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³Act III of the Silver Box´ is penned down by one of the most popular English
novelist and dramatist of the early 20th century, John Galsworthy. He was a distinguished
author and playwright whose works contain a great deal of criticism of British society.
His fiction is concerned principally with English upper middle-class life; his dramas
frequently find their themes in this stratum of society, but also often deal,
sympathetically, with the economically and socially oppressed and with questions of
social justice. He wrote a number of novels about the Forsytes, a fictional family of the
upper middle class. His plays include ³The Man of Property´, ³The Silver Box´,
³Strife´ and ³loyalties and escape´. He was awarded Nobel Prize in Literature in 1932.
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The Silver Box boldly criticizes the judicial system of the British society. It bears
the moral that µmight is right¶ still prevails in the social order, where the blue-collar
people are oppressed by the prosperous and the powerful ones.
The play commences with the case of the Livens being brought in the court.
Theresa Livens and Maud Livens were two adolescent sisters who had no shelter, as their
mother had broken their home and ran off with another man. Their father had lost his
work and was living in common lodging houses, while the girls were brought on the
street. But the magistrate was not realizing the seriousness of the situation. He was asking
such ridiculous questions:

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After hearing the testimony of Mr. Livens, the magistrate remanded the case for another
week:

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The Livens¶ case was followed by the case of the theft of the Silver Box Mr.
Barthwick was a Liberal Member of Parliament and had a huge influence on the
community. His son Jack was immoral and self-indulgent. In a feat of drunken mischief,
he stole a purse from a woman. In a similar fit of drunken mischief Jones, the husband of
the Barthwick¶s charwoman, stole the silver cigarette-box and the purse after helping
Jack to enter his father¶s house.
Later on when the Silver Box was found missing, Mrs Jones, the charwoman, was
accused of the theft. When the constable came to arrest her, Jones tried to defend her. He
mugged the police constable and admitted that he had stolen the Silver Box under the
heavy influence of whisky. He was rightly defending his wife as she was being taken into
custody without any guilt. As a result, he was arrested and carried off to the police
station. Jones justifies his action of assaulting the police officer:

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Jack Barthwick stole the purse from a lady and Jones stole that purse and a silver box
from Jack while both of them were inebriated. While Jack was excused because of having
too much champagne, Jones was declared guilty. In the words of the magistrate:

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Jack and Jones both had committed identical crimes but Jack¶s father was able to hush up
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The verdict given by the court was one month imprisonment with hard labour for Jones,
while Jack left the court holding his head high. Jones¶ wife lost her job at Mr.
Barthwick¶s home. Moreover Jones had rightly shouted at the Magistrate:

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The final verdict of the magistrate clearly signifies that wealth and power are more
influential than justice. Even the honourable judge is influenced by the lust of
materialistic wealth. Moreover the underprivileged class are always the one who are
grinded in our society.

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The play, Act III of the Silver Box boldly criticizes the judicial system of the
British society. It bears the moral that µmight is right¶ still prevails in the social order,
where the blue-collar people are oppressed by the prosperous and the powerful ones.
The play revolves around the theft of the Silver Box. Mr. Barthwick was a Liberal
Member of Parliament and had a huge influence on the community. His son Jack was
immoral and self-indulgent. In a feat of drunken mischief, he stole a purse from a woman.
In a similar fit of drunken mischief Jones, the husband of the Barthwick¶s charwoman,
stole the silver cigarette-box and the purse after helping Jack to enter his father¶s house.
Later on when the Silver Box was found missing, Mrs Jones, the charwoman, was
accused of the theft. When the constable came to arrest her, Jones tried to defend her. He
mugged the police constable and admitted that he had stolen the Silver Box under the
heavy influence of whisky. He was rightly defending his wife as she was being taken into
custody without any guilt. As a result, he was arrested and carried off to the police
station. Jones justifies his action of assaulting the police officer:

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Jack Barthwick stole the purse from a lady and Jones stole that purse and a silver box
from Jack while both of them were inebriated. While Jack was excused because of having
too much champagne, Jones was declared guilty. In the words of the magistrate:

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Jack and Jones both had committed identical crimes but Jack¶s father was able to hush up
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The verdict given by the court was one month imprisonment with hard labour for Jones,
while Jack left the court holding his head high. Jones¶ wife lost her job at Mr.
Barthwick¶s home. Moreover Jones had rightly shouted at the Magistrate:

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The final verdict of the magistrate clearly signifies that wealth and power are more
influential than justice. Even the honourable judge is influenced by the lust of
materialistic wealth. Moreover the underprivileged class are always the one who are
grinded in our society.

