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    Το Αλφαβητάρι του Διαβόλου -bierce

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    This three sentence summary provides the essential information about the document: The document introduces Ambrose Gwynnett Bierce, an American writer and journalist from the late 19th century known for his satirical lexicon "The Devil's Dictionary", and discusses a new edition of the work that features an introduction by Angus Calder and illustrations by Ralph Steadman to help shed light on Bierce's dark sense of humor and critique of contemporary American society.

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    Το Αλφαβητάρι του Διαβόλου -bierce

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    Antri.An
    566 views133 pages
    This three sentence summary provides the essential information about the document: The document introduces Ambrose Gwynnett Bierce, an American writer and journalist from the late 19th century known for his satirical lexicon "The Devil's Dictionary", and discusses a new edition of the work that features an introduction by Angus Calder and illustrations by Ralph Steadman to help shed light on Bierce's dark sense of humor and critique of contemporary American society.

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    This three sentence summary provides the essential information about the document: The document introduces Ambrose Gwynnett Bierce, an American writer and journalist from the late 19th century known for his satirical lexicon "The Devil's Dictionary", and discusses a new edition of the work that features an introduction by Angus Calder and illustrations by Ralph Steadman to help shed light on Bierce's dark sense of humor and critique of contemporary American society.

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    566 views133 pages

    Το Αλφαβητάρι του Διαβόλου -bierce

    Uploaded by

    Antri.An
    This three sentence summary provides the essential information about the document: The document introduces Ambrose Gwynnett Bierce, an American writer and journalist from the late 19th century known for his satirical lexicon "The Devil's Dictionary", and discusses a new edition of the work that features an introduction by Angus Calder and illustrations by Ralph Steadman to help shed light on Bierce's dark sense of humor and critique of contemporary American society.

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    11
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    IpEUYUV YLU OU!lj30UAE<; O'tOV «~g . 1t,6voov» 'tou ~uv <PguvoC- rEvvij8TJXE O'tL<; 24 10uvCou 1842, OtT]v EnuQXLu MELYX<;
    axo, O'tov xgL'tLx6 'tT)<; ~mLxij<; Ax'tij<;. Tt; DEX6tuv nav'ta !lE 'tou Oxaw. 'H'tuv 'to CEXU'tO nmcL 'tT)<; AaouQu xm 'tou
    XU(l'tEgLXij WYEVELU xm'tL<; j30TJ8oUOE 600 !tJtOgoUOE . 'Onw<; MaQxou «AUQijAWU» MJtT)g<;. 0 nu'tEQu<;, EVU<; q>'twX6<;
    xm vu 'XEL, 0 «IILxg6xoAo<; MJtT)g<;», 0 mo «MoX8TJg6<; uYQ6'tT)<; xm EUOE(3ij<; KOLVO'tLa'tij<; IIouQL'tuv6<;, nQoEQx6!lE-
    Av8gwno<; 'tou l:uv <PguvoCoxo», xu'talpEgE vu Emj3LWOEL 0't0 VO<; - 6nw<; aAAwO'tE xm TJ !lTJ'tEQU - un6 unoLxou<; nou eyxu-
    EX'tUlpAW'tLx6 Aux6lpw<; 'tT)<; q>ij!lTJ<;, DLuYQalpoV'tu<; !lLU !leyaATJ 'tuma8TJxuv O'tTJ N EU AYYALU 'to 170 mwvu, anOlpaOWE nw<;
    DTJ!lOOLOYQUIpLXij 'tQoXLa, OtT] DLaQxELu 'tT)<; onoLu<; nEQLEAuj3E 'tu ov6!lu'tu 'twv nmcLwv 'tou EnQEnE v' uQXCl;ouv 6AU un6
    YLU 'tu XaAa, !lE 'to nvEU!lU'tWDE<; XLoU!lOQ xm 'to oUQxuo!l6 «A»: A!tJtLYXELA, A!lEALU, Awu, AV'tLOOV, AUQTJALU, A13you-
    'tou - nou j3013t!;uv an' aXQTJ a' aXQTJ OtT]v A!lEQLXij, nQLV O'to<;, AA!lEV'tU, AV'tQLOU, AA.!tJtE(l't xm 13O'tEQU A!tJtQ60ul;.
    nEQaoouv 'tOY A'tAaV'tLX6 - OUVUMAlpOU<; OUYYQUlpEC<;, DLa<JT]- IIw<; Eq>'tUOE 6!lw<; 0 MaQxo<; 0't0 !lEA6DQU!lU'tou AYYAOU
    !l0U<; 6nw<; 0 XEVQU T1;;EL!l<; [Henry James, 1843-1916] xm 0 OUYYQUlpEU T1;tQOAV't [Douglas Jerrold, 1803-1857];
    ~'tij(3EV KQELV [Stephen Crane, 1871-1900], Mu06vou<;, unEQ- «A!lnQ60ul; rXOULVE't ij MLU lO'toQLU maL OtT] eaAuoou»
    j30ALxa nAo13OLou<; xanL'tuALO'tE<;, OQLO!lEVOU<; IIQoEcQou<; XL [Ambrose Gwynett; or A Seaside Story,1828], nou Ej3UAE
    Ux6!lTJ-ux6!lTJ a<JT]!lou<; LEQOXijQUXE<;, EVEQYTJ'tLX6tU'tOU<; 'tonL- CCn:AU 0't0 «A» 'tou j3QElpOU<; EVU «G»;
    X013<; aQXOV'tE<; xm UM!;LOU<; O'tLxonMxou<;. ~'tT) OUVEXELU ijQ8uv XL aAAU «A»: 0 AQ80uQ, nou nE8uVE

