd &f atmif vkyMf u/ &&ifvnf; aumif;rSe;f odawmh
rvGwaf wmhb;l / a,m*D tcsKd Uu yg&rD r&db S ;l xifyg&UJ ponfjzifh ajymqdw k wfMu\/ yg&rDqw kd m bl;oD;
? c&rf;oD; awGvkd tvdv k kd avwdu k w f meJY Bu;D vm wm r[kwb f ;l / yg&rD r&d&S ifvnf; &daS tmif tckupNy;D
w&m;tm; xkw&f w,f/ r&dv S Ykd rvky&f if rGNJ y;D oHo&mxJ 0Jvnfepfae½kyH /J vkv YH ? 0D&, d eJY tckupNy;D
w&m;tm;xkwf&w,f/ a&S;ur&dS&if vnf; tckb0upNyD; &dSatmifvkyf&r,f/ yg&rD&dS&ifvnf;
r*fzv dk &f atmif tm;xkwMf u&r,f/ tJ r*fzv dk &f oGm;jyefawmhvnf; 'Dw&m;udk vufvw G v f Ykd rjzpfb;l /
quftm;xkwaf e&w,f/ aumif;rSe;f odawmh rvTwb f ;l qdo k vdk 'Dw&m;eJY aysmaf rGaY e&w,f/ 'Dw&m;eJY
ao&w,f/ touf xufq;Hk w&m;eJY ae& ? owduyfMu/
38/ aiGurG ;f tpfBu;D Oyrmjy qk;H rawmfrcl \hJ / aiGurG ;f tpfBu;D [m wpf&m wef w,fqykd gawmh? ud, k rf mS &dwS mu
aiGwpfusyw f nf;&,f/ 99 usyf &atmif BuKd ;pm;&SmS &w,f/ tJ'v D ykd J yg&rDu enf;aevd&Yk &Sd if ydNk y;D
Bud K ;pm;xk w f & w,f / Mumvnf ; Mum qif ; vnf ; qif ; &J tm; xk w f & wwf w ,f /
('ku©y#dy'g'E¨mbdnmyk*d¾KvfrsdK;aygh/ ,ckacwf a,m*DtcsdKU ae,syk*d¾KvfrsdK;jzpf\/ ) tu,fíudk,fhrSm 99
usyo f m&dS ae&if aiGwpfusyaf vmufawmh cPav;&SmazG&w,f/ tJ'v D ykd J yg&rD&o Sd q l &kd if rMumbl;?
w&m;&w,f/ qif;&JpGm tm;xkwfí cPeJY w&m;&w,f/ ('ku©y#dy'g cdyÜgbdnm yk*d¾KvfrsdK;jzpf\/)
aiGurG ;f tpf 0,f&ef aiGwpf&m&daS omfvnf; tawmfMum&SmazGNy;D rS 0,f,&l onf/ (okcy#dyg'g 'E¨mbdnm
yk*K¾d vrf sKd ;jzpf\/ þESpOf ;D um; 0dyÍdw ö nL yk*K¾d vrf sKd ;rsm;jzpfMuuke\ f / ) aiGwpf&mvnf;&dw S ,f/ r&SmazG&bJ
vufaqmifay;ovdk tdraf y:vma&mif;vk0Yd ,fvu kd &f ouJo h Ykd tqifoif&h w,f/ (okcy#dy'g cdygÜ bn d m
yk*d¾KvfrsdK;O*¢g #dwnL yk*d¾KvfrsdK;jzpfay\/ )
39/ toD;wpf&m tñSmwpfck ? wpfcsucf w k f tukejf ywf/ (w&m;tm; xkw&f mü owdy|mefav;yg;upNy;D
½kyef mrf jzpfvsuf jrifatmif tm;xkwíf aAm"dyud, © w&m; (37)yg; jynfph rHk S r*fzv kd &f ovdk toD;wpf&m
tñS m wpf c k w nf ; &,f / wpf c suf c k w f tuk e f j ywf o G m ; ovd k y J r*f u y,f o wf & if
tm;vk;H ysupf ;D oGm;awmh\/ taMumif; w&m; r*¾i&f pS yf g;udo k m yGm;rsm;tm;xkwaf e&if tusKd ;w&m;u
oltY csed u f s&if y,fowfomG ;wmyJ/
40/ {aum"ar®m bk&m;a[m___tmemyge ówd ur®|mef;tm;xkwíf xdrI ? odrI ? owdjyKae½kyH J rSe\ f /
t*Fw k K¬d &yf gVad wmf {uedygwüf ay,smvxd;k í jrK§ yx f m;onfyh gVad wmf pmrsuEf mS ( 32 )ü &daS y\/ tjynft h pkH
azmfjyvdu k Of ;D tH/h {aum "ar®m bdua© 0 bm0dawm A[kvu D awm {uEÅ edA"Ád m,0d&m*g ,eda&m"m,
Oyorm, tbdnm, oarÁm"m, edA"dÁ m, oH0wåw/d uwarmp {aum "ar®m tmemygeówd/
t,Hacg bdua© 0{aum "ar®m bm0dawm A[kvu D awm {uEÅ edA"dÁ m, 0D&m*g, eda&m"m, Oyorm,
tbdnm, oarÁm"m, edAÁd"m, oH0wåwDwd/ q|rl ygVdawmf usrf;pmtkyfü Ak'¨gEkówdom-
tpazmfNy;D vQif ay,smvxd;k í jrK§ yx f m;cJo
h jzifh trSww f rJh ausmv f eG o
f mG ;Muwwf\/ rodrjrif Muawmhacs/
tmemygeówd - ur®|mef;tm;xkwaf eaomfvnf; edrw d af wGjrifrnf/ orxpsmefawG &Edik o f nf/ t½k;d pk
ur®|mef;vnf; awGUwwf\/ ok;H q,fEh pS af umXmovJ awGUwwf\/ "mwfoabm awGvnf; awGUwwfí
ur®|mef; ( 40 ) rS ud, k phf ½ku
d yf g&rDtwdik ;f awGUwwf\/ ur®|mef;trsKd ;rsKd ; &SmBut H m;xkwrf ae&bJ
tmemyge wpfckwnf;ESifhyif &&dSEdkfif\/ okdYaomf ynwf edrdwforxpsmefawGudk y,fzsufcsxm;í
aomfvnf;aumif;? psmeftajccHívnf;aumif;? ½kyfemrf-cE¨mudk,fay:rSm a0'emvdkufí 0dyóem
83
ÓmPfjzpfysuf w&m;ü odjrifatmif xk;d xGi;f ayguaf jrmuf r*fzv kd af &mufatmif tm;xkwMf uuke&f mownf;/
41/ &Sd - ok;H - &deS YJ tm;xkw&f r,f/
(u) yg&rD &dS vdo Yk m tm;xkwEf ikd w f ,f/
( c ) vkv YH 0D&, d &dS vdo Yk m tm;xkwEf ikd w f m/
( * ) a0'emay:vm&ifvnf; ZG&J &Sd dS ? owd&å &Sd eSd YJ a0'emvdu k f onf;cH Edik w
f m/ 'Dvdk &do S ;Hk &deS YJ
tm;xkwrf S r*fzv kd &f r,f/
42/ bk&m;a[mcJhwm 'ku©opömyJ&dSw,f/ okcopöm r&dS/ okcopöm a[mcJh &if opömig;yg;jzpfaerSmaygh/
tck'u k o © pömom a[mcJw h m okcopöm r&db S ;l rSw/f okcvdx Yk ifaeMuayrJh trSew f u,fu 'kuB© u;D yJ/
'kuo © pöm odjrifNy;D ork',opöm avmb wPSmy,f&r,f/ r*¾opöm yGm;rsm;tm;xkwíf eda&m"opöm
rsuaf rSmufqu kd &f r,f/ (opöm av;yg;uvGv J Ydk vGww f w
hJ &m; r&daS cs/ )
43/ r*fr&Edik w f hJ tEÅ&m,fig;yg;awGu -
(u) acwfr&dSawmhbl;/
( c ) yg&rD r&dSvdkYyg/
( * ) y&d,wf pmay rwwfvdkYyg/
(C) 'dG[dwf jzpfaevdkYyg/
( i ) oHo&m wu,fraMumufvyYkd g/
'D i g;yg; taMumif ; jyaewJ h yk * d ¾ K vf [ m b,f r S m r*f z d k v f & Ed k i f y gh r vJ / trS e f w u,f
oHo&mwu,fraMumufvb Ykd /J (rlvtajccHjzpfwhJ y&d,wf xGe;f um;aew,f/ y#dywftusit hf m;xkw&f if
rkcs y#da0' qdkuf&r,f) (pmrwwfvnf;q&morm;aumif;jyowJhtwdkif; tm;xkwf&if &w,f/
oHo,jzpfaevdo Yk m 'd[ G w d x f ifwm tm;xkwf &if odom\/ )
44/ oyd w f a rS m uf M u? oH o &mvG w f v yf a &;&atmif *l x J 0 if M u/ oyd w f arS m uf a eMu?