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James Jones was the husband of the charwoman at the Barthwick¶s place. He was the
victim of the gross injustice and tyranny of the upper class. His appearance was ragged
and shabby, which was mainly because of his unemployment. As he was jobless, his
wife had been forced by circumstances to become the bread earner of the family. Having
suffered at the hands of the society, Jones had become rather crude and rough in his
behaviour.
Though Jones was poverty-stricken and was deprived off basic amenities of life,
still, he possessed a sense of self-dignity and respect. He was thoroughly infuriated when
his wife was being hand-cuffed by the policeman in the guilt of a crime she never
committed. He struck a blow to the officer, while he was rightly defending his wife.
Jones justifies his action of assaulting the police officer:

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Jones had been on the firing line of his ill fate. Through out his life, he had face
untold hardships, but he never faltered away on his path, neither he had ever committed
any theft. When he was brought in the court, in the charge of stealing the silver box, he
boldly and forth-rightly confessed that he had taken the box under a fit of drunken
mischief. Jack Barthwick who was also overly drunk on that night had asked Jones to
take anything he like from his house and as he not in his full consciousness, he stole the
silver box. When accused of stealing the box, he retorted:
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Jones was optimistic of receiving justice from the hands of the Magistrate. He
insisted that Jack, the son of the influential Mr. Barthwick, should also be brought to
book, for the theft of the lady¶s purse. He appealed that the law should not discriminate
between the rich and the poor, but the final verdict of the court was against him and
exposed the hypocrisy of the English legal system. Moreover Jones had rightly shouted at
the Magistrate:

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´Let freedom reign. The sun never set on so glorious a human achievement.µ
-Nelson Mandela
Muslims of the Indo-Pak Sub-Continent were once its undisputed ruler during the glorious
and magnificent era of the Mughal Empire. But the fall of Bahadur Shah Zafar, the last Mughal
emperor, started the brutal oppression of Muslims by the prejudiced British and Hindu majority.
Muslims had to face hundred years of bias subjugation and cruelty. But they were given a new
life on 14th August 1947, when the Muslim state of Pakistan was born on the face of the Earth.
Liaquat Ali Khan, the 1st Prime Minister of Pakistan, validated the creation of Pakistan while
addressing in the United States of America in 1950. He tried to apprise the American people of
the reasons and exigencies behind the Muslim¶s demand of a separate homeland in South Asia.
´Do not destroy that immortal emblem of humanity, the Declaration of Independence.µ
-Abraham Lincoln
He described religion as the fundamental basis for the demand of Pakistan. Hindus and Muslims
are two different nations based on conflicting ideas and conceptions. They have their own
religion, beliefs culture, civilization, literature and historical heritage. The Muslims believed in
the oneness and supreme sovereignty of Allah Almighty while among the Hindus there were
many deities. Moreover the desire that the Hindus and Muslims will form a single nation is
nothing more than a mere fanciful dream.
In his words:
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Liaquat Ali Khan also signifies the fact that without the division of India the Muslims would not
have been able to enjoy the real fruits of freedom from the British rule. On the contrary, in a
united India the Muslims would have been forced to live as a permanent group of defeated and
subjected minority as the Hindus had a dominating majority over the Muslims. Hence the demand
of Pakistan was based on the very feeling that the Muslims should be emancipated from the
clutches of the eternal Hindu domination.
According to Shaheed-e-Millat:
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From the global prospect, the creation of Pakistan had eradicated the possibility of chaos and
hostility in Sub-Continent. When two nations try to squeeze themselves under one flag, on one
platform, there are odds of violent clashes between them, but by the division of South Asia had
itself dissolved what would have bee a perpetual danger zone in Asia. Liaquat Ali Khan conveyed
the same thought:
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The creation of Pakistan was also justified from the geographical point of view. India was a vast
land which could easily be divided into two. Muslims were in large number to constitute a nation.
As Liaquat Ali Khan rightly said:

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The creation of Pakistan is on one hand, an ultimate reward of decades of struggle for the
Muslims; on the other hand it plays a constructive role in maintaining peace and homogeneity in
the global arena. As the Muslims were a separate nation they had every right to establish their
own homeland in the Sub-continent. Like Liaquat Ali Khan, Quaid-e-Azam Muhammad Ali
Jinnah, endorses the creation of Pakistan in the following saying:
´The Muslims are a nation by every definition of the word nation. They have every right
to establish their separate homeland where they can adopt any mean to promote and
protect their economic, social, political and cultural interests.µ

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´Pakistan was born on that day when the first Hindu in India embraced Islam.µ
-Muhammad Ali Jinnah
Before 712A.D. the inhabitants of India practiced only one religion which was Hinduism; but
the arrival of Muhammad Bin Qasim brought a mass acceptance of Islam, and India became the
home of two distinct nations, Hindus and Muslims. For centuries they had been trying to squeeze
together on one platform, under one flag, but by the late 19th, it was far too much as the conflicts
between the two communities grew at an alarming rate. It was then that the Muslims realized
their distinctions from the Hindus, as Sir Syed Ahmed Khan, the great Muslim leader propounded
famous Two Nation Theory declaring Hindus and Muslims as separate nations. In the words of
Muhammad Ali Jinnah:

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On the basis of religion, there was no similarity between them. The Muslims believed in the
Oneness and Supreme Sovereignty of Allah Almighty while among the Hindus there were many
deities.. Faith on the finality of Prophet Hood by Muhammad (Peace Be Upon Him) is the basic
tenet of Islam, whereas the Hindus believed on no such ideology. Likewise their Holy book and
their code of conduct of life also contradicted each other. Shaheed-e-Millat Liaquat Ali Khan
highlights the same point:
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The prejudiced British rule in India had blocked all routes of prosperity for the Muslims. They
were withdrawn backward both educationally and economically, while the Hindus grew from
wealthy to wealthier. Hence the Muslims demanded Pakistan to economically stabilize
themselves. Liaquat Ali Khan said in his speech in USA in 1950:

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Muslims were apart from Hindus from cultural point of view as well. They had their own culture,
customs, traditions, literature, history and cultural heritage. All this was based on Islam. Allama
Iqbal, the Poet of the East had said:

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In a united India the Muslims were forced to live as a permanent group of defeated and subjected
minority as the Hindus had a dominating majority over the Muslims. Hence the demand of
Pakistan was based on the very feeling that the Muslims should be emancipated from the clutches
of the eternal Hindu domination.
According to Shaheed-e-Millat:
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The Muslims wanted the creation of Pakistan as they wanted to give stability to their nationhood
and to liberate themselves from Non-Muslims supremacy. It was unlikely that Muslims would
have live in peace with Hindus in a united India, therefore the formation of Pakistan was not only
a blessing for Muslims but also for the world peace.

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´Real Freedom can only be achieved through constant hard struggle, and that freedom
implies that each and every citizen is free in real sense of word.µ
-J.S. Mill

Liaquat Ali Khan, the first Prime Minister of Pakistan, expressed his views about real
freedom in his address at Kansas University in 1950. He does not advocate the old,
backward concept of freedom, simply by getting rid of foreign rule. He declared that a
common man of an sovereign state should be free from the worries of the worries of the
basic needs of life. He should be provided food, shelter, clothing and medical facilities.
The light of knowledge and education can reach the threshold of the common man. In his
words:
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The primary challenge for all the independent nations is to achieve the
idealistic form of independence. During the last two centuries, when the countries of the
East were struggling to regain independence from their Europeans oppressors, the West
was utilizing the potential and ingenuity of human brain, to plunder in the depth of the
Universe, unveiling the most prolific secrets. Hence they surpassed the Eastern countries
in the field of science and technology; which created their dominance over this world.
Liaquat Ali Khan wisely said no one can stop the flow of time, so they have to accelerate
the speed of development, in the fields of science and technology. He said:

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Hence the real independence of the Muslims of the Subcontinent, will only be achieved
when the principles of freedom as depicted by Liaquat Ali Khan will be a reality, which
will march us towards peace, progress and prosperity.
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The Day the Dam Broke´ penned down by the American humorist James Thurber,
revives the ridiculous event of the µGreat Run¶ which took place in the Columbus City.
The day of 12th March 1913 had begun like an ordinary day, with its usual business
routines in full swing. But by noon, the whole city was in chaos, as every citizen was
running towards the East, shouting, ³The Dam has broken««.Go east...Go East!´
The rumour about the broken dam began on High Street, which was the canyon
of all commercial activities of the city. At noon when those activities were at their peak, a
man was seen running towards east, moments later somebody else, probably a newsboy
in high spirits, began to run. Another man, a portly gentleman of affairs broke into a trot.
Within ten minutes every single person at High Street was running towards the East,
chorusing the words ³The Dam had broken´. No one knew from where the rumour had
generated, but its effect was immediately seen as two thousands in full flights.
Within minutes the rumour had gripped the entire city. People abandoned their
homes, offices, shops, public places, backyards, and ran towards the East away from the
fury of the make-believed flood. They left the doors of the house wide open and the
women left the fires burning and the food cooking. The Grandfather of the writer
misunderstood that the chaotic situation was because Nathan Bedford Forrest¶s cavalry
had attacked their city. He was stunned by his sons with the ironing board as he was
compelling them to face the enemies like valiant people. When he regained his full
consciousness and when he came to know about the real cause of disorder in the city, he
caught up in one arm a small child and in another a slight clerkish man of about forty-two
and ran towards East, shouting at the top of his lungs, ³The dam has broken, go east´.
A lieutenant-colonel of infantry was dozing under a porch when a little child
yelled about going east. The lieutenant got up and started running at full tilt. He passed
the child shouting ³go east´. When a fat toddling man intercepted the colonel and asked
what the matter was, the officer dropped behind and asked the little child why they were
running towards the east. The girl cried that the dam has broken. Ultimately a fleeing
company of three hundred people was running behind the lieutenant and the child
towards the safe refuge of east.
The author¶s aunt, Edith Taylor, was in a movie theatre on High Street, when an
increasing march of running feet and shouting rose above the sound of piano. Suddenly
an old man who was sitting near his aunt, got out off his seat, murmured something and
jogged towards the door. That was the excuse everyone was looking for. In an instant the
aisle was jammed as every single person in the theatre ran towards the exit door. Over
that confusion and disarray, a woman who had always feared to be burned inside a theatre
shouted ³fire´, and then someone shrieked that the dam has given way. The people
rushing out of the theatre pushed and shoved each other and then climbed up on tree and
on walls in the dread of drowning in flooding water.
Dr. Mallory, who was the most esteemed person in the city in the city, was seen
wildly running at the Grand Avenue, shouting ³the water has nearly got us´. What he
thought was the sound of rushing water behind him was actually a boy on roller skates
and Dr. Mallory misread the swishing of the skates as the deadly noise of flood water
nearly engulfing him.
Ultimately when the reality was drawn upon the people that not even a crack on
the dam had appeared, and when they realized their stupidity of expecting a flood on a
fine sunny day, they returned to their places making lame excuses for their dim attitude.
The order was restored within two hours, but it was really a matter of shame for the
people of the valley and even after twenty years, hardly anyone had the guts to mention
the ridiculous afternoon of the Great Run.
  