    ECvm UD13VU'tov VU VLWOOU!lE aij!lEQU EXECVTJ 'tT)V LDLUC'tE- 'to 1846, OE TJALXCU EWEU !lTJvwv, TJ AMALU xm TJ AUQTJACU,
    QTJ YOTJ'tECU, nou EXUVE 'tOU<; ouYXQ6vou<; 'tou vu uVExoV'tm, nou nE8uvuv XL UU'tE<; !lEOU O'tU En6!lEVU 000 XQ6VLU. rtu vu
    v' UnOAU!l(3avouv XL ux6!lTJ-ux6!lTJ v' uyuno13v 'to !leyaAo xa'taAaj3OU!lE 'tOY A!tJtQ60u1;, nQEnEL onwocijnO'tE v' UQXC-
    «O'tQUj36!;UAO». AQXEC vu Em<JT]!laVOU!lE - nQaY!lu nou CEV OOU!lE an6 'to YEyov6<; nw<; 'tT)V Enoxij nou aQXLOE vu XU'tU-
    xavouv ouvij8w<; OL aUV'tO!lE<; UVUlpOQE<; OtT] l;wij 'tou - nw<; AU(3U(VEL'tOV X60!l0 yUQw 'tou, TJ !lTJ'tEQU'tOU ij'tuv anuoxoATJ-
    Eng6xEL't0 YLU E!;mQE'tLXa XUAOq>'tLUY!lEVO aV'tQu. 'H'tuv !lEVY] xu'ta nQwTO A6yo !lE 'tT) IpQoV'tCcu 'twv VEOYEVVTJ'tWV xm
    'ljJTJA6<; !lE nAo13OLu un6!;uv8u !lUAALa, Eu8u'tEVij<; xm U8ATJ'tL- xu'ta DE13'tEgO !lE 'to nEv80<; YLU 'to ijCTJ vExQ6 nmcC. 'E'tOL,
    x6<;, nUQ6Ao nou UnElpEQE un6 XQ6vw a08!lu. ECXE YUAal;Lu CEV nQ60lpEQE 0't0 AyoQaxL 'tT)V uyaJtT) nou 6lpELAE. EXECVO<;
    CLUUyij !la'tLu xm IpQEOXLU Q6DLVTJ EmcEQ!lCCU, nUQ6ATJ 'tT) anEQQL'ljJE 'tOU<; YOVEL<; xm 'tT)v OLXOyEVELU· XU'tEIpUYE O'tU
    ouvij8ELa 'tou vu XU'tUVUAWVEL !lEyaAE<; no06'tTJ'tE<; uAx06A. j3Lj3ACU. ~13!llpWVU !lE 60u AEY0V'tUV, 0 MaQxo<; ECXE 'tT) !leyu-

    12 13
    A:U-tEQl1 j3Lj3A.LO!hlXl1 0't0 KOOXLOVOXO TTJ~ IVTL<xva, 6:n:ou ItE'ta- ME 'to 'Eva'to kvV'taY!la llE!;LXOV E6EA.0V'tWV 'too KEV'tU-
    X6ItLOav't0 1846. EXEC'tQLYVQL!;E 0 ItLxQ6~ AIt:1tQ60u!;. xu, It:1trjXE 0't0 xa6Tj!lEQwo ocpayECo. k'tOV :n:Qaocpa'to KQLJ!ai:-
    'H'tav 1t6vo~. M6vo~ 0't0 O:n:L'tL XaL 1t6VO~ 0't0 O)(OA.ELO. x6 ll6A.E!l0 E(xav XUOEL TTJ !;wrj 'too~ ELxom XLA.LUOE~ BQE'tavo(
    M6A.LS EXA.ELOE 'ta OExa'tQCa 'tou XQ6VLa, Eyxa'tEA.ELljJE YLa O'tQa"tLW'tE~, a:n:6 'too~ o:n:o(OUS It0VO OL 'tQEL~ XLA.LUOE~ ~E1jIuXTJ­
    :n:uV'ta 'to :n:a'tQLxo. kTTJV aQxrj, EYLVE 0 «qrtWXOOLUj30A.0~» oav O'ta :n:EOLa 'twv !laxWv. Tov A:n:QCA.LO 'tou 1862,11 cpQLxLa-
    'tou w:n:oYQacpELou ItLa~ aV'tLQa'tmO'tLxrj~ ECPl1ItEQLoa~ :n:ou O'tLXrj !lUXTj "tou kCA.O, :n:oo EA.aj3E !lEQO~ XaL 0 M:n:TjQ~, "tEA.ELW-
    ELXE LOQu6EL :n:Q60cpa'ta 0't0 YEL'tOVLX6 OuuQooou. 'YO'tEQa OE !lE 23.741 :n:'tol!la'ta. llEQaoE TTJ 6Tj"tECa "tou E~OA.OXA.rjQou
    'tOY 'tQUj3l1~E 'to AXQov 'tou OXULO, 6:n:ou 0 AOVXLO~, 0 ItLxQ6- 0't0 No"ta. na Evav uv6Qw:n:0 YEwTJJ!a-6QE!l!la TTJS :n:EOLvrj~
    'tEQO~ aOEA.cpo~ 'tou MUQxou - 't600 Ita 't600 OLacpOQE'tLx6~ ~VOl1~, OL OQELVE~ EX'tUOEL~ "tou Nmou ij"tav :n:QaY!la"tLxu
    a:n:6 EXELVOV - rj'tav 0 E:n:LcpaVEO'tEQO~ :n:OA.L'tl1~: OLxl1y6Qo~, OUYXA.OVLO'tLXES. H O!lOQCPLU "taus, !lE"taj3aMmav ava:n:uV'tE-
    OUYYQacpEa~, 'tEOOEQL~ CPOQE~ orjltaQXOS XaL 6QUA.LX6~ :n:OA.E- xa, j3aoavLO"tLxu, OE oxTjvLx6 avwcpEA.wV TjQWLO!lWv XaL VUXt£.
    ItLO'trj~. 'O'tav, 'to 1838, 0 Kavaou~ j3QLOx6'tav O'ta :n:Qo6uQa QWwv ocpayWv. 0 M:1tTjQ~ ELOE youQovvLa va "tQWVE "tL~ oUQ-
    E~EYEQOl1~ EvuV'tLa OTTJ j3QE'tavLxrj EmxuQLaQXLa, 0 «k'tQa- XE~ "twv OXO"tWJ!EVWV O'tQa'tLW'twv XaL !lUaA.U va xUvoV'taL a:n:6
    TTJy6~» M:n:l1QS :n:EQaoE TTJ A.LItVl1 'EQL It' Eva oWJ!a :n:EV'taxo- aVOtYItEVa xQavLa. A:n:6 Ittav ci:n:01jITj ELXE va XUVEL ItE «W:n:L~
    OLWV E6EA.0V'tWV, YLa va :n:QoxaMoEL YEVLX6 ~EOl1xwIt6. x6 :n:6A.E!l0». H !lEXQL aU"to6uoLa~ YEWaLOTTJ"tU "tau cpuVTJxe
    TWQa rj'tav Eva~ OXA.l1Qo:n:uQl1vLx6~ aV'tLQa'tmO'trj~, :n:ou :n:OA.V VWQL~, mav OLEOWOE Evav :n:A.TjYW!lEVO OUVUOEA.cp6 "tou,
    EcpooLaoE J!E o:n:A.a XaL :n:uQoJ!aXLxu 'tOY T!;wv M:n:Quouv :n:EQvwV'ta~ J!Eoa a:n:6 "ta :n:uQu "tau O"tQa"tov "twv NmLwv. To
    [John Brown,1800-1859], 6'tav 0 'tEA.EU'taLo~ ~EXLV110E TTJv IvO'tL"tomo 'tou KEV'tUXU, !lE"tU a:n:6 :n:OMU XQ6vLa "tOY :n:QmEL-
    aLJ!a'tl'/Qrj E~OOO a:n:o 'to OOUA.OX'tl'/'tLXO Now. VE yw :n:Qoaywyrj. To <l>E/3QOUUQLO "tau 1862, XaL EVol T}'tav
    o AOVXLO~ a:n:ocpumoE :n:w~ 0 AIt:1tQ60u!; E:n:QE:n:E va rj0l1 A.OxLa~, !lE"ta'tE6TjXE OTTJv m~LaQxCa "tou O"tQaTTJYov rouC-
    YLVEL O'tQa'tLw'tLx6~. M6A.L~ EXA.ELOE 'ta oExaE:n:'tu, 'tOY EO'tEL- A.La!l XEL!;EV [William Babcock Hazen 1830-1887], :n:ou avrjxE
    A.E 0't0 :n:EQLcpTJJ!O k'tQa'tLw'tLx6 IvO'tL'tov'to 'tou KEV'tUXU. 0't0 oW!la 'tou OXULO, u:n:o TTJ OLOCXTjOl1 "tou M:n:LOVEA. [Don
    'YO'tEQa a:n:6 Eva XQ6vo 'tOY a:n:Ej3aA.aV, aMu ELXE a:n:ox'trj- Carlos Buell, 1818-1898]. OVOJ!UOTTJXE a~Lw!la'tLx6s TTJ~ "to:n:o-
    OEL rjOl1 O'tQa'tLW'tLxo :n:aQuO'tl1J!a XaL yvolOEL~ OXEO(ou XaL YQacpLXTj~ U:1tTjQEo(a~ XL <iQXLOE va XUQ"toygaCPE( TTJV :n:EQLOXTj.
    xaQ'toYQacpLa~, :n:ou oVV'to!la a:n:00ECx6Tjxav E~aLQE"tLXU Tov E:n:O!lEVO XQ6vo EYWE u:n:oA.oxay6~ XaL"tO NOE!l/3QLO "tou
    XQrjm!lE~. AxoA.ov6Tjoav EWEa !lrjVE~ YE!lU'tOL OLUCPOQE~ 1864 :n:QorjX6Tj "tLJ!Tj"tLXU Of A.oxay6. TWQa ma j3QLoxmav
    :n:EQLO'tamaxE~ OOUA.ELE~ 0't0 OuuQooou, wo:n:ou 'tTjv UVOL~Tj XOV'tU O'tO Em"tEA.ELO XL Tj OUIt:1tEQLCPOQU "twv O"tQaTTJYWv "too
    'tou 1861 ~Eo:n:aoE 0 EltcpVA.LO~. 0 M:n:TjQ~ rjmv a:n:' 'tou~ :n:QOXaA.OUOE aTjoCa. 'OOOL OEV T}'tav aVOTj"tOL ij"tav aVWQL!lOL.
    :n:Qw'tou~ :n:ou xa'ta"tuX'tl1xav 0't0 O'tQa"to 'tou A(vxoA.v o rjQWU~"too T}'tav 0 XEt!;EV, :n:ou OEV €/3A.E:n:E J!E XaA.O J!U"tL TTJV
    [Abraham Lincoln, 1809-1865]. aVOTjOLa, "t600"twv O:n:A.L"tWv 600 XaL "twv a~LW!la"tLxwv.