w&m;tm;xkwaf eMuqkv d \ kd / udavomawG umr *kPw f &m;awG oydwaf rSmufMu/ a,mufsm;awG
igah usmif;vm&if oydwpf Mumay;r,f/ rde;f rawG igah usmif;vm&if bef;uke;f pMum ay;r,f/ (bke;f Bu;D ?
oDv&Sif 0wfcidk ;f rnf/)
45/ pGef;vGef;q&mawmf bk&m;BuD; a&csdK;&mü a&avmif;ay;Mu/ acs;wGef;ay;Mu ? qyfjymwdkufay;Mu
a0,sm0pö aqmif&u G Mf u\/ q&mawmfBu;D u ]]a&csKd ;ay;aomfvnf; aus;Zl;rwifb;l a[h ? igo h v D -
orm"d-ynmudyk J aus;Zl;wifw,f/ jzLpifatmif w&m; zdtm;xkwf Mu&r,f/
46/ y#d½yl a'o0gaomp-oifwifah vsmufywfaom ae&mqdw k m avmb? a'go? arm[awmrS xGuNf y;D
w&m;tm;xkww f hJ ae&myJu, G hf rSwxf m;Mu/ twåor®m yPd"pd rdru d ,
kd uf kd qifjcif oH;k oyf&r,f/
rdru d , kd u f kd aumif;pGmapmihaf &Smuf&r,fqw kd m w7m; tm;xkwNf y;D oDv? orm"d? ynm jynfph pkH mG &S&d r,f
qdv k wkd mrSw/f ykaAÁp uwyknwm ukov kd ?f tukov kd af wG wNyKd ief ufygvmcJwh myJ tukov kd af <u;awG&iS ;f ?
ukov kd af wG xyfrjH zpfymG ;atmif tm;xkwrf S w&m;&r,f/
47/ aumif;wmawG cGmprf;yg/ r&awmh avsm&f wm r[kwyf gb;l ? cGmom cGmMuprf;yg/ (aumif;awmh cGmqdw k mu
q&mawmfbk&m;BuD; udk,fwdkif odjrifaygufa7mufovdk igvnf; olvkyfovdkvkyfvQif ol&ovdk
{ueftrSerf vG&J rSmyJ[k rrSw d rf oke, f MkH unfpmG BuKd ;pm; tm;xkwMf uyg[k qdv k o kd nf/ r&awmh[al om
84
pum;onf olu Y o hJ Ykd tqH;k wdik af tmifyif ra&muf r&aomfvnf; vkyo f avmuf xdu k o
f avmufawmh
&ygvdrfhrnf/ prf;Munfhyg/ od&ygvdrfhrnf[k qdkvdk&if;jzpfonf/)
48/ aorSmraMumufeJY? aoawmh at;wmaygY jrefjrefao jrefjrefat; wmaygY/ ZmwfyGJxJuvdk ao&if
apmapmtdy&f wmayg/Y 'gayr,fh rif;orD;ujzpfap? rif;om;ujzpfap tvGr;f o,fae&if opf&u G f pdr;f
csKd;NyD; ewftjzpf xGufvmae&tHk;r,f/ rxGufvm&atmif vkyfMu/ (&[ef;udpö NyD;atmifvkyfMu?
t&[w¬r*fzv kd &f rS udpö Nird ;f rnf/ oHo&mat;rnf/ edAmÁ ef0ifrnf/ aemifwzef Zmwdr&awmh b0wzef
rjyef&awmhb;l / aomwmyef ou'g*graf vmufeYJ ewfprd ;f tjzpf jyefxu G v f mae&tH;k r,f/ owday;
qHk;rawmfrlcJh\)
49/ avmuDaA'ift& nh&H if raoygb;l / w&m;tm;xkwaf ewJo h [ l m bke;f Bu;D Ny;D vmbfvmb aygrsm;vm&if?
wefc;kd Bu;D &if ysaH wmfrl wwfw,frw S /f
50/ a0'emvdkuf&mü ,kefudk acG;vdkufouJhodkYvnf;aumif;? azmifpD;ol uJhodkYvnf;aumif; Oyrmay;
qH;k rawmfrcl \hJ / tmemygeówd ur®|mef; pwiftm;xkwíf 0ifav xGuaf v wd;k xdomG ;aom ESmoD;zsm;ü
pd w f u d k p l ; pd k u f w nf M unf a eatmif pd w f x d e f ; xm;cd k i f ; \/ t0if t xG u f r S e f í t½I t ½I d u f
rSefrSefwif;wif;jyif;jyif; vHkYv0D&d,aumif;aumif;eJY tm;xkwfcdkif;\/ tcsKdUudkvnf; p½kduftwdkif;
rSerf eS jf znf;jznf; oufompGmyif ½I½u dI tf m;xkwcf ikd ;f \/ ESprf sK;d ESppf m;&S\ d [k rSwo f m;Mu&\/ oifwef;
tm;jzifh tcsdefwpfem&DeD;yg; tm;xkwf&\/ xdkYaemuf t½I&yf cE¨mudk,fpdkuf a0'emvdkufcdkif;\/
cE¨mud, k af y:wiG f jzpfay:vmaom okc? 'ku?© Oayu©m ponfh a0'emtrsK;d rsK;d udk owdorÜZOf ÓmPf,OS íf
avmb? a'go? arm[ rjzpfap&atmif a0'em tEkyóem ½I&\/ xHu k siu f u kd cf J rcHr&yfEikd af tmif
cH p m;ae&wJ h o abmw&m;ud k owd y nm OD ; pD ; í ½I & mrjywf r pJ 'vpyf jzpf y suf a0'em
w&m;awGjrifo&d &dS \/ ylvu kd ?f at;vdu k ?f emvdu k ?f usivf u kd ?f udu k vf u kd ?f cJvu kd ?f ,dr;f ,dik w f ek v
f yI v
f ukd f
jzpfysurf pJ "mwfoabmw&m; azmufjyefysupf ;D aeyHk odjrif&\/ 'D'u k © a0'emudk a'go a'greó
rjzpf&atmif owdynmjzifh onf;cH½I&\/ okca0'emudkvnf; yDwd aomreó avmbawG
rjzpf&avatmif owdynmjzifh onf;cH½I&\/ Oayu©ma0'emudkvnf; vspfvsL½I arm[awG
rjzpf&avatmif owdynmjzifh onf;cH½&I \/ a0'em cHpm;rI[m wufvu kd ?f usvu kd ?f jzpfvu kd ?f ysuv f u kd f
trsKd ; rsKd ; ol j zpf a y:ovd k jzpf a y:wJ h t wd k i f ; atmif h t D ; onf ; cH u m ZG J o wå d aumif ; aumif ; eJ Y
ESv;kH oGi;f ajzmifrh eS pf mG ½Iae&\/ a0'em\ jzpfysuf rpJ ½Iae&mrS jzpfNy;D ysuyf suo f mG ;wJh oabmw&m;[m
rNrJyguvm; (tedpö)? cHpm;ae&wm qif;&Jyguvm;('ku©)? udk,fhtvdkrvdkuf olYoabmeJYol
jzpfaewmyguvm;(tewå)? omrn vu©PmawG udk txifa&m tjrifygawGUov d matmif xyfMuyfruGm
,kev f u kd w f hJ acG;vdk tpOfrjywf ½IMunfah e&r,f/ azmifp;D orm;vdk a&vIid ;f Bu;D rm;vmvnf; azmifukd
rvTwNf rpJ mG wG,u f yfvsuf vIid ;f wHy;kd xonft h avQmuf jrifv h ukd f edru hf svu kd jf zpfaeovdk a0'emwd;k wuf
vmvdu k ?f usomG ;vdu k ?f rcHEikd af tmifjzpfvmvdu k ?f oufomoGm; vdu k ef YJ cHpm;rIoabmw&m; jzpfysuaf eyHu k kd
owduyfí ynmjzifh ½Iae7\/ þ 0dyóemvrf;rSefudk qufí vrf;qHk;atmif tm;xkwfNyD;
r*fzdkvf&apEdkif\/
51/ a0'emudk &uf&ufpufpufvu kd &f rJ ?S vdu k 0f rhH /S onf;cHEikd rf S vd&k myef;wdik af &mufr,f/ (bk&m;a[m ygVed YJ
udu k n f \ D / "r®y' (184)cEÅyD &rH waygww d u d m© edAmÁ eH y&rH 0'EÅd Ak'g¨ / wdwu d m© [k trnf&aom
85
onf;cHrI cEÅo D nf jrwfaomtusiw hf nf;/ edAmÁ efukd tvGejf rwf\[k jrwfpmG bk&m;&Sif a[mawmfr\ l /
tJ ' D v d k tm;xk w f & if ; a0'emay:rS m owd y nm uyf v k d u f y grsm;vmawmh wpf p xuf w pf p
onf;cHEikd v f mw,f/ olwumu eift h ar? eifEh rS eYq
J &J if rBuKd ub f ;l ? a'gxw,f/ 'Dawmh owdeYJ ynmu
a'goyguvm;? tukov kd yf v J Ykd atmufarhNy;D pdwu f kd jyefxed ;f odr;f vdu k w f ,f/ 'Dawmh igawmfvmNy;D
'gayrJh a&S;tcguqd&k if yg;qGcJ svu kd rf mS ? vufo;D eJ&Y ifvnf; xd;k rSm? ckawmh igonf;cH Edik v f mNy;D qdw k m
0rf;ajrmufvmw,f/ auseyfvmw,f/ 'geJYrNyD; ao;bl;? a&SUqufNyD; 'Gg&ajcmuf aygufpvHk;rSm
onf;cH&r,f/ ½lyg½kHav; jrifvdkufjyefawmh om,mESpfoufrI jzpfvmw,f/ om,mESpfoufwmu
wPSmavmb ? rsupf v d nf;jrif½w Hk if jrifwm/ ½lyg½u Hk onm? eifeb YJ mqdik wf ek ;f ? owdynmeJY y,fjzwf?