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The Devoted Friend, penned down by the prominent and elegant writer, "


( revolves around the one-sided friendship between Hugh¶ the Miller and a fellow
named Hans. It exposes the greed, selfishness and hypocrisy of Hugh and the devotion,
innocence and integrity of little Hans. The words miller kept on signifies the duties and
responsibilities of a true and devoted friend, but his actions were contrary to his sayings.
On the other hand, little Hans, being a devoted friend, sacrificed his life for the sake of
his friend.
Though Hugh was an affluent fellow, possessing a hundred sacks of flour
stored away in the mill, six milch cows, and a large flock of wooly sheep; he never had
anything in reserved for his friend Hans. On contrary he used to pluck beautiful flowers
or sweet herbs from Hans garden saying 7 
 




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Hans¶ garden was his soul source of income. He spent the summer and the
autumn prosperously, but during winter he had no fruits or flowers to bring to the market
and suffered greatly from cold and hunger. On the other hand, the well-fed Miller used to
enjoy the cosines of his home, not paying any heed to the miseries of poor Hans.
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When spring finally arrived, the Miller decided that it was high time to pay a
visit to little Hans, as his garden would be flourishing with flowers and herbs. So he went
to his home and found out that Hans had to sell the silver button of his Sunday coat, the
silver chain, the big pipe and the wheelbarrow, so as to survive the wrath of winter. So
the Miller agreed to give his spare wheelbarrow, which was in very bad condition, to the
little Hans saying ³c

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In exchange for his wrecked wheelbarrow, the Miller took the plank of wood
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work he was doing and carry a large sack of flour to the market. When the Hans told him
that he was very busy then, the Miller replied, ³I
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immediately halt his work and loyally sets upon the task bestowed upon him by his
friend.
Hugh¶ the Miller was not only a selfish friend, but also a heartless father. During
one stormy night when his son had fallen off a leader, he went straight to the Hans and
asked him to go and call the doctor from the nearest town. In his words: £


 


 






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Being a loyal friend and a very humanitarian person, Hans immediately set off for the
doctor despite the roughness of the weather. The night was so dark that the little Hans
could hardly see and the winds were so strong that he could hardly stand. However with
strong endeavor he arrived at the doctor¶s place and asked the doctor to come with him.
The doctor ordered his horse and boots and lantern and rode off in the direction of the
Miller¶s house, little Hans trudging behind. But the poor bloke lost his way in the middle
of the forest and wandered of the moor, which was full of deep-holes. The poor Hans
drowned in one of those holes.
Hence the selfishness of Miller resulted in the death of poor Hans, who was
fulfilling his duty of a devoted friend.
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The Devoted Friend, penned down by the prominent and elegant writer, "


( revolves around the one-sided friendship between Hugh¶ the Miller and a fellow
named Hans. It exposes the greed, selfishness and hypocrisy of Hugh and the devotion,
innocence and integrity of little Hans. The words miller kept on signifies the duties and
responsibilities of a true and devoted friend, but his actions were contrary to his sayings.
Miller had a very self-centered concept of friendship. He had changed the noble
notion comradeship as something which would benefit his self-centered deeds. Though
he was an affluent fellow, possessing a hundred sacks of flour stored away in the mill, six
milky cows, and a large flock of wooly sheep; he never had anything in reserved for his
friend Hans. His theory was:
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Hans¶ garden was his soul source of income. During winter he had no fruits or
flowers to bring to the market and suffered greatly from cold and hunger. On the other
hand, the well-fed Miller used to enjoy the cosines of his home, not paying any heed to
the miseries of poor Hans. According to him:


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Miller¶s believed that one good deed of his, should earn him a life time service
from his friend. He gave his spare wheelbarrow, which was in very bad repair to Hans. In
return, he took a plucked a large numbers of flowers from Hans garden, took a large
plank of wood from him and asked him to do hard labour for him almost everyday.
The worst example of Miller¶s selfish nature as a friend and as a father was
shown, when his son had fallen of a ladder during one stormy night and was badly hurt.
He went straight to Hans and said:

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the doctor, but lost his way in the middle of the forest and lost his life by drowning in one
of the holes. Hence the selfish concept of Miller¶s friendship resulted in the death of his
most devoted friend. Even after that tragic incident, Hans had little remorse. His words
describe the significance of the death of his dedicated friend to him:


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- Francis Bacon

³Twenty minutes with Mrs. Oakentubb´ penned down by Frank Arthur, is an effective
little piece of melodrama notable for its skilful manipulation of suspense. Its plot is
compact with suspense and thrill culminating into a sensational gruesome murder of Mrs.
Judy Oakentubb, reckless woman corrupted by the evils of high society.
In 1953 in Korea, Mrs. Oakentubb had a severe accident which resulted in the
death of an innocent woman and a child. She was driving fast for a bet to drive from
Stainthorpe Cross to the coast in fifteen minutes. While driving at fifty miles per hour,
she tried to overtake a bus on a blind bend, but saw a lorry coming from the other way. In
order to save life her life and to avoid a head on collision with a lorry, she drove her car
onto the pavement killing two pedestrians, a woman and her little daughter, while the
husband was badly injured. Later she lied before the magistrate and saved her neck with
only eighteen months in a comfortable jail.





















The man who was injured in that tragic accident was devastated at the loss
of her husband and daughter. He had lost his purpose of living, but then at the hospital
when he was tended up, he found a new motive for living, which was to avenge upon
Judy Oakentubb. In his words:

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He termed the accident as a deliberate murder of his wife and daughter. In his words:

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Coincidently, that man found himself alone with Judy Oakentubb for
twenty minutes in a waiting room of a small country railway station, in a stormy night.
The man had only seen Mrs. Oakentubb once in a photograph in a newspaper, so it was
hardly possible that he would have recognized her. But with the aid of the label of her
bag, he came to know about her true identity. In the course of action, he became sure that
he was in company of Mrs. Judy Oakentubb, the woman he was seeking so that he could
exterminate her. He played around her for a while, pretending that he don¶t know who
she was. He viciously told her that he was going to avenge his wife¶s and daughter¶s
death by killing Mrs. Oakentubb. His brutal planning terrorized Mrs. Oakentubb to death.
He finally spilled the pills over her by telling her that he knows who she was and he was
going to kill her. Pointing his revolver to her he said:
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neck. When she saw that the man was going to take her life, she pretended that she was
already suffering because of that accident. She felt great remorse and her victims used to
haunt her everywhere she went. Her punishment was bitterer than any possible sentence,
as she was let to live. She said to the man seeking for her life:
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Moreover she was posing to be ashamed of her guilt, but in fact she was not at all
embarrassed of her crime. She was befooling the man, who became convinced that she
was being punished be her own conscience. He let her to live and went out, but he had
forgotten his suitcase and when he came back, he saw the vulgar gesture and mocking
style of Mrs. Oakentubb. He instantly killed her and retaliated with her.
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The entire plot of the melodrama ³Twenty Minutes with Mrs. Oakentubb´
revolved around the label attached to the suitcase of Mrs. Judy Oakentubb. A man was
desperately hunting her so that he could avenge the tragic death of his wife and daughter.
In 1953 in Korea, Mrs. Oakentubb had a severe accident which resulted in the death of an
innocent woman and a child. She was driving fast for a bet to drive from Stainthorpe
Cross to the coast in fifteen minutes. While driving at fifty miles per hour, she tried to
overtake a bus on a blind bend, but saw a lorry coming from the other way. In order to
save life her life and to avoid a head on collision with a lorry, she drove her car onto the
pavement killing two pedestrians, a woman and her little daughter, while the husband
was badly injured. Later she lied before the magistrate and saved her neck with only
eighteen months in a comfortable jail.





