    14 15
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    «AIlEQLXUVLXrj<;» AOyatEXVLU<; b'llAUbrj - IlEOO'UQUVOUOUV 0't0 't'IlV EqJ'IlllEQLbu 'to'll 'to :n:LO wrObatLX6 bLUqJ'IlIlLO'tLXO IlEOO 'to'll
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    XUQ't [Bret Harte, 1836-1902] XUL 0 MUQx To'UuL'llv [Mark 'll01l, j3M:n:oV'Cu<; :n:w<; 'll EX 'to'll O'UO'tub'llV E:n:C6E01l 'to'll MJ't'IlQ<; -
    Twainl'VE'Ub. Samuel Taylor Clemens, 1835-1910]. To :n:QoYto :n:O'll EYQUqJE IlE 'to 1jJE'UbwV'UIlO «TEAUA'll<;» - O'tOV IO...rjQO 't'Il<;
    6'll1l00LE'UIlU 'to'll rj'tuv EVU :n:oL'llIlU, O't'llv EqJ'llIlEQLbu :n:6A'll<; eu 'to'll uVEj3ul;E 't'IlV X'UXAoqJOQLU. OL UV'CLbQuOEL<; rj'tUV
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    xrj XUL IlEAWbLU. 0 M:n:'llQ<; :n:LO'tE'UE :n:w<; 'll :n:oL'l101l rj'tuv 'll 'U1jJ'll- qJOvOL - LbLUL'tEQU OL ULllu't'IlQOL - ELVUL ux61l'll XUL orjllEQU
    M'tEQ'll 1l0QqJrj AoyatEXVLU<;. Tov LbLO xULQ6 61lw<; U:n:OqJUOL- 01lIlUV'CLX6<; Myo<; YLU 't'IlV UUS'l101l 't'Il<; X'UXAOqJOQLU<; 'twv EqJ'Il-
    OE, IlE eAL1jJ'll, :n:w<; OLYO'UQU bEY eu Il:n:OQOUOE vu :n:EWXEL XU'tL IlEQLbwv. l:E IlLUV E:n:OXrj XUL 0' EVUV 't6:n:0, 6:n:O'll OL EqJ'IlIlEQLbE<;
    01lIlUV'CLX6 0't1l l;wrj 'to'll 1l6vo IlE 't'll O'UyxLV'l101l 'twv O'tLXWV. rj'tuv E:n:LeE'tLXE<; XUL j3uVU'UOE<;, 6AO 'to l:uv cI>QUVOLOXO UV'CL-
    AQXLOE VU b'llIlOOLEUEL uQeQu u:n:6 bw XL wr6 XEL. To XUAO- IlE'tWJ'tLl;E IlE o~Qrj E'itJ'tA'llS'll rj XULQEXUXLU 't'Il «l:O'U·LqJ'tLXrj»
    XULQL'tO'U 1868 EYLVE IlEAO<; 'to'll b'llIlOOLOYQUqJLXOU E:n:L'tEAELO'U wrO'lloCa UVUO'tOAWv 'to'll «TEAaA.'ll».
    't'll<; News Letter XL u:n:6 'to i'l.EXEIlj3QLO, UQXLO'UV'CUX't'Il<; 't'll<; To uVEQX61lEVO UO'tEQL j3QrjXE 'to UO'tEQL 't'Il<; XUQbLU<; 'to'll
    EqJ'llIlEQLbu<;. 0 :n:Qoxu'tOx6<; 'to'll - XU:n:OLO<; rO'UoYtXLV<; - :n:QLV O't1lv M6M'U N'tuL'll, x6Q'll Ev6<; EJ'tL't'UX'llIlEVO'U IlE'tUAAWQUX0'U.
    qJ'I3YEL YLU 't'Il N EU Y 6Qx'll, 'to'll O'UVE0't1l0E E'UYEVLXU VU bLUj3U- l:'to IlE'tUSU, 0 M:n:'llQ<; ELXE rj6'll :n:QOXUMOEL ULOe'l101l 0't0
    OEL l:O'ULqJ't [Johnathan Swift, 1667-1745] XUL BOA.'tULQO AovbLVO, :n:0'U 't6'tE rj'tuv Ux61l'll 'll AoYO'tEXVLXrj :n:QW'tEUO'UOU
    [Francois-Marie Arouet Voltaire, 1694 - 1778]. A:n:' 'tOY 'tQE- 'to'll uYYA6qJwvo'U x60IlO'U. To 1872, 0 YEQo-N'tuL'll U:n:OXULQE-
    M:n:wru EIlUeE IlEXQL :n:ou 1lJ't0QEL vu qJ'tUOEL 'll UYQLU uyuvu- 't'IlOE :n:UVE'U't'UXrj<; 'to vEuQ6 l;E'UYUQL, :n:0'U EO'tQUqJ'll - E VUL
    x't'l101l, WO'tE vu Il'll YLVEL xux6yo'UO't0 XUxuvo. A:n:6 'to rUMo Aol:rt6v! - :n:Qo<; UVU'tOAU<;.
    UqJ0IlOLWOE IlLU IlEeobo AuxWVLXrj<; XUL XUQL'tWIlEV'll<; ELQW- KL UA.A.oL UO'tEQE<; 't'Il<; KUALqJ6QVLU UqJE6r)xuv O't11v O"S'll
    VELU<;, :n:0'U j3QLOX6'tUV O'tov uV'CL:n:obu 'to'll rXLIlJ'tOV. l:'t'Ilv LbLU 'to'll LbLO'U IlUyvrj't'll. 0 M:n:QE't XuQ't eu IlE'tux6IlLl;E YLU'tU xuM
    OEALbu 'to'll AAcpaf3rJ1:aQiov 0 «l:0'U"CqJ'tLx6<;» OQ LO Il6<; 't'll<; O't11V AyyACa. 0 MUQx TO'lluL'llv EXUVE IlLU oUV'COIl'll EllqJUVL01l,
    Ayxw.ui~ W<; « ...:n:QW'tLO'tW<; XQrjOLIl'll<; O'tU UYQatLXU :n:uv'llYu- 6:n:w<; XL 0 XOUXLV MCMEQ [Joaquin Miller, 1837-1913], ouv
    QLU, YLU 't'Il O'trjQLS'll 6LOXWV IlE xQuo xO't6:n:0'UAo XUL XEqJUAWV LbLOw:n:O<; XUO'llIlJ't6'll<; «llOL'll'trj<; 'twv l:LEQU<;». 'OIlW<; 0 M:n:'llQ<;
    UQOEVLXWV EV'llALXWV», UXOAO'UeEL'tUL u:n:6 'tOY «BOA'tULQLX6» :n:QatLIl'llOE vu 'tQLY'UQ(l;EL O'tU XUJ't'IlAELU IlE IlLU :n:UQEU btaXE-
    '\lXl1yOQO ... «Am:6v :n:0'U SEQEL vu :n:uQuxullJ't'tEL 'to v61l0». XQLIlEVWV AYYAWV :n:El;0YQuqJWv XUL b'llIlOOLOYQUqJwv, 'll O:n:OLU
    o AyyAo<; LbLOX~<; 't'Il<; News Letter, 0 cI>QEV'CEQLX MUQ- O'UIlJ'tA'llQwv6'tuv xU:n:o'U-xU:n:o'U XUL IlE 'tOY rXLA.IlJ'tEQ't [W. S.
    QlO't [Frederick Marriott, 1805-1884], ELXE XU'tUqJEQELVU XUVEL Gilbert, 1836-1911], 'to ALIlJ'tQE'tCatU 'to'll l:aMLj3UV [Arthur