aemufawmh Mum;wmeJY onmjzwf ? pm;wmeJY onmjzwf? eHwmeJo Y nmjzwf ? xdomeJY onmjzwf
'Dvjkd zwfomG ;&if;eJY ? w&m;oabmayguv f mr,frw S f )/
52/ w&m; udk,f&Smawmh wPSmavmb wpfvkH;yJ awGYw,f/ olYowd&rSmyJ/ b,fvdk owd&wkef;
vdkYar;w,fqdkygawmh/ xdawmh odw,f? odwJhtay:rSm owdxm;ae/ tJ'Dvdkxm;aeNyD; a0'em
vdkufygrsm;awmh avmb[m ao;ao;NyD; tm;enf;enf; oGm;wmaygh/ umr &m*wPSmudk
t&ifowf&r,fqw dk m w&m;a[meJY udu k n f w
D ,f/ aewåyd gVad wmf (725 )ESihf ax&ygVad wmf (228 )
ütrSefO'gef;usL;cJhw,f/ *gxmuawmh ow¬d,m0d,MoraXm? !,Srm,aem0rw¬aw? umr&m
*yÜ[mem, oawm bduK© y&dAaÁ Z? tJ'*D gxmudk oH,w k yf gVad wmf ( yxrwGJ 12 )üykxZk Of jA[®mBu;D
avQmufxm;wJ*h gxmjzpfí jrwfpmG bk&m;u vufrcH y,fcsNy;D t&d,m aomwmyef jzpf&eftwGuo f uúm,
'dXu d o kd m t&ify,fowf&ef a[mMum;qk;H rawmfrcl ahJ y\/ þodyYk ikd ;f jcm;a0zef &Si;f vif;pGm rSwo f m;&m\/
¤if;*gxm\ teuft"dygÜ ,rf mS vSjH zifh txd;k cH&aom oluo hJ v
Ykd nf;aumif;? OD;acgi;f ürD;tavmifc&H aom
oluo hJ v Ydk nf;aumif; &[ef;onf umr*kPüf wyfreG ;f rI wPSm &m*udk y,fowf&ef owdEiS hf jynfph o Hk nf
jzpfíae&m\/
53/ ud k ; vd k ; uef Y v ef Y orm;awG a wmh cuf w ,f ? a&epf w J h o l u ]]u,f y gu,f y g }}vd k Y atmf N yD ;
tultnDawmif;awmh BudK;ypfay;NyD; urf;ay:udk qGJwifay;&wmaygh / tu,fíBudK;ypfwmawmif
aumif;aumif;rqG&J if olx Y u kd ef YJ olu Y H Oayu©mxm;ayawmh/ olrsm;twGuef YJ ud, k tf qif;&J rcHEikd bf ;l /
ud, k zhf Ydk ud, k [hf m ud,k v
f yk af yg/h "r®y'ygVad wmfrmS bk&m;a[meJY udu k n f aD ewJh *gxmu twå 'w¬y&awåe?
A[kemyd e[mya,/ twå'w¬r bdnm,? o'w¬ yokawmod,m/ (166) teuft"dygÜ ,rf mS olwpfyg;\
rsm;pGmaom tusKd;pD;yGm;twGufaMumifh rdrd\ tusKd;pD;yGm;udk (tenf;i,frQ) rqkwf,kwfap&m/
rdrt d usK;d pD;yGm;udk wd;k yGm;atmif avhusit hf m; xkw&f m\/
54/ vlru kd Ef iS t hf wl c&D;oGm;vQif 'kua© wGU&wwf\/ vrf;rSm;jcif;? ql;pl;í ql;xGiaf y;&jcif; (ab;tEÅm&,feYJ
awGUwwfjcif;rsm;jzpfwwf\/ t,kwfqHk;tm;jzifh jzpfwwfao;\/ ]]tao0emp AmvmeH}} qdkwJh
r*Fvmw&m;awmfeYJ nD\/
55/ ynm&SdeJY c&D;oGm;vQif csrf;om\/ ynm&Sda&SUuxm;NyD; udk,fuaemufvdkufvQif tvGefoufom
csr;f omvd&k mc&D; acsmacsm armarm a&muf\/]]y@dwm eÍö ao0em}} qdw k hJ r*Fvmw&m;eJY nD\[k
qHk;rawmfrlcJh\/
56/ iJ&h if apmif;r,f? apmif;&if arSmufr,f? riJeh YJ owdxm;/ olwpfyg; tm;emwmeJY iJv h ukd &\/ trsm; olig
86
0dik ;f ajymwm iJrh íd aemufwpfaeYusawmh ayguu f NJG y;D 'kua© &mufí oHCmpifyg arSmufwwfaMumif;
owday; qHk;rawmfrlcJh\/ wdwdusus rSefrSefuefuef jyKvkyf&ef owday;cJhjcif;jzpfay\/ odkYrSom
rZÑdry#dy'gvrf;pOf obm0 usus vrf;rSef&ayrnf/ b,folYrS riJh&bl;/ bk&m;a&TrsufESm awmfeJY
w&m;awmfuo kd m MunfNh y;D w7m;tm;avsmpf mG aqmif&u G Mf u/
57/ b,f*P dk ;f *PuvJ? ok"r®m? a&Tusi?f 'Gg& ponfjzifv h nf;aumif;? v,fw?D rif;uGe;f ? rd;k ñ§i;f ? pGe;f vGe;f
ponfjzifhvnf;aumif; ar;jref;wwfMu\/ q&mawmfbk7m;BuD;u ]]wdkYawmh yifrBuD; uyJ}} [k
rdeaYf wmfral vh&\dS / (jrwfpmG bk&m;a[m tmemygeówd ur®|mef;twdik ;f tm;xkww f myJ/ rlvyifrBu;D ayg/Y
udkif;awGavQmuf vkdufae&if udkif;usKd;uswwfw,f/ b,f*kdPf; jzpfjzpf bk&m; om;awmfcsnf;yJ?