The man who was injured in that tragic accident was devastated at the loss
of her husband and daughter. He had lost his purpose of living, but then at the hospital
when he was tended up, he found a new motive for living, which was to avenge upon
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Coincidently, that man found himself alone with Judy Oakentubb for
twenty minutes in a waiting room of a small country railway station, in a stormy night.
The man had only seen Mrs. Oakentubb once in a photograph in a newspaper, so it was
hardly possible that he would have recognized her. But with the aid of the label of her
bag, he came to know about her true identity. In the course of action, he became sure that
he was in company of Mrs. Judy Oakentubb, the woman he was seeking so that he could
exterminate her.
Mrs. Oakentubb had hidden the label of suitcase as she herself was the same
lady who was hunted by the man next to her. She was afraid that if he came to know
about her true identity, he would not spare her life. Moreover she was reluctant to
disclose her identity to the stranger. But unfortunately for her, the label had already
caught the attention of the man, which ultimately resulted in her death. Hence the label
was of significance importance in the play.
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³Pakistan and the Modern World´ is extracted from the speech of

Liaquat Ali Khan, which he delivered in Kansas University, USA in 1950. Liaquat Ali
Khan, the 1st Prime Minister of Pakistan, validated the creation of and tried to apprise the
American people of the reasons and exigencies behind the Muslim¶s demand of a
separate homeland in South Asia. According to him, the differences and disparities i
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Liaquat Ali Khan is stressing upon the significance of independence of Muslims of

Subcontinent. He points at the fact that the Hindus had a very dominating majority over
the Muslims which would have resulted in Muslims being forced to live as a permanent
group of subjugated and defeated minority. The culture and tradition of Muslims would
have been eclipsed under the dominion of Hindus of Hindu majority. Moreover without
the division of India, the Muslims would not have been able to enjoy the real fruits of freedom
from the British rule. For them the departure of British would merely be the change of
oppressor. Hence the demand of Pakistan was based on the very feeling that the Muslims should
be emancipated from the clutches of the eternal Hindu domination.

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In the above lines, Liaquat Ali Khan endorses the creation of Pakistan. He
affirms that the demand of the Muslims for a separate homeland was justified from all
points of view. Hindus and Muslims are two entirely different nations religiously. The
Muslims believes in the oneness and supreme sovereignty of Allah Almighty while among the
Hindus there are many deities. Socially the Hindus are divided into various caste systems but
Islam upholds the principles of equality. Islamic economic system, gives the principle of equal
distribution of wealth, while among the Hindus the wealth is concentrated in few hands. They
have their own religion, beliefs culture, civilization, literature and historical heritage which are
based on conflicting ideas and conception. The creation of Pakistan is also validated from
geographical and political points of views. India was a vast land which could easily be divided
into two. Muslims were in large number to constitute a nation. Moreover the Muslims rightly
demanded for Pakistan, so that they could give stability to their nationhood.
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In the above quoted lines, Liaquat Ali Khan advocates the course of action to be
taken by the Pakistani nation on their journey towards real freedom, progress and
prosperity. He advises them to adhere to their ancient faith and ideology. They should
maintain their rich, healthy customs and traditions. But they should not leg behind in the
spheres of scientific and technological progress, but keep themselves aware of the latest
development. Moreover the Pakistanis have to strive for a fine blind of belief and modern
scientific knowledge in order to take great strides on the path of real freedom.


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Bertrand Arthur Russell, British philosopher, mathematician, and Nobel laureate,
whose emphasis on logical analysis influenced the course of 20th-century philosophy.
Born in Wales in 1872, Russell was educated at Trinity College, University of
Cambridge. Before becoming famous as a writer, he was a renowned mathematician and
philosopher. Longing for lone, search for knowledge and unbearable pity for mankind
were the governing passion of his life. Beginning with ³4 

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written many books on philosophy and mathematics. Since the Second World War, he
had been greatly preoccupied with the nuclear threat to mankind and had been a warm
advocate of technical aid to the Asian countries. Russell received the 1950 Nobel Prize
for Literature and was cited as ³the champion of humanity and freedom of thought.´
His recent books of general interest include ³8 
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In this lesson Russell presents a historical study and analysis of the
reemergence of the East as a powerful influence in the World after centuries of
subjugation and exploitation by the Western Imperialism. Beginning with the rise of
Roman Empire, Russell penned down the historical eras which fluctuated the dominance
of East and West. The fall of the Roman Empire enfeebled the West both in power and
culture; hence the power was relocated towards the West. The Mohammadan period was
on of the glorious period in the history of East; when the Christian Europe was sunk in
barbarism. Columbus and Vasco da Gama were the pioneers of the new Western
Imperialism. Since then West has gained grounds both in the field mechanization and
industrialization and East has lagged behind in modern cosmopolitanism and are out
distanced by the West.

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´Let freedom reign. The sun never set on so glorious a human
achievement.µ
Nelson Mandela
Bertrand Russell condemned the impudence of the West through which the Eastern
countries had to suffer. The discovery of Vasco da Gama, initiated the dominance of
Europe over Asia. For centuries the Asian people had to dwell under the supreme
dominance of the White man. The colonization of the Europeans in the East had
suppressed the fundamental rights of the locals. Freedom of speech and thoughts were
taken away from them. They were enslaved under the ultimate supremacy of the Western
Empire.
´Do not destroy that immortal emblem of humanity, the
Declaration of Independence.µ
Abraham Lincoln
Despite being a White man, Russell demonstrates an unbiased character as he
heavily criticizes the Western rule and its insolence over Eastern people. Because if the
tyranny of the Eastern dictators, the Asian countries have lagged behind in the field of
science and technology. When the East was struggling to regain independence from their
Europeans oppressors, the West was utilizing the potential and ingenuity of human brain,
to plunder in the depth of the Universe, unveiling the most prolific secrets. Hence they
surpassed the Eastern countries in the field of science and technology; which created their
dominance over this world.