    18 19
    Seymour Sullivan, 1842-1900). 0 Mm1Q<; j3Q1'jXE EXMtE<; YLU mJYXEvtQooVE UQYOtEQU f.lE tOY thAO «To AAcpafJrrrdQI iOV
    tQEL<; mJ"MAYyE<; ltE~WV. To 't\IEubWvuIlO tau, «Ntovt rXQIA» -:1tafJ6AOV». H OtijATJ EYLVE bTjf.lO<pLAtl<; xm OtU EltOf.lEVU
    [Dod Grile], uvuYQUllllatLo!!6<; tOU «OQYLOIlEVO<; SEO<;» [God ltEvtE XQOVLU 6u E<ptUVE tU oyoovtU OXtW Atlf.lf.lUtU, f.lE
    Riled] bEV ECXE EltLtuXCU, bEV EYLVE OLXECO Otou<; UVUYVWOtE<; OEXa:n:EvtE 00<; ELXOOL AESEL<; to xu6€vu.
    XL Etm bUOXOAE1Yt'r\XE xU:n:oo<; VU mJ'V't1lQtlOEL t'll yuvuCXU xm H XQ(OLIlTJ OtLYf.ltl t'll<; AOyotEXVLXtl<; ~ootl<; tau MltTJQ<;
    tau<; buo VEOYEVVI1tau<; ywu<; tou. H AYYACU 01100<; tau UQWE E<ptUOE to 1887, OtUV 0 rOULMLUf.l PUvtOA<p XEQOt [William
    - IlEtUj3Atl6TjXE OE Ev6EQIl0 UyyM<pLAO - xm OtEVOXooQtl 6 TjXE Randolph Hearst, 1863-1951], UltO<pOLtO<; tOU XUQj3uvt xm
    muv TJ MOMU, ltOU ECXE tlbTJ EltLOtQE't\IEL OtO ~UV <l>QuvoCOXO, yw<; EVO<; ltAOVOWU oLu<p6uQf.lEVOU uut00TJf.lwvQYTJtou
    VOOtUAYWvtU<; tOY tOltO t'll<;, tOU UvijYYEIAE ltoo<; ijtuv EYXUO<; YEQoumuOtij, UvtLAll<P6TJXE ltW<; to IlEMOV tWV E<PTJIlEQLbwv
    OtO tQCtO tou<; ltmbL Tov Oxtwj3QW tOU 1875, 0 MltTJQ<; j3QLoxmuv OtOV «XLtQLVL0f.lO» ltOU EQE6~EL f.lE mOXQo tQOltO
    E<ptUVE xovtu Ot'YJV OLXOYEVELU tOU, Ot'YJV KUAU:P0QVLU, xutU- tL<; m06ijoEL<; tooV uvuYVWOtwv. AQltul;E tOY MltTJQ<; xm tOY
    f.lEoij<; f.lLU<; OLXOV0f.lLXtl<; V<pEOTJ<;, ltOU tOY uVUYXUOE VU ltEQU- Ej3UAE VU YQU<PEL f.lLU at1lATJ xm XVQLU uQ6Qu Ot'YJV Examiner
    OEL ltOMOV<; f.ltlVE<; UVEQY0<;, ltQLV XUtU<pEQEL vu Ult0YQU't\IEL tOU ~UV <l>QUVOLOXO. To yeyovo<; ltoo<; tau ltUQELXE t'll ouvu-
    f.lLU OtijATJ Ot'YJv E<pTJf.lEQCbu Argonaut, ouv «TIOAUAOYU<;»· 0 t6trrta v' UIl<pLOj3TJt€L 6,tL xm 6ltOLOV ij6€A€ ijtuvaQxEt6. Tov
    «TEAaATJ<;» f.lE YEO OVOf.lu. XEQOt OEV tOY EVOLU~E UV OL Ulto't\lEL<; ltau El;E<PQu~E °
    To 1880 ltuQatu l;u<pVLxu t'll bTjf.l0owYQU<p(U XL UVUAUf.l- MltTjQ<; ijtuv UvtLeEtE<; f.lE tL<; OLXE<; tou. ESUMOU, TJ Examiner
    j3UVEL tTJ bLEV6uvoTJ EVO<; IlEtUAAE(OU OtOU<; MuvQou; ijtuv f.lLU XUAij oLEl;obo<; YLU tL<; LOtOQLE<; a:n:6 tOY Ef.l<pVAw
    Ao<pou<; tTj<; Ntuxotu. MLAUf.lE YLU AYQLU ~VOTJ OtU ltOU tOY XU6LEQooOUV 00<; OTJIlUvtLX6 Af.lEQLXUVO AoYOtEXVTJ.
    «UYQLU» tTj<;! 0 MltrlQ<; E(XE t'llV ltQOVOW VU ltQOOAuj3EL to To <')tllYTJIlU f3QLOX6tUV UXOIlTJ Ot'YJv E<pTJf3ELU tou w<; AOYO-
    YQTJYOQOtEQO EV ~o:n'i «ltLOtOAL» tTJ<; ltEQWXtl<;, YLU t'llV ltQO- tEXVLXO E(OO<;. 0 MltTJQ<; to tQo<POOOt'llOE f.lE EVUV mJvbuuof.lo
    OtUO(U t'll; EltLXE(QTJOTJ<;· ~tL<; f.lw60botLXE<; xUtUOtUOELC; ltQOOEXtLXU EltLAEYIlEVooV AElttOf.lEQELWV xm UMoxotWv,
    tOY XUtUXWQLOE 00<; «MltOVVU MEU, bOAO<pOVO<;». 'OvtW; El;uLQEtLXWV YEYOVOtooV, OltooOOij:rtOtE «UltLOtEUtooV». Su
    UlttlQXE XQUOU<PL OE XELVOU<; tOU<; UV6QUXOAO<POU<;, UAAU TJ f,lltOQOVOE vu 6EooQTJ6EL ltQooQOf.lo<; tOU «MUYLXoV PEUAL-
    EltLXE(QTJOTj OEV f!QLOXOtUV Oto owOto OTJf.lE(O XL EtOL, XWQ(; 0f.l0v», ltOU uVa:n:tVX6TjXE 0t'YJ bLUQXELU tou bEVtEQOU f.lLOoV
    Eu6VVTJ toU MltTJQ<; - OE OAE<; tL<; OOUAELE; tOU ijtuv ltoM tOU 20au mwvu ij xm f.lLU OTJf.lUvtLXll E:rtLOtQO<pij Otov rOUWA-
    UltOOOtLXO; - to oVf,lltuv XUtEQQEUOE OE f.lEQLXOV<; Iltl VE ;. tEQ ~XWt [Sir Walter Scott, 1771-1832], to IlEYUAO (1)llwuQ-
    BUVUOtTJOE of.lw<; tTJ OtijATJ tOU «TIOAUAOYU» OE f.lLUV UAATJ yo «f.lU6LOtOQLWV». AQXEL vu QC1;OUf.lE f.lLU f.lUtLU OtO Aijf.lf.lU
    E<PTJf.lEQ(ou tou ~UV <l>Quvo(oxo. H Wasp toy ltQOOEAUj3E w; Mu9to'toQ........a, Oto AAcpafJ1JidQI: «rtu t'll !-lU6LOtOQLU, to
    mJvtUXtTJ tOY IuvouuQw tOU 1881. TotE 6u SEXLVOVOE - f.lU6LOtOQTJf.lU ELvm O,tL 1) <pootoYQu<p(u YLU t'll ~WYQU<PLXij». 0
    OAoo; ltuQubol;oo; UltO to YQUIlf.lU «P» - tU Atlf.lf.lUtU ltOU 6u bLELolhmx6<; EltLIlEATJtii<; tOU EQYOU tOU Mlt1)Q<; XUtUAaj3U(VEL