bk&m;pum; em;axmifusifhoHk;&if aumif;w,f? em;raxmif&if b,f*dkPf;jzpfjzpf raumif;bl;/)
58/ vQmrSm jrufayguNf y;D iwfraoEdik b f ;l ? ud,
k af wmfwYkd rw&m;ojzifh bk&m;rBuKd uw f ehJ nf;eJY ypön;f av;yg;
&SmazGo;kH aqmifjcif; rjyKMuyge/YJ or®mtmZD0jzpfatmif aeMuyg/ (t&Sio f m&dyw k &å m rax&f avemxí
t&Sirf [marm*¾vef[m Ed, Yk m*kqrG ;f tvSLcH vmí ay;aomfvnf; qifjcifMunf&h m bkrp® ;kd ewf\ ajymqdjk yK
vkycf suf um,? 0pD 0dnwfygaeaomaMumifh raomufawmhacs/ oGeaf rSmuf ypfaomtcg a&m*gaysmufuif;
av\/ ig&Y iS f tltacG vdu k x f u G íf qmavmifvo S jzifh &SmazGapumrl 0denf;ESirhf nDaom ypön;f udk
rpm;? roH;k aqmifacs[k rdeaYf wmfrcl ahJ vonf/ xdjYk yif wpfrsK;d &Sad o;\/ q&mawmf r[max&fBu;D \wlawmf
oHC&u©w d &[ef;tm; ]]ig&Y iS f þqGr;f jzifh oif\vQm rylavmifygapeJ}Y } [k qH;k rowday;&m qGr;f udk
bmaMumifrh ylavmifapeJY qH;k roenf;[k qifjcifvsuf bkO;f ay;aomaMumifh &[EÅm jzpfcb hJ ;l av\/
(0dok'd̈r*¾t|uxmü yg&Sd\/)
59/ r*f zdv k f vdck siw f vhJ al wG w&m;tm;xkwMf u/ tnmrSm xef;yif aygv\ S / xdaYk Mumifh a[m[dk xef;yif
ay:u xef;a&aomufcsi&f if xef;yifay:wufNy;D aomufayawmh[k vufñ;Id xd;k jywmeJY orkwd opöm
pmwwf aywwfrsm; xd;k jy ñTejf ywmeJw Y wl ,f/ vufawGUu xef;yifay: avSum;axmifwuf/ wpfcg
ajcuGi;f pGyNf y;D a&mufatmifwuf/ a&mufawmh xef;a&td;k iSaYJ omuf½akH yg/Y Oyrmay; a[mawmfrcl \ hJ /
pmcs "r®uxdu ur®|mef;q&m ponfwdkYonf tusifhvrf;udkom a[mMum; ñTefjyMuukef\/
jrwfpmG bk&m;ocif a[mMum;qH;k rawmfrcl o hJ nfh ygVad wmf "r®y' (276)*gxmESihf nDnw G yf gay\/ wkarS[d
udprö mwyÜ?H tu©mwma&m wxm*wm/ y#dyEém yarmu©EpdÅ sm,daem rm&AEëm/ teuf t"dymÜ ,frmS
oifwo Ykd nf ud, k wf ikd tf m;xkwMf uukeaf vmh/ bk&m;&Siw f oYkd nf vrf;rSeu
f kd ñTeMf um;jyo½Hrk Q jzpfMuuke\ f /
usifhMuukefí udavomwdkYudk ½IdU NrdKufMuukefaom olwdkYonfom rm&fewfrif;\/ taESmiftzGJYrS
vGwaf jrmufEikd Mf u uke\ f /
60/ tkef;oD;½kdufcGJovdk r*fzdkvfOyrmay;awmfrlcJh\/ (a,m*Donf ÓmPfpOftavQmuf tqifhqifh
wufa&mufvmí r*fzv kd &f awmh rnft h cgü rdr\d twGiG ;f oEÅmef [',0w¬K tMunftrd w f iG f Oyrmtm;jzifh
tke;f oD;Bu;D wpfv;Hk udk ½ku d cf v
JG udk af omtcg t&Sed jf yif;pGm 'dik ;f ueJY uGíJ tpdwpf wd f trTmrTm vGiu hf somG ;ovdk
y,f o wf t yf a om ud a vomud k Nzd K cG i f ; y,f o wf o G m ;jcif ; jzif h z½d k z &J Nyd K uG J a p\ xk d o d k Y
r*fuy,fowfoGm;onfESifh ra&S;raESmif; zdkvfpdwfrsm; jzpfay:í at;Nidrf;aom ]]oEÅdokc}} udk
rsuaf rSmufjyK& ay\/ at;csr;f omonfrmS Oyrm a&csr;f tk;kd aygi;f wpfaxmifjzifh OD;acgi;f rS avmif;csc&H bd
ouJo h yYkd ifwnf;/ )
87
61/ pGef;vGef;q&mawmfbk&m;BuD; a[mMum;awmfrlcJhonfh r*f*ifykHw&m;rSm ]] ÓmPfpOfq,fyg;a&mufí
ocF g ½k y u© m ÓmPf jzpf a y:NyD ; raem'G g &m0ZÆ e f ; jzpf w J h t cgrS m pG e f Y v d k u f & if wpf c gyJ
r*fzdkvfa&mufoGm;awmhwmygyJ}}/ ]]q&mawmfBuD;wkef;u 'Dae&ma&muf&if; jyefavQmus&if;eJY
'kur© sm;cJw h ,f/ aemufawmh jzpfcsi&f mjzpfa&m[,f qdNk y;D tomrQO;f Ny;D avQmch svmawmhryS J 'if;ueJY
yGi;f vif;oGm;awmhw,f/ tJ'v D kd rjzpfcifrmS csed cf iG vf Qm wpfzufxu G af ewmNy;D ay:vmwmjrif&awmh
ighawmh ukodkvfquf awmh rsm;aeNyD? vGefaeNyD? enf;enf;avQmUcsrSyJqdkNyD; rQOf;NyD; avQmYcsrS&wm/
aoawmhravmuf MuyfwufvmwmyJ/ aocsifao qkdNyD; ao0Hh pGefY0HhrS&wm/ tJ'g aemufqkH;
ÓmPfocFg½yk u©mrSm pGepYf m;&wm/ 'Dawmh raem'Gg&0ZÆe;f jzpfNy;D y&du?H Oypm ? tEkvHk ? a*gMwbl tJ'D
a*gMwblu edAÁmefudk nTefjyvdkY jrif&w,f/ pdwfu tm½kHjyKNyD;jrifwm/ cE¨mudk,fBuD;udk&Smawmh
touf x G u f o G m ; ovd k y J jzpf w ,f / touf x G u f N yD ; aow,f q k d w m wpf t d r f r aumif ; vd k Y
wpftdrfajymif;wmyJ/ edAÁmefrS ul;vdkYr&awmh cE¨mukd,f jyefa&muf vmawmhwmyJ/ ( tJ'Daoovkd
jywfxu G o f mG ;wm[m r*faygh ) tJ'aD wmh zdv k jf zpfNy;D (tenf;qk;H 2-Burd f trsm;qk;H 3-Burd f usNy;D
b0ifpdwfjzpfoGm;wmaygh ) 'gaMumifh raem'Gg& 0ZÆef;jzpfNyD; (aZmckESpfBudrf usw,fqdkwmaygh ) 1-y&duH?
2-Oypm ? 3-tEkvkH ? 4-a*gMwbl ? 5-r*f ? 6-zdkvf ? 7zdkvf/ xdkYaemuf b0if? b0ifus\/ wdu©
yk*K¾d vuf y&durH ygb;l / zdv k u f ok;H Burd u f sw,f/ rSwMf u aya&m/
62/ a&SUqufNyD; wpfqifhxufwpfqifh jrifhatmiftm;rxkwfbJ csrf;omav;rSdef;aeol ? zkdvfcsrf;om
cHpm;aecsifoludk q&mawmf BuD;u ]]&NyD;om; zGwfuav; zifvSefMunfhaewmeJY wlw,f }} [k
qkH;ravh&dS\/ rkqkd;uawmvdkufvdkY zGwfuav; wpfaumif &wmeJY zifvSefMunfhaewmeJYwl\/
a&SUqufr*fzv kd f &atmif tm;rxkwaf wmhb;l / csr;f omcHpm;aejcif;aMumifh owday; qk;H rawmfrcl \ hJ /
63/ awmvdkufrkqkd;[m om;aumif&&if ausmukef;ay: ypfwifNyD; aemufwpfaumif xyfypfjyefw,f?