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In the above passage, Bertrand Russell is lamenting on the most threatening
menace of scientific advancement; that is ³The weapons of mass destructions´. The
Western countries, who are dominating the East for the last four centuries, have out-raced
them in the field of science and technology. They are ruling over the world mainly
because of their possession of mighty weapons of wars.

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Since the independence of Asian countries from European rule, they are
endeavoring to match the Western countries in all fields of life. Hence there is a strong
possibility of them joining in the race of weapons of mass destruction. Keeping in view
the foundation on which the world of 21st century is based upon, they might regard it as
their up most preference to be heavily armed for the days of wars. It will result in man
power utilized for the destruction of mankind. Men, who were made to serve the
humanity, are working day and night to extinct human race from the face of the Earth.
Asian countries, which were renowned for their traditional civilizations, are now
following the footsteps of the West, which are leading towards the destruction of
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In this passage Bertrand Russell elucidates a universal fact which has deprived
Asia from the vital force of unity. Asia being the most populated of all the continents, is
the home of many different civilization. Chiefly the population of Asia comprises of three
separate nations; that is the Muslims, the Hindus, and the Chinese. They differentiate
each other in culture, traditions, civilizations, language, historical heritage and ways of
living. More over they are completely distinctive from each other.
Hence it is impracticable to unite these three distinct civilizations on one
platform on the basis of similarity in culture and traditions. However it is possible to
unite their ultimate goal. They should regard it their up most preference to preserve their
independence and to secure their traditional culture. They all should hoist the same flag;
that of remaining as a sovereign and cultured nation.


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In the above lines, Bertrand Russell discusses the influence of industrialization
and mechanization on human life. Since the beginning oh 20tth century, the values in
human life are swept by lavishness of this materialistic world. The emotional human
beings are replaced by hardhearted mechanized humans, with the quest for fame and
fortune as their only destiny.

 
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According to Russell, event in this era of Machine Age, the simple ethics of
poetry, music, art and love constitutes a vital prospect of human life. Men who have
eradicated these humanities from himself, have been blinded by the worldly beauties of
this modern era .Unless and until, man recognizes the main purpose of his creation,
which is to serve the humanity, it is hopeless to imagine this world as place with love and
humanitarian for a common man.
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Bertrand Russell pens down the aspects which have created the supremacy
of the Western countries, over the less privileged countries of Asia and Africa. When the
East was struggling to regain independence from their Europeans tyrants, the West was
utilizing the potential and ingenuity of human brain, to plunder in the depth of the
Universe, unveiling the most prolific secrets. Hence they surpassed the Eastern countries
in the field of science and technology; which created their dominance over this world.
According to Russell, the only way to make this world a prosperous place
is to ensure the growth o such countries that are lack good gifted ingenious human beings
and natural resources. Love for power has to be abolished and humans should regard each
with communal esteem. Dictatorship of one man over other has to be eradicated, so as to
make this world a blissful planet.

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Here in these lines, Russell is presenting the invariable process of history in which power
has been changing hands between the East and West. After the down fall of the Roman
Empire and the destruction of the German Empire, leadership in power and the culture
passed into the hands of the East which came to be ruled by the Muslims and Chinese
between 7 and 10 century A.D.
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The author states that the Muslims established their superiority to the Europeans not in
warfare but also in the field of science, philosophy, poetry and the arts. Both the Muslims
and the Chinese were enjoying a glorious period of culture and civilization during this
period. This was the time when the Europeans were living a totally barbarous life. Russell
deplores that Europeans out of heir sheer narrow mindedness call this period "The Dark
Age." But actually it was only Christian Europe that was sunk in darkness because the
"Mohammadan World" including Spain flourished with a glorious culture.
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Here in these lines, Russell is commenting on the evil aspect of science and machinery.
Being an enlightened thinker, he appreciates science and machinery because they have
given rise to a new culture, which is universal in quality as the life-style of the whole
world, is conditioned by the modern inventions of science and technology.
But the author laments that these two new elements of modern culture are being forced
upon older cultures. By nature they prove cruelly more powerful since they have a
tendency to destroy not only what is bad but also what is good and valuable in the culture
of the past.
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The result is that due to the decay of the older values of life, man has become selfish,
materialistic and parochial. So Russell admonishes the nations of the East against the
harms and perils of misuse of science. He says that mechanization itself is not limit and
its sole purpose should be nothing except provoking and enhancing human happiness,
minimizing their suffering and creating a sound atmosphere for living. Lord Russell
devices a strongly condemns the undue importance and usage of scientific inventions that
are likely to make life dull and colourless. Russell also believes:
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Einstein, Albert (1879-1955), German-born American physicist and Nobel
laureate, is perhaps the most renowned scientist of the 20th century. Born in Germany on
14th march 1879, he went to Switzerland in his early youth. He taught mathematical
physics at Zurich and acquired Swiss citizenship. When Hitler came to power, Einstein
immediately decided to leave Germany for the United States, and in 1941, he became an
American citizen. Though Einstein was a pacifist, it was his derived equation of mass-
energy relationship, which provided the building block of the creation of atomic bomb. In
1921, Einstein won a Noble Prize for his work on photoelectric effect. Although his
writings for the layman are few, they were motivated by sound intuition based on a
shrewd and careful assessment of evidence and observation. His writings include
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Albert Einstein philosophically elucidates the existence of mankind on Earth.
He condemns the system on which the society is based upon; as it makes man dependent
on the labour of others. Respect and esteem to men are given on the basis of property,
outward success and luxuries. Autocracy has replaced democracy. Wars have imposed a
constant threat on the existence of mankind on Earth.
Einstein recommends his fellow beings to attain simplicity in their lives and to
embrace the sense of Truth, Goodness and Beauty. According to him personality of a
man holds key of his nobility and sublimity. He regards religion as the knowledge which
explains those profound mysteries, which are beyond human penetration.