    20 21
    TY)V «EOW'tEQtXtl OXEar\» 'tOlV btTJYTJl1u't(uv yta 'tOY EI1q:nJAW, /-t6vo I1La :rtQ6<paOTJ Xat 6Xt at'tla yta 'to XWQLol16 'to'U~, 'to
    'tWV «MuSwv» xat 'twv <paV'taonxwv ta'toQtWV, :rt0'U EX0'UV 1888, :rtaQ6Ao :rt0'U :rtoM aQy6'tEQa Sa E~O/-toAoytmaV O1:L~
    tlQWE~ :rtOAL'tE~. 'OI1W~ TY)V aVal1<Ptof3tlTY)TY) :rtQ01:LI1TJOTJ 'tWV X6QE~ 'to'll :rtw~ TJ /-tTJ'tEQa 'to'U~ TJ1:av TJ /-tEyUATJ ayu:rtTJ 'to'll. TTJv
    avayvW01:WV TY)V avYXEV'tQWOaV OL <paV'ta01:LXE~ L01:0QLE~. E:rt6/-tEVTJ XQOVtU, 0 N'taLTJ, 0 bExaEmuXQovo; yw~ 'to'll, aVEQ-
    ~TY)V ayyA6<pwVTJ AOY01:EXV(a bEY 'U:rtUQXEt 'tL:rt01:E :rtaQ611OLo X6/-tEVO~ bT]!lomoYQu<po~, amO:rt'llQo(3oAtlSrrXE a<pO'lJ :rtQW1:a
    !lE 'ta btTJytll1a'ta 'to'll EI1<p'UA(O'U, :rt0'U avVEX~O'UV va avyxw- oxmwoE 'toy xaM'tEQ6 'to'll <pLAO yta XUQTJ EVO~ xOQt'tmoo.
    v~o'Uv 'tOY avayvwOTY), ax611TJ xat I1E'tu a:rt' 6Aa 'ta d;atQE'tt- H YQa<ptl 'to'll M:rtTJQ~ EytvE ax6/-tTJ mo :rtLxQ6XOATJ. '000
    xu XELI1EVa YLa 'tOY :rt6AE110 :rt0'U YQu<p1:TJxav I1E'tU 'to 1914. YLa 'tOY XEQ01: ... 'H'tav xa'tabEx'ttx6~ Xat xaAo:rtATJQW'ttl;,
    Ax6!lTJ Xat 'ta YQamu 'to'll P6!1:1tEQ't rXQEtf3~ [Robert Graves, aAAu 0 MJtT]Q~ bEY UQYTJOE v' aV'tLATJ<pSEL Xat v' aV1:L/-tE'tw:rtL-
    1895-1985], a~ :rtOUI1E, tl 'to'll BaOLAt rXQ60!lav [Vasily OEt !lE xaX'll:rtO'ljJLa 'ta :rtOAL'ttXU OXEbtu 'to'll. (OL Aa"(Xt01:tXE~
    Grossman, 1905-1964], 6'tav avYXQLVOV1:at I1E 'to abEXa01:0 E<pTJ/-tEQLbE~ 'to'll E~'U:rtTjQE1:ouoav 'tTJv Em8'U!lLa 'to'll va YLVEL
    Tatxal1uo'Uyxa [Chickamauga] 'to'll MJtT]Q~, <paLvoV'tat oav nQ6EbQo~). AMu OL :rtQOObOXLE~ 'to'll EQyob6TY) 'to'll Eytvav
    va l1a~ A'U:rtOUV1:at, oav va !la~ xQuj3o'Uv xU:rtota :rtQuYl1a'ta. xm bLXE~ 'to'll, 6'tav 'to 1896 0 XEQ01: 'toy €01:ELAE OTY)v O'Uu-
    o M:rtTJQ~ 'UJtT]QE'tOUOE OTY)V 'ta~taQXLa 'to'll XEt~EV, OTY) mvyx'tov, YLa va oQyavwoEL EX01:Qa'tE(a EvuV'tLa 01:0V K6A.-
    ~6Q't~ta, 6'tav 'to ~EmEI1j3QLO 1863 ~EonaoE fJ I1UXfJ 'tTJ; AL~ II. XUV'tLVYX'tOV [Collis P. Huntingdon, 1821-1900].
    Tatxal1uO'Uyxa,. 0 O1:Qa't6~ 'twv BOQELWV omoSoxwQTJOE, o M:rtTJQ~ a:rtExSavo'tav 'tOY XuV'ttvyx'tov, f3E'tEQUVO TY)~
    Eyxm;aAELnOV1:a; 16.000 VEXQOV~ Xat (3aQLu nAfJyw/-tEVO'U~. Emj3LWOTJ~ /-tta~ YEVtU~ abLo'tax'twv xam'taALO'twv 7:TJ;
    'Onw~ OL nEQtOomEQOL naALoL O1:Qa'ttw'tE~, 0 MnTJQ~ EnvL~E /-tE'tEI1<p'UAtaxtl~ E:rtOXtl~. H X'Uf3EQVTJOTJ AlVXOAV ElXE bavELO-
    /-tEoa 'to'll 'tL~ <pQLxLa01:LXE;, X'UQLOAEX'tLXU anEQLYQamE;, bo'ttloEL 'tTJV Southern Pacific Railroad Company, no'll 'to'll
    /-tVtl!lE~ 'to'll nOAE/-to'U, yta bExaE'tLE~. TEALXU, TJ 'tEXVTJ 'to'll aVtlXE. Ta XQtl/-ta'ta bEY E:rtE01:Qu<PTJOav Xat 'twQa 0 XUV'tLV-
    xa'tu<pEQE va 0XTJl1a'tonOLtl0EL 'tTjv TOLxal1uo'Uyxa, 6XL yx'tov :rtQOWSOUOE 01:0 KOYXQEOO vOl1oOXEbw, 'to O:rtOLO
    «<pW'toYQa<pLxu», aAAu an6 TY)v U:rtO'li'TJ 'twv avvEnEtWV TY)~, aVE01:EtAE 'to XQEO~ yta E(3bo/-ttlV'ta :rtEV'tE XQ6vta. rLa 'to'U~
    I1E 'ta l1u'tta Ev6~ xw<puAaAo'U ayoQwu. E:rt6I1EVO'U~ I1tlVE~, 0 MnTJQ~ bTJI100LE'UE avYXAOVt01:LXU 01:0L-
    To nQW1:o f3tf3ALO 'to'll, OL IaroQ(E~ yw I7:QaTiwu~ xat XELa O1:t~ E<PTJ/-tEQLbE~ 'to'll XEQ01:, 01:0 ~av ~QavoLoxo Xat
    IIo)'iu:~
    [Tales of Soldiers and Civilians], EI1<pavLOTY)xE 'to 'tTJ NEa YOQXTj. Mta TJ/-tEQa, O1:a axaALu 'to'll Kant'twA(o'U, 0
    1891. AmTj TJ «oo(3aQtl» bTJI1LO'UQYLXtl EXQTJ~TJ E(XE av!1:1tEOEL XUV'tLVYX'tOV 'to'll ~TJ1:TJOE va OQLOEt TY)v 'tLlltl 'to'll. «.H Ti/-l7j
    I1E TY)V xU'ta01:Qo<prJ TY)~ :rtQOOW:rtLXtl~ 'to'll ~wtl~. E~aYQtWSTjXE /-Iov» anUVTY)oE EXELVO~, «eiVQl EfJ()o/-l7jV7:a neV7:E EXa7:0/-l/-lv-
    mav avaxuAuli'E TY)V EQW'tLXtl Em01:0Atl :rt0'U ELXE O1:ELAEt OTY)v QW oolldQw. Av, 67:av Elan: E7:0l/-l0~ va nll7]QwoEu, 7:VXa(VEt
    M6M'U xU:rtotO~ ~av6~ :rtEQa01:LX6~ an6 TY)V KaAL<p6QvLa. va IlElnw, /-InoQElu va 7:a OWOEU 07:0 q;(Ilo /-Iov, 7:0 Orjoav-
    'Iow~, amTj TJ Myw ant01:La TY)~ M6M'U, va /-tTJV TJ1:av :rtaQu Qoq;vllaxa 7:WV HVW/-IEVWV IIolllulwv». H anuV'tTJOTJ EYLVE