om;aumif&jyefawmh ausmay: ypfNyD; aemufwpfaumifypfjyefw,f/ av;aumif&rS jynfhjynfh00
csupf m;ovdyk J r*fav;yg; ? zkv d af v;yg;&rS udpNö y;D w,f/ ravQmMh ueJY BuKd ;pm;tm;xkwMf u[k qk;H rawmfr\l /
64/ ypfwikd ;f axmif BuKd ;½Iyrf aeeJY ? w&m;tm;xkw[ f k owday;\/
65/ orxoef&if vrf;vGJvdkufwwfw,f/ avmuDtjrifawG tMum; awGaemuf vdkufwwfw,f/
psmefvrf;&olrsm; txifBu;D wwf &[EÅm xifMuw,f/ wbufoefaewwfw,f/ eduEdcÅ w H wfw,f/
olb Y 0awGjrif? tMum;awG& ewfjA[®meJY pum;ajym&Ny;D vrf;vGw J wfMu\/ 0dyóemeJ, Y OS wf o hJ rm"drS
(psmeftajccHí 0dyóem½IrS ) 0dyóemeJY ,SOw f o hJ rm"drS r*fzv
kd &f Edik w
f ,f/ "lwifaqmif orm;awG
ydq
k ;dk w,f/ pm;csed pf m;? tdycf sed tf yd ?f rtdyb
f J rpm;bJ raeeJY [k trde&Yf \Sd / (rtdyrf pm; tvGet f uGst H m;xkwf
vGev f Qif r*fr&Edik af cs/ "lwifum; trTe;f wif oDvjzpf\/ vkyEf ikd af umif;\/ pepfusygap/ ½d;k ½d;k oDv
pifMu,f&ifjzpf\/
66/ rwif;wdr&f bl;/ w&m;tm;xkw&f &if rwif;wdr&f acs/ wif;wdrf ae&if aumif;ygrh vm;/ pyg;wif;[m
wdrwf rd af v;qkd b,faumif; rvJ/ 'gaMumifh rwif;wdrMf ueJY / (r*fzv
dk &f oltppfum; rwif;wdrMf uacs/
w&m;eJY arGUavsm\ f /)
67/ ajrBu;D vdk onf;cH&w,f/ ajrBu;D udk zaemifeh YJ ayguaf wmh b,fol emovJ/ zaemifeh mygw,fb&k m;/
88
at; tJ'v D ykd J b,fvakd jymajym b,fvv dk yk v
f yk f udprö &db
S ;l / olwt
Ykd ukov kd ef YJ olwyYkd J onf;cHae/
68/ rdrdpdwf rdrdjyKjyifrS&r,f/ rdrdqkH;rawmhrS &w,f/
69/ q&mawmfb&k m;Bu;D aemufq;Hk pum;rSm ]]t&d,mawG trsm;Bu;D useaf o;w,f }} [k trde&Yf aSd wmfrcl íhJ
a,m*Dtaygi;f wdYk BuKd ;pm; tm;xkwMf uyguek af vmh/ ,ckb0üyifvQif r*fzv kd &f Edik \f / tvGef tm;&dzS ,G f
aumif;vS\/
89
odrSwfzG,f&mtjzmjzm
t&darwå,sjrwfpGmbk&m;
]]vlwdkYonf tESpf (80000) (&Spfaomif;) toufwrf;&SnfMum Muonf&Sdaomf ylaZmftxl;udk
cHawmfrx l udk af om razmufrjyef ud, k af wmf wdik x f ;kd xGi;f í odawmfral om todynm tusit hf mp&ESihf jynfpakH wmf
rlaom? aumif;aom pum;udq k akd wmfrw l wfaom? avmuoH;k yg;udk ydik ;f jcm;í odawmfral om? vlewfjA[®mwdu Yk kd
twkr&Sd ,Ofaus;atmif qH;k rawmfrw l wfaom? ewfvw l \Ykd q&mjzpfawmfral om? opömav;yg;udk odawmfral om
bk e f ; awmf a jcmuf y g;ES i f h jynf h p H k a wmf r l a om arwå , s rnf a om jrwf p G m bk & m;onf avmuü
xif&mS ;jzpfay:awmfrv l wåUH }} [k rdeaYf wmfr\ l /
(okwfygax,s ygVdawmf? ygxdu0*f? puú0wådokwf)
or®yÜ"mefw&m;av;yg;
&[ef;wdYk aumif;pGmtm;xkwt f yfonfh or®y"Ü mefw&m;av;yg;-
(1) rjzpfay:ao;aom tukodkvfw&m;wdkYudk rjzpfay:ap&ef tvdkqE´jzpfay:apjcif;? rjzpfay:ap&ef
BuKd ;pm;jcif;? vHv
Yk xkwjf cif;? aqmufwnfjcif;?
(2) jzpfay:Ny;D aom tukov kd wf &m;wduYk kd y,f&eftvdq k E´jzpfjcif;? y,f&efBuKd ;pm;jcif;? vHv
Yk xkwjf cif;?
aqmufwnfjcif;?
(3) rjzpfay:ao;aom ukodkvfw&m;wdkYudk jzpfay:&ef tvdkqE´jzpf jcif;? jzpfay:atmifBudK;pm;jcif;?
vHvYk xkwjf cif;? aqmufwnfjcif;?
(4) jzpfay:NyD;aom ukodkvfw&m;wdkYudk wnfwefYap&ef? rarhap&ef? vGefpGmjzpfap&ef jyefajymap&ef?
yGm;rsm;jcif;? tvdq k Eújkd zpf apjcif;? jzpfay:&ef BuKd ;pm;jcif;? vHvYk xkwjf cif;? aqmufwnfjcif;/
(t*kFw¬dK&fygVdawmf?
pwkuúedygwf? p&0*f? y"meokwf)
odMum;rif;jzpfaMumif; tusifh(7)yg;
ewfwdkYoeif; odMum;rif;onf a&S;vljzpfpOfu ckESpfyg;aom usifh0wfwdkYudk aumif;rGefjynfhpHkpGm
aqmufwnfjcif;aMumifh odMum;rif; tjzpfu&kd \/
(1) toufxufq;kH trd? tzwdu Yk kd vkyaf uR;arG;jrLjcif;?
(2) toufxufq;kH trsK;d ü tzd;k ? tzGm; paom Bu;D aomolwu Ykd kd t½dt
k aojyKavh&jdS cif;?
(3) toufxufq;kH om,memaysmzf , G &f adS om pum;udk tpOf ajymqdk avh&jdS cif;?
(4) toufxufq;kH uke;f wdu k pf um;udk rajymqdjk cif;?
(5) toufxufqHk; rapä&wnf;[laom tnpftaMu;uif;aom pdwfjzifh tdrfudktkyfpdk;í aejcif;?
tvSL0w¬Kudk ay;vSLonfhtcg tNrJaq;aMumpifMu,fNyD;aom vufwdkYjzifh oefY&Sif;pGmay;vSLjcif;?
pGev
Yf LS jcif;ü arGUavsmjf cif;/ olwpfyg;wdo Yk nf awmif;cHjcif;iSm xdu k of nfjzpft/hH vSL'ge;f ay;urf;jcif;wdüYk
90
arGUavsmfjcif;?
(6) toufxufq;kH rSeaf ompum;udk qdak vh&jdS cif;?
(7) toufxufq;kH trsux f u G jf cif;r&So

d jl zpfjcif;? tu,fí trsuf xGujf cif;jzpfyguvnf; trsuaf 'goudk
vsijf refpmG y,fazsmuf Ekid af tmif aqmufwnfjcif;/
(o*gxm0*¾oH,kwfygVdawmf?
ouúoH,kwf? ouúemrokwf)
ewfjynfokdY a&mufaomtusifh
opfo;D O,smOfwuYdk dk pku
d yf sK;d vSL'ge;f ol? wHwm;cif;vSLol? a&tk;d pif wnfo?l a&wGi;f a&uefw;l jcif;ukjd yKo?l
Z&yf? ausmif;t&dyt
f m0go aqmufvyk v f LS 'ge;f olwo
Ydk nf ewfjynfoaYdk &muf\[k jrwfpmG bk&m; a[mawmfr\ l /
(o*gxm0*¾oH,kwfygVdawmf?
a'0wmoH,kwf? 0Eka&myokwf)
ewf (3)rsKd;
(1) or®Kwda'0 - or®Kwdewf ( rif;? rdzk&m; ponf )
(2) Oyywåda'0 - Oyywådewf ( ewf? jA[®m )
(3) 0do'k ad̈ '0 - 0do'k ed̈ wf ( jrwfpmG bk&m; )
tpdaEÅ,s (4)yg;
avmuü BupH nfpOf;pm;jcif;jzifh jynfph akH tmif rodEidk af om tpdaEÅ,sav;yg;&So
d nf-
(1) bk&m;&Siw
f t
Ykd &mudk rBupH nfEikd ?f
(2) psmef\t&mudk rBuHpnfEdkif?
(3) uH\tusK;d ay;rIukd rBupH nfEidk ?f
(4) avmu\taMumif;t&mudk rBupH nfEikd /f
avmuudk apmifha&Smufonfhw&m; (2)yg;
(1) raumif;rIrS&Sufjcif; [D&d
(2) raumif;rIrSxdwfvefYjcif; MowåyÜ
(t*Fkwd¦KygVdawmf? 'kuedygwf?
ur®u&P0*f? p&d,okwf)
&Spfyg;oDv aqmufwnfolonf &[EÅmwkdYtusifhukd twkvkdufusifhonf[k

oabmxm;tyfonf/
t*g&F pS yf g;ESihf jynfph aHk om Oykoo
f nf Bu;D aomtusK;d ? Bu;D aom tmedoif? Bu;D aomwefc;dk &So
d nf/
ysUH EjHS cif; owå&d o dS nf[k omoemawmfü t&d,mwjynfo h nf þokYd qifjcif\/
]] &[EÅ m wk d Y o nf touf x uf q k H ; touf o wf j cif ; rS a&S m if M uOf Mu\/ oem;wwf \ /
tvkH;pkHaomowå0gwkdY\ tpD;tyGm;ukd tpOf apmihfa&Smuf\/ Oykofonf onfvnf; þwpfnOfYESifh
wpfaeYywfvkH;ol\ toufukd owfjcif;rS a&SmifMuOfvQuf tvkH;pkHaom owå0gwkdY\ tpD;tyGm; ukd
91
tpOfapmifah &SmufaetH/h þtaMumif;t*Fgjzifh &[EÅmwk\Yd twkudk vku d íf ? Oykouf adk qmufwnfusio hf ;Hk tyfonf/
&[EÅmwkdYonf toufxufqkH; olwpfyg;ypönf;Opömukd ckd;,ljcif;rS a&SmifMuOf\/ &GmolwkdY\
tusijhf zpfaom arxkerf rI S a&SmifMuOf\/ r[kwrf rSef ajymqkjd cif;rS a&SmifMuOf\/ ,pfr;l arhavsmjh cif;\ taMumif;jzpf
aom ao&nf t&ufaomufpm;jcif;rS a&SmifMuOf\/ npm pm;jcif;rS a&SmifMuOf\/ aevGaJ omtcgü pm;jcif;rS
a&SmifMuOf\/ olawmfaumif; w&m;\ ql;ajimifjh zpfaom ujcif;? oDcsi;f ? wD;rIwjf cif;? yGMJ unfjh cif;? yef;yefjcif;wkrYd S
a&SmifMuOf\/ Oykoo f nf onfvnf; þwpfnOfEY iS hf wpfaeY ywfv;Hk olwpfyg;Opömukd ck;d ,ljcif;? arxkerf jI yKjcif;?