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Einstein refutes the independence of men in above lines. According to him, the
shoulders of men are burdened with various responsibilities, which disable him to act on
his own accord. The impulsive external responsibilities immobilize the potential of
mankind. He forgets his true meaning of creation as sets out to discharge his
responsibilities. In other words, the activities of human beings are commanded by
external compulsions. His success and failures both depend on how he discharges his
liabilities. Moreover mankind has enslaved himself, which cause a hindrance on his path
of success.

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In this passage Einstein expresses his views on the basic morals of his life. His
ideals are Truth, Goodness and beauty which give him hope and courage to face the
failures, difficulties and hardships of life with a smile.

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According to him, truth is the courage to face the reality as it sets one on the
path of triumph. The Universal Truth of Universe is to recognize the presence of God in
the depth of His creations.

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treats his fellow beings with integrity and decency, he can hardly be called a human
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In the above paragraph, Einstein points out the necessity of a democratic
society. He criticizes the trend of society which makes certain individuals adorable
heroes, on the basis of work which have little merit. Such admiration violates the
democracy of society as it makes one man superior to the other.
Einstein sardonically gives his own example. Being an extraordinary scientist,
he was held in great esteem and reverence; but he humbly condemn such trend of society
as according to him, each and every man has his own respect and should be treated
likewise.

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In the above passage Einstein discusses the democracy and dictatorship.
Condemning the autocratic system he says that it soon degenerates as it is always based
on cruelty, oppression and force. It is an undeniable fact that people of low morality
believe in force and in autocratic system cruel rulers, rule over the people with high-
handedness. They do not care for the moral values and give no importance to the welfare
of the people. Einstein believes that it is an invariable rule that intelligent cruel rulers are
succeeded by people of low morality.
In other words Einstein criticizes an autocratic system of government as it
is unbeneficial to the local people. He loves democracy and detests dictatorship. He is a
humanist and wants to see each and every individual happy. Moreover he wants the ruler
to democratically rule their countries to ensure the prosperity of the people.

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Einstein being a pacifist heavily criticizes the modern trend of war which has
gripped the world. Einstein shows his disgust regarding wars and the savageness it
unleashes. Warfare and battles have imposed a constant threat upon the existence of
mankind on the face of Earth. With the invention of weapons of mass destruction, the day
has come closer when humanity will become extinct from the hands of their own fellows.
Einstein prefers to be lacerated into pieces rather than to take part in the
detestable business, known as war.

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Einstein is a great lover of humanity. He believes that the highest purpose of a man's life
if to serve humanity and people must live in peace and tranquility. He wants to say that if
nations ignore their commercial and political interests and if mankind learns a degree of
mutual respect, this world will become a place of happiness and nations will not think of
waging wars against each other. No doubt Einstein is a noble man and has noble ideas.
He is not only a humanist but also a pacifist.

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 In this philosophical and thought-provoking passage Albert Einstein says
that the experience of the mysterious objects given birth to art and science. Curiosity is
the emotion which has lead to the birth and growth of true art and true science.
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The more the man studies the beauty and the mystery of nature around him, the more he
plunders in the depth of the Universe, unveiling the most prolific secrets. In other words,
he strengthens the foundation of science and art.
A person devoid of curiosity and mystery is just like a dead wood and a
snuffed-out candle. He is powerless to do anything constructive in this world. He
resembles a snuffed-out candle, incapable of brightening up this world with the torch of
knowledge.

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