    22 23
    1tQ{J)'toOEAL~1O O'tL~ ECPTJIlEQ(bE~ 6ATJ~ T% XWQa~ 1<aL 'to To av"cLIlE"CW1tL~E (OOO~ oav IlLo. 1l0Qcprj Eu80.vo.o(a~. 'H8EAE
    KOY1<QEOO a1tEQQL'1pE "Co. OXEbLa "COU XuvnVY1<"Cov. va ayoovLO"CEt O"CO 1tAEUQ6 "coov aV"CaQ"Cwv "Cou iluV"Coo BtYLa
    To ~E1<EIlj3QLO "Cou 1899, 0 M1tTJQ~ E1tEO'tQE'1pE O"CTJv OUUOL- [Pancho Villa / Doroteo Arango Ar_mbula, 1877-1923] rj yo.
    y1<"Cov YLa IlOVLIlTJ EY1<a"CuO"CaOTJ. 'H"Cav a1<61lTJ U1tUMTJAo~ "cou "Cov 1tuQEL Xo.llLU o.bE01to"CTJ; E1<"C6~ "Cou"Cou, O'UVEXLOE va LOXU-
    XEQO"[ 1-taL 1tEQU;rj"CTJ"CO~, 6"Cav YLa 1<a1<rj "Cou TUXTJ, o"cL~ aQXE~ Q~E"CaL 1too~ 0 1t6AEIl0~ "Cov EvbLECPfQf o.1<OIlTJ. eO. !t1toQouoa-
    "Cou 1901, 0 ALY1<, 0 bEmEQo~ yLO~ "Cou - E1t(OTJ~ bTJ!.I.OOLOYQUqJO~ flE Aom6v va 1tEQLIlEVOUflE 1<L aMa <<YQ<l.1t"Cu» E1tt "Cou 8E!.I.a-
    - 1tE8aVE an:6 1tVEUllov(a O"CTJ NEa Y6Q1<TJ. TEooEQa XQ6vLa "Co~; rVOOQ~OUIlE 1too~ "Cov 01<"CWj3QLO E1tL01-tEcp8TJ1<E "Co. 1to.ALU
    aQY6"CEQa 1tE8aVE 1<aL TJ M6MU M1tTJQ~, a<p<>U E1tL"CEA.ou~ EtXE 1tEbta "CooV ftaxwv "Cou EflcptJAtOU, O'Uf.l1tEQLAo.flj3o.VO!.l.EVTJ~ "CTJ~
    U1tOI3UMEL at"CTJOTJ bLa~uytOu. ~"Co IlE"Casu, 0 M1tTJQ~ 1taQrjyaYE TOL1<aIlUOUYXo., 1<aL 1too~ EqJ"CaoE O"CO TEso.~, 0.1t' 61tou "Co.xu-
    YLa "Cov XEQO't EL1<OOL"CEOOEQL~ CPOQE~ «1tEQLOO6"CEQO» AAcpaf31J- bQ6ftTJOE !.I.EQLxa YQuflllo."Ca. To av 1<aL xa"Cu 1t600 TJ E1tLO"COArj
    'Ui(}l. To AAcpaf31JTQ(}1 ev6~ KVVlXoV [The Cynic's Word Book] 1tOU EAo.l3E TJ YQalllla"CEo.~ XaL oUV"CQocpo~ "Cou KUQu KQ(-
    EllcpavCO"CT]1<E "Co 1906 1<L 0 E1<b6"CTJ~ "COU, 0 N"Ca!t1tAV"CatTJ, rj"Cav O"CLavoov -1<aL CPEQf"CaL oo~ TJ "CEAEU"Co.to., ftE TJftEQollTJVta an:o-
    1tavEmuX'1~ IlE "COV"Ct"CAo. ilEQLAa!.l.l3avE "Co oUVOAO "Cwv ATJ!.I.lla- O'tOAij~: 26 ~EXEIlI3QtOU 1914 - "CaxubQollij8TJ1<f an:6 "CTJv TOL-
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    xa'tL :ltEQLOOO'tEQO ano 't01J~ aM01J~. M:n:QclV'tU oua. {< ayyA. Brandy}. HbiJ:ltO'to q:rtLaYflEVO flE Eva
    flEQO~ !AJtafl-!AJt01Jfl, Eva flEQO~ flE'tavLwfla'to~, buo flEQ'll
    MOQcproOTJ oua. To ECbo~ ayvOLa~ :lt01J xaQax't'llQ(tEL aYQL01J I;ExOLALaofla'to~, Eva flEQO~ :It'twfla'tO:ltoC'l1011~ xm
    't01J~ O:ltOUOUOflEV01J~. n:ooEQa flEQ'll xa8aQou ~a'tava. EV()e()eLYflEV'll ()OO11:
    Eva xQavCo I;EXELAO, xa8E O'tLYfltl Tr]~ flEQa~. To M:ltQa-
    Mou avl'lUv. 0 avaQfloO'to~ W:ltO~ 't01J Eyw. H :ltQOOW:ltL- V't1J, lOmE 0 ~Q. TI;6voov [Samuel Johnson 1709-1784]
    xtl avtWVUflCa EXEL 'tQEL~ 'tU:lt01J~, 'tOY El;o1JOLaO'tLxo, 'tOY ECvm :ltO'to YLa tlQWE~. Movo Eva~ tlQwa~ EXEL'tO x01JQa-
    avaQfloO'to xm 'tOY xa'ta:ltLEO'tLxO. Ka8E W:ltO~ ECvm OL YLO va 'to :ltLEL.
    aAAOL Mo.
    Muya Tonoe oua. AcpQLxavLxo Evtoflo - Glossina
    Moul-lta oua. AQxaCo~ ALYU:lt'tLO~, 'tOY O:ltoCO oAa 'ta crUY- morsitans - 'tou O:ltoCOU 'to 'tOLfl:It'I1fla 8EwQEC'tm 'to a:lto-
    XQova :ltOAL'tLOflEva E8v'll XQ'llOLfl0:ltOLouoav :ltaALo'tEQU 'tEAEOfla'tLxO'tEQo cpaQflaxo YLa Tr]v ai.i:n:vLa, av xm flEQL-
    oav cpaQflaxo. ~tlflEQa oflW~ 1J:It'llQE'tEC Tr]v 'tEXV'll, XOL ao8EvEL~ :ltQO'tLflOUV 'tOY AflEQLxavo fl1J8LO'toQLoYQa-
    :ltaQExovta~ flLav El;mQE'tLXtl XQwO'tLXtl 01JOLa. IlaQaA- cpo - Mendax interminabilis ['PE1JboflEVO~ 0 ALWVLO~].
    A'llAa, XQ'llOLflEUEL xm O'ta flO1JOECa, YLa va bLaoxEbatEL
    't'll xubaCa :ltEQLEQYELa :ltOU EmflEVEL va ()LaxQLVEL 'tOY MuOw'toQTJI-la[45] oua.'Eva :ltaQaYEflLOflEVO bLtlY'llfla.
    av8Qw:lt0 a:lto 'ta xa'tw'tEQa twa. ECbo~ crUV8E011~ :lt01J ECvm YLa 't'll Aoyo'tExvCa O,'tL 'to
    :ltavoQafla[46] YLa 't'll tWYQacpLxtl· Aoyw 'tou fleyaA01J