r[kwf rrSeaf jymqkjd cif;? ao&nft&ufaomufjcif;? aevGaJ omtcgü pm;jcif;? ujcif;? oDcsi;f ? wD;rIwjf cif;?
yGMJ unfjh cif;? yef;yefjcif;? jrifah om ae&m? jrwfaomae&mü aejcif;wkrYd S a&SmifMuOfvsuf tvk;H pkaH omowå0gw\ Ydk
tpD;tyGm;ukd tpOfapmifah &Smufí aeonfjzpft?hH &[EÅmwku Yd dk twkvu dk íf Oykof aqmufwnfusio hf ;Hk tyfonf[k
qifjcif\/
þoku Yd siohf ;Hk tyfaom t*Fg&pS yf g;ESihf jynfph aHk omOykoo f nf tusK;d Bu;D \/ tmedoifBu;D \/ wefc;kd Bu;Dd \/
Bu;D aomysUH EjHS cif;&S\
d [k rdeaYf wmfr\l /
(t*kFw¬dK&fygVdawmf? Oaygox0*f?
oHcdwåLaygoxokwf)
w&m;apmifhutm;vkH;csrf;om
jrpf u k d u l ; uk e f a om EG m ;wk d Y w G i f a&S U aqmif E G m ;vm;onf ajzmif h a jzmif h oG m ;cJ h r l
a&SUaqmifEmG ;vm;ajzmifah jzmifo h mG ;jcif;aMumifh EGm;rtm;vk;H wko Yd nf ajzmifah jzmifyh if vku d o
f mG ;uke\
f /
þtwlomvQif vlww Ydk iG f tjrwfq;Hk [k orkwt f yfol rif;onf w&m;uku d sit hf yhH gu owå0gtaygi;f onf
tb,fqdk zG,&f m&St d ehH nf;? rif;w&m;apmifu h wpfEidk if v
H ;Hk csr;f om&avownf;/
(t*Fkwd¦KygVdawmf? pwkuúedygwf? t"rd®uokwf)
a,mufsm;jrwfESifh taumif;qkH;t&omopöm
þavmuü a,mufsm;jrwf\ Opömonfum; &wemok;H yg;*kPEf iS hf uH uH\tusK;d uk, d MHk unfaom
o'¨gw&m;aywnf;/ aumif;pGm avhusihf tyfaom 'kp½ku
d q
f ,fyg;w&m;onf csr;f omukad pmifw
h wf\/ t&om
wumwkw Yd iG f opömonf tvGet
f MuL; txl;aumif;aom t&omrnf\/
(o*gxm0*¾oH,kwfygVdawmf? aqwGm0*f? 0dwåokwf)
rdbpum;ukdem;axmifaomom;orD;
jrwfpGmbk&m;tm; ewfom;wpfa,mufu ]] tajcESpfacsmif;&Sdol wkdYwGif rif;onftvGefjrwf\/
ajcav;acsmif; &Sdaom owå0gwkdYwGif EGm;vm;Oóbonf tvGefjrwf\/ r,m;wkdYwGif ysKdjypfEke,faom
owkoYd rD;onf tvGejf rwf\/ om;wkw Yd iG f a&S;OD;pGmarG;zGm;aom om;onf tvGejf rwf\ }} [kavQmuf\/
tajcESpaf csmif;&So
d w
l w
Ydk iG f jrwfpmG bk&m;onfveG jf rwf\/ ajcav;acsmif;&So
d wå0gww
Ydk iG f tmZmenfonf
92
vGefjrwf\/ r,m;wkdYwGif vifukd½kdaoaomr,m;onf vGefjrwf\/ om;orD;wkdYwGif rdbwkdY\ pum;ukd
em;axmifaom om;orD;onf vGejf rwf\[k bk&m;&Sif a[mawmfr\l /
(o*gxm0*¾oH,kwf? a'0xmoH,kwf? eE´wf? cwåd,okwf)
rdwfaqGaumif;
Ak'b
¨ &k m;&Sio
f nf ouúwidk ;f em*&urnfaom ed*;Hk ü oDwif;ok;H awmfrpl Of tmeE´mu ]] toQib f &k m;
taqG cifyeG ;f aumif;? taygi;f azmfaumif; &Sad omolonf jrwfaomr*ftusi\ hf xuf0ufudk Ny;D pD;Ekid f yg\
}} [k avQmuf\/
Ak'¨bk&m;&Sifu ]] tmeE´m þokdYrqkdvifh? tmeE´m aumif;aom taqGcifyGef;&Sdol\ tjzpf?
aumif;aomtaygi;f tazmf&o dS \l tjzpfonf jrwfaomr*f tusit hf m;vk;H ukyd if Ny;D apEkid \
f }} [k rdeaYf wmfr\l /
(o*gxm0*¾oH,kwfygVdawmf? aumovoH,kwf? 'kwd,0*f? uvsmPrdwåokwf)
,rrif;? i&Jrif;
,rrif;onf tyg,fbHkom;r[kwf? ukodkvfuH tukodkvfuH ESpfrsKd; a&mpyfjyKvkyfcJhaomaMumifh
pwkr[m&mZfbkH tygt0if a0rmedu Nyw d må rsK;d ü jzpf&onf/ &Hcg ewfeef;Adrmef ewforD;ta>ct&H O,smOf
ya'omyif paom ukov kd t
f usK;d udck pH m;í &Hcg tukov kd t
f usK;d udk cHpm; &onf/ tcsKUd aom,rrif;wdu Yk m;
r*fzv
kd f edAmÁ efuykd if &Muonf/ r*fzv kd f &onft h cgrpS í tukov kd u f \H raumif;usK;d udk rcHpm;&awmhacs/
taqGcifyGef;aumif; (3) rsKd;

(1) ay;EkdifcJonfukday;jcif;?
(2) jyKEkdifcJhonfukdjyKjcif;?
(3) onf;cHEkdifcJonfukdonf;cHjcif;/
(t*kFw¬Kd&f? a,m"mZD00*f? rdwåokwf)
edum,f (5)&yf
jrwfpGmbk&m;a[mMum;awmfrlaom a'oemtm;vHk;udk yxr o*Fg,emwifyGJü yÍöedum,fac:
edum,fig;&yf tjzpfydkif;jcm; xm;&Sdonf-
(1) &Snfvsm;aom okwftaygif;tpk ('DCedum,f)
(2) r&SnfvGef;? rwdkvGef;aom tvwfpm;jzpfaom okwf taygif;tpk (rZÑdredum,f)
(3) taMumif;t&mponftvdu k f pyfvsO;f &m okwt f aygi;f tpk (oH,w
k eå u
d m,f)
(4) w&m;rsm;udk wpfyg;pkrS wpfq,fw h pfyg;pktxd toD;oD; pkaygi;f azmfjyxm;aom w&m;taygi;f tpk
(t*kwF &å edum,f)
(5) ao;i,faom okwt f aygi;f tpk (ck'e´ u
d m,f)
93
tbdnmOf (6)rsKd;
(1) wefcdk;trsKd;rsKd;zefqif;Edkifaom £'d̈0d"tbdnmOf?
(2) ewfem;uJo h Ykd toHtrsK;d rsK;d udk Mum;Edik af om 'dAaÁ omw tbdnmOf?
(3) olwpfyg;wd\ Yk pdwt f Buu H kd odEikd af om y&pdw0å Zd mee tbdnmOf?
(4) rsm;pGmaom a&S;b0wdu Yk kd jyefajymif;qifjcifEikd af om ykaAÁe0d gom EkówdtbdnmOf?
(5) ewfrsupf u
d o hJ Ykd tqif;tm½Ht k rsK;d rsK;d udk jrifEikd af om 'dApÁ u©K tbdnmOf?
(6) tmoa0gw&m;wdu Yk kd ukecf rf;apEdik af om tmo0u©, tbdnmOf wdjYk zpfonf/
&wem
ESpo
f ufz,G f jrwfE;kd zG,t
f &m
(1) &wemoH;k yg;- bk&m;? w&m;? oHCm/
(2) &wemckepfyg;-
ok0PÖ - a&T
&Zw - aiG
rkwåm - ykvJ
rPd - ywåjrm;
a0VK&,
d - aMumifrsu&f JG
0Zd& - pdef
y0gV - oEÅm
(3) om;orD;&wem? qifç jrif; &wemponfwjYkd zpfonf/
yg&rD (10)yg;
bk&m;avmif;usifhpOf? jrifhjrwfolwdkY\vkyfief;pOf/
bk&m;tavmif;awmfwo Ykd nf bk&m;jzpf&eftwGuf yg&rD (10)yg;udk jznfu
h siMhf u&onf/
(1) 'geyg&rD (6) cEÅDyg&rD
(2) oDvyg&rD (7) opömyg&rD
(3) aeu©r®yg&rD (8) t"dXmeyg&rD
(4) ynmyg&rD (9) arwåmyg&rD
(5) 0D&d,yg&rD (10) Oayu©myg&rD wdkYjzpfMuonf/
0da0u (3) yg;

(1) um,0d a 0u - umr*kPu f ad vomwkrYd S uif;vGwjf cif; [laom uk, d \
f uif;qdwNf ird ;f at;rI?
(2) pd w å 0 d a 0u - udavomumrw&m;wkrYd S uif;vGwjf cif; [laom pdw\ f uif;qdwNf ird ;f at;rI?
(3) Oy"d0da0u 0u- zvormywfudk 0ifpm;í edAmÁ efudk tm½kH jyKaejcif; [laomuif;qdwNf ird ;f at;rI?
94
&m*ukdy,f&eftokbukdyGm;
(1) &m*ukyd ,f&ef tokbukd yGm;rsm;&rnf?
(2) Asmyg'ukdy,f&ef arwåmukd yGm;rsm;&rnf?
(3) 0dwufujdk zwf&ef tmemygeówdudk yGm;rsm;&rnf?
(4) igwum;[k axmifvmT ;aom ]toðr® me }ukd y,f&ef tedpo ö nmukd yGm;rsm;&rnf/
tedpöonm&Sdaom &[ef;tm; tewåonfwnf\/ tewåonm &Sdaom yk*¾Kdvftm; igwum;[k
axmifvmT ;aom toðr® meukd t<uif;rJh jzwfí rsuaf rSmufb0üyif edAmÁ efoYdk a&muf&\ [kred aYf wmfr\
l /
(t*kFw¬dK&fygVdawmf? e0uedygwf? oarÁm0d0*f? oarÁm"dokwf)
&yfjypf&Spfyg;
(1) i&J?
(2) wd& pämef?
(3) Nydwåm (tok&um,ftygt0if)
(4) touf&n S af tmif t½lybk?H tonowfb?Hk
(5) bk&m;ESihf &[EÅmrsm; ra&mufaomypöE&Å pft&yf?
(6) rd päm'dXd t,l&jdS cif;?
(7) w&m;uked m;vnfEidk af tmif ÓPfr&So
d jl zpfjcif;?
(8) ÓmPf&Sdaomfvnf; bk&m;ryGifhonfhtcg vljzpf&jcif;/
&efolrsKd;ig;yg;
(1) a&?
(2) rD;?
(3) rif;qkd;?
(4) cdk;ol?
(5) tarGcH om;qk;d orD;qk;d wkjYd zpfonf/
0dywåd (4) yg;

(1) umv0dywåd - rif;qk;d rif;,kwt f yk pf ;dk aom umvüjzpfjcif;?
(2) *wd0dywåd - tyg,fav;yg;ü jzpf&jcif;?
(3) Oy"d0dywåd - ½kyfqif;t*FgcsKdUwJhjcif;?
(4) ya,m*0dywåd - todtvdrm® ÓmPfynmESihf owd0&D , d r&Sjd cif;/
Asoe (5) yg;

(1) OmwdAsoe - aqGrsKd;rsm;ysufpD;jcif;?
(2) abm*Asoe - pnf;prf;OpömysufpD;jcif;?
(3) a&m*Asoe - tema&m*gjzpfíysufpD;jcif;?
95
(4) 'd|dAsoe - t,lrSm;íysufpD;jcif;?
(5) oDvAsoe - oDvysufpD;jcif;/
w&m;usifh&m BuHYcsKdyrm
edAmÁ efoaYkd &muf&ef xufoefaomvHv Yk ? rqkwef pfaompdw&f jdS cif;? rysi;f &djcif;? NrNJ raH om 0D&,
d &Sjd cif;wdjYk zifh
ud,
k t
f m;? ÓmPftm;ESihf jynfph vkH suf BuUH csKyd rm wpfa,mufwnf;usi&hf m\/
(owåedygwf? ck&0*f? c*¾0domPokwf)
udk,fa&tqif;wifhw,fjcif;
ra&mufao;aom tem*wftaMumif;ukd awmifhwylyefjcif;? vGefcJhNyD;aomtwdwftaMumif;ukd
pd;k &dryf yl efjcif; xkt
Yd wlorl u
dk w
f o
Ydk nf pdr;f aomusLyifu&dk w
d jf zwfíaeylüxm;ouJo h Ydk wpfaeYwpfjcm; tom;
ta& ajcmufuyfav\/
twdwftaMumif;ukd rpkd;&drfraMumifhMu?ra&mufao;aom tem*wftaMumif;ukdvnf;rawmifhw?
ypöKyeÜ u f mvü &orQwjYdk zifh omrQwwif;wdru f ek af om t&Sijf rwfw\
Ydk tqif;onf MunfnKd z,G f wifw
h ,fay\/
(o*gxm 0*¾oH,kwfygVdawmf?
a'0wmoH,kwf? eV0*f t&nokwf)
tusdK;r&Sdikd;a<u;jcif;
ikda<u;jcif;jzifhvnf;aumif;? pkd;&drfylaqG;jcif;jzifhvnf;aumif;? pdwf\Nidrf;at;jcif;okdYra&mufEkdif?
ikad <u;oltm;om qif;&Jjcif;jzpf\ cE¨muk, d vf nf;yifyef;\/
aoaomolukdwzeftoufjyef&Sifygapownf;[kawmifhwí
r&Ekdifonfukdodvsufikda<u;jcif;ukdy,fazsmuf&m\/
(okwåedygwfygVdawmf? r[m0*f? ov’okwf)
raemr,ywåjrm;
"r®rw d af qGrsm; vkyaf zmfuikd zf uf 0efxrf;rsm;? todrw d af qGrsm;udk tcgtcGiMhf uKH wikd ;f pm;a&;ol ajymavh
ay;avh&Sdonfh vufaqmifrGef ]]raemr,ywå raemr,ywå j rm; rm;}} udk ]]AkAk ' ¨ o moemES i f h a &T o mavsmif ; ord k i f ;}}?
tHhzG,fr*FvmESifh"r®ya'om
]]tH a'om}} pmtkyrf sm;wGiv f nf; az:jycJyh gonf/ ,ck ]]qm;awmif qm;awmifq&mawmfbk&m;BuD;\
ax½k y Ü w å d E S i f h u d k , f a wG U jzpf & yf rsm;
rsm;}} pmtkyfwGifvnf; pm½Iolrsm;udk tcgtcGifhoifhwkef; vufaqmif
yg;vdyk gonf/ pma&;oljzwfoef;cJ&h onfh b0ESit hf odaMumifh þvlrI ywf0ef;usiw f iG f ouf&iS v f yI &f mS ;aepOf
umvtwGi;f csr;f omrItrSef ay;Edik o f nhf auseyfjcif; qdo k nfh raemr,ywåjrm; m;udk vlwikd ;f ud, k pf u D , kd if S
od&dS &&Sxd m;apcsiyf gonf/ odrYk o S m ESv;kH xJwiG f &Sod rQ vSpjf yonfEiS w hf ol nfh oefpY ifaom tNyKH ;? omreftm;jzifh
rodEdkifonfh ESpfodrfh&Tifvef;rIudk auseyfrI raemr,ywå j rm; rm;u ay;pGrf;Edkifygonf/ auseyfrIudk
xdawGUcpH m;vdu k &f onft h cg ESv;kH wGif yDwzd ;kH oGm;Ny;D wefz;kd rjzwfEikd o f nfh onf;cHciG v hf w
T rf o
I nf tvdv k kd
jzpfay:vmwwfygonf/ raemr,ywå j rm; rm;udk ]]MuH p nf w d k i f ; jynf h p H k ? omoemjyKíruk e f ? wef c d k ;
&Sdonfht&m?}} [kvnf;zGiq hf Mkd uonf/
vlrIe,fy,fwGif edpö"l0 r&yfrem; &[wfjcm;yrm ouf0ifvIyf&Sm; vkyfudkifae&if; rawGUcsif
rjrifcsiíf vnf;r&? wpfcgwpf&H rodtyf rodoifh onfrsm;udyk if wdu k q f ikd jf rifawGU od&adS e&onf/ tcsKd Uqv kd Qif
96
avmb? a'go? arm[yGm;um yifyef;Bu;D pGmjzifh vIy&f mS ;vkyu f ikd af eMuonf/ tcsKd UrmS vltcsi;f csi;f remvd?k
0efw?kd rke;f wD;rI? txifrmS ;? tjrifrmS ;rIjzpfcg qd;k &Gm; vSaom jyóemrsKd ;pHEk iS hf awGU BuKH cpH m;aeMu&onf/ tcsKd U
vlrI'ku©wdkYjzifh axG;vHk;&pfywfcg csrf;omatmifae&if; 'ku©jzpfaeMu&onf/ pdk;&drf ylyefaeMu&onf/
tcsKd U&maxmifrsm;pGmwdo Yk nf MoZmt&Sed t f 0g*P k f twGuf rodpw d u f OD;aqmifNy;D r[kwrf rSef vkyu f ikd af eMuonf/
MoZm t&Sdeft0g a'go rmefrme a&SUxm;vGef;í todÓmPfynm ysufpD;qHk;½IH; oGm;&if tyg,fwHcg;
yGivhf mwwfonf/ xdaYk Mumifyh if auseyfrI r&Su d tEÅ&m,frsm;Ny;D tukov kd yf mG ;Edik o
f nfukd owdjyKoifyh gonf/
auseyfrI trSe&f rdS S csr;f omrItrSef &Ekid o f nfukd tjrifEiS t hf Mum; txifEiS w hf om; wnf; jzpfí auseyfru I kd
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tmPmtwGu?f pnf;pdrcf pH m;rItwGuf vkyaf eMuonf/ rnfonfeh nf;ESirhf qdk Opöm"e? tausmaf pm? tcGit hf mPm?