    144 145
    f.ltlXOUS; 'tou, bEY f.lnOQEL va blaj3aO'tEL f.lOVOf.llaS;, XaL OL qJOS; f.lUS; ELVaL bUO'tUXL0f.lEVO nAa0f.lU, Evas; arrAOS; bTJf.lO~
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    f.la ELVaL O,'tL TJ qJw't0YQaqJLu YLU 'tTj ~wYQaqJlXtl. H blU~ XaSE j3tlf.lu 'tou 'tTjv U'tEAElW'tTJ uAuoLba»[48) nou oqJUQTJ~
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    XaL 'to 'tonoSE'tEL oUqJWS; O'tTjv xa'tTJyoQLU 'tTJS; bTJf.lOOLO~ 'tQE f.looj3TJO'tov O'tTJv aj3uooo 'tTjS; aYVOLaS; 'tOU Yla 'to
    YQuqJLXtlS; uV'tanoxQlOT]S;, EVW, UV'tL8E'tU, '11 EAEUSEQLU SEf.lU'tOU EQYOU 'tou. YnaQXouv XOQUqJULU f.lUSLO'tOQtl~
    XLVtl0EWV 'tOU auYYQaqJEu f.lUSlO'tOQLWV 'tov Enl'tQEnEl f.lU'tU, nou OL O'UYYQaqJELS; 'tOUS; «OnU'taATJOUV f.llU OAO~
    va XQl1OLf.l0nOLtl0El OOT] qJaV'taoLu SEAEl 0 LbLOS;. Ol XATJQTJ ~Wtl» YLa vu 'ta bTJf.lLOUQYtl0ouv, wO'tooo nUQu~
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    qJUV'tUOLU XaL qJuv'taoLu. H 'tEXVTJ 'tou f.lUSLO'toQtlf.lU'tOS; nou blUSE'tOUf.lE ELVaL 'to «XLALES; XUL /-tLU NVX'tES;».
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    O'tl1v aATJSOqJaVEla, ouv baf.laOf.lEVO aAOYO 0't0 nuxvl, O'tLES; f.lV'tES;, 0 rE'tLOS; - auYYQaqJEas; 'tTjS; nQo~XLOuf.l0Ql~
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    f.lUXQla ano yxEf.lla XaL xaAlvuQlU. 0 f.lUSlO'tOQlOYQa- f.lLUS; f.lV'tTjs; ELVaL VU XWVE'taL O'tlS; UnOSEOElS; 'twv aAAWV,