pnf;pdrfcsrf;omwdkY &&Sda&;twGuf tcgcyfodrf; owdrrl tmomirf;irf; r&yfrem; BudK;pm;aeMuonf/
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a&muf&w dS wf ayonf/
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vlom;tm;vH;k twGuf tvdt k yfq;kH csr;f omtppfukd &Edik af yrnf/ ESv;kH oGi;f rSeo f nfh awG;ac:BupH nfru I omvQif
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tcsdefaumif;tcGifhaumif;
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tewå tpd;k r&jcif;qdo
k nfh w&m;udk &orQ tcsed w f ikd ;f ESv;kH oGi;f Mu&ef? igonf rkcsao&rnf? tcsed yf ikd ;f om
vdak wmhonf aojyefvQivf nf; idok u
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98
t&Sed u f ek af rmyef;Ny;D aumuf½;kd rD;yrm Nird uf somG ;onf/ aojcif; r&P? ylaqG;jcif; aomu? ikad <u;jcif; y&da'0?
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tNraJ wGU&rnf/ oH;k q,fw h pfbt kH wGi;f a&mufvmMuonfh owå0gtm;vH;k udk tdak b;? emab;wdu Yk vnf; rnfoYl
ud k r Q csef r xm;? aorif ; uvnf ; tvG w f r ay;? ]]aumif ; uif y pf a jr§ m uf ? tk w f c J a usmuf onf
atmuforYkd vGu J spNr/J ud, k 0f efy#doefvnf; trSef rvGzJ mG ;pNr/J &J&v J QaH 0? zefpufa&Tvnf;? nae&Sed pf 0J ifpNr/J
uR0J ufyrm? owå0gvnf; cE¨mazmufvJ taoNr/J qdo k nfth wdik ;f owå0greS o f rQ ao&rnfrmS {uefrvGyJ if/
rsufaphurdIif;? em;uxdkif;? cg;uudkif;? ausmukef;a&wHavQmuf? AdkufavmufpmvHk;? ajcovHk;

yavG½;kd jzpfcgrS BuKd ;pm;vQif cufcíJ aeawmhrnf/ odt Yk wGuaf Mumifh þavmuü ysupf ;D aMumif; w&m;rsm;
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þtod&v dS Qiyf if auseyfrI ywåjrm; vuf0,fu b,faomtcgrS aysmufysurf oGm;Edik af wmhay/ ]]vHv Yk eJZY ?JG
ravQmb h J tNrw J if;wif;xm;? avmuDavmukwf 'Dwikd ;f vkyf rkcsatmifw&m;}} qdo k nft h wdik ;f aumif;wmBu?H
rSew f mvky?f [kww f majym? vla&m? ewfa&m? jA[®ma&m Munfñrkd nf/ xdt Yk wl rdrv
d yk o
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wefz;kd rjzwfEikd o f nfh raemr,ywåjrm;BuD; vuf0,fydkifydkif udkifxm;EdkifMuygapvdkY qE´jyKtyfygonf/
99
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qm;awmifq&mawmfbk&m;BuD;ESifhpm;a&;ol rdom;pk pwifzl;arQmf ylaZmfcGifh &onfh tcsdefrSpí
q&mawmf b k & m;BuD ; \ oD v *k P f ? orm"d * k P f ? ynm*k P f w d k Y u d k vG e f p G m Munf ñ d k r d y gonf /
q&mawmfb&k m;Bu;D a[morQ? rderYf mS csurf sm;udv k nf; w½dw k aorSwo f m;em,lMuygonf/ q&mawmf bk&m;Bu;D
a[mMum;onfrsm;udk odavodav odcsifav? ydkodatmif vkyf&mrS ydkíydkí oabmaygufvm&onf/
odorQarhavsmh aysmufysuf oGm;rnfudk pdk;&drfí a[mw&m;? rdefYpum;? tm;xkwf&rnfhusifhpOfrsm;?
rSwo f m;vdu k ef m&rnft h csurf sm;? xl;jcm;jzpfpOfrsm;ukd "gwyf ?kH AD'G , D ?kd wdwaf cG? AGpD 'D ?D uufqufponfrsm;jzifh
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tawmftoifhtqifajyoGm;ygonf/
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taESmuft,Sufay;qHk;rSm BuHpnfpdwful;rIyifjzpfonf/ ]]ygyoð®&rawraem}} raem pdwfonf ygyoð®
raumif;rIüomvQif &raw arGUavsmNf rw J nf;/ tqd;k jrif tysuaf wG;? tNryJ if½UIH cs? idn k nf; aeolrsm; onf?
uk, d af &mpdwyf g ysupf ;D apaom tqdyt f awmufrsm;udk oH;k aqmif aeolrsm;ESiw hf ol nf/ taumif;jrif? tjyKawG;?
Ed;k Mum;&Sio f ef pdwx f ufoef pGmjzifh qifjcif vkyu f ikd af exdik &f rnf/ ]]o'¨gtwd 'kvb ’ m? o'¨gorÜwdå 'kvb ’ m}}
vdYk oDvu©ef t|uxmrSm zGiq hf x kd m;ygonf/ o'¨gorÜw?då o'¨gw&m;ESihf jynfph jkH cif;onf 'kvb ’ &cJv\ S /
av;uRef ; oeif ; pMumrif ; \ ywå j rm;&wemonf a&od k Y c su &T H U ñG e f a &arS m f aemuf u sK j cif ; ud k
wpfNyKd ief ufy,f&mS ;okwo f ifbod uJo h Ykd o'¨gonf pdwaf emufusKrI tm;vH;k udk y,f&mS ;Edik af yonf/ ]]o'¨g&u©wd
oDvyH }d } tpcsyD gVad wmft& oDvudk o'¨guapmifo h nf? oDvESio hf '¨gukd ynmuapmifo h nf? oDv? o'¨gEiS yhf nmudk
owduapmif\ h [k Ak'u ¨ a[mawmfrx l m;onf/ xdaYk Mumifh vnf; q&mawmfBu;D u owdux kd yfcsn;f wvJvJ
a[majymqH;k raejcif; jzpfayrnf/
Ak'b
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r[m*½kPmawmfjzifh tNrJ rderYf mS onfh tedpö rNrjJ cif;? 'ku© qif;&Jjcif;? tewå tpd;k r&jcif;qdo k nfh w&m;udk
&orQtcsdefwdkif; ESvHk;oGif;Edkifu rkcstusdK;rsm;vSayrnf/
tusKd ;rsm;onfukd odawmfríl vnf; qm;awmifq&mawmf bk&m;Bu;D u Burd zf efrsm;pGm þtedp?ö 'ku?©
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jyKvsuaf exdik u f sio
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tcdik t f rm&S&d ef ta&;Bu;D onf/
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rusifhwmcuf? rusifhwmxuf? r,HkMunfwmcufonf[k rdefYMum;bl;ygonf/ odkYjzpfí pdaEÅ,sm oHk;vlY
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100
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rausreyf jzpfum qif;&JMu&onf/
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f nf/
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f ,f? jzpfaMumr&Snaf p&bl;[k rdeMYf um;
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vdak wmhonf/ igtoufrnfrQ&n S rf nfenf;/ igb,fa&m*g a0'emrsm;ESihf aornfenf;/ b,ftcsed af ornfenf;?
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tm;(7)yg;
1/ csr;f omolrsm;vnf; ao&onf/
2/ vuf½;kH tm;aumif;olrsm;vnf; ao&onf/
3/ wdkif;jynftkyfcsKyfrif;vkyf pdk;pHolrsm;vnf; ao&onf/
4/ ajrvQKd ;rd;k ysEH ikd o
f nfh wefc;kd &So
d rl sm;vnf; ao&onf/
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7/ bk&m;&Sirf sm;vnf; y&deAd mÁ efp&H onf/
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