    146 147
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    148 149
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    208 209
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    [1] ToAAcpaf3rrcuQI TOV LJtaf36Aov UgxLOE va &U.lOOLEUE'tat-


    roto 'to ygu[.l[.la «P» - 'to 1881, OtTJv E[360[.la6LaLa Eq:YlWEgL6u
    <<Icprjxa TOV l:'av WQavaiaxo» [San Francisco Wasp] Xat OUVEX(-
    OtTJXE [.lE u'tux'tov<; guS[.loU<; Xat [.leyw..E<; 6LuxonE<; [.lEXgL'tO 1906,
    onmE Xat ExMSI']XE YLU ngtlmj cpogu OE [3L[3ALO [.lE 'tOY 'tt'tAo To
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    'tl'tAo, nou ElXE EJtL[30AEL O'tO ovyygUcpEU - roto Sgl']O'XEmLxt1
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    'to[.l0 'tI']<; OVYXEV'tgW'tLXt'j<; Ex600l']<; Ta 'EQYa TOV Ap:n:Qoovl;
    M:n:1JQC; [The Collected Works of Ambrose Bierce /12 Vol., Neale,
    New York, 1909-12].
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    IlE'taqJQua'tlj . nUQuo0OTt, 0 Ivxov~o'U~ [Incubus] xm 'to 8llA'Ux6 'to'U aV'tL-

    238 239
    otOLXO, T] ~OUXO'\JIl:7tOU~ [Sucubus] U:7ttlQsuv aYYEAOL, OL O:7tO(OL 'tOV :7tAOU'tO. 'E'tOL 8EooQtl8T]XE :7too~ UVLLotOLXE( OE Xa:7tOLOV 8E6
    EXUOUV 'tT] 8EOT] 'tou~ 6C:rtAU oto 8E6. tl 6u(llova xm xa8LEQw8T]XE.
    [32] T600 0 I:7t:7t6YQu:7t0~ 600 xm 0 rQU:7tO~ 6EV E(vm E:7tL- [39] Ta Maotuvyx ECvm IlLxQ6000Ila OXAT]QayooYT]IlEVa xm
    VOtlOEL~ 'tOU M:7tT]Q~, uUa IlU80AOYLxa 'tEQaLU. OL rQU:7tOL !lU; u'tLeuoa allEQLxavLxa aAoya, :7tOU :7tQoEQXOVLm a:7t6 LO:7taVLXtl
    :7tuQu6(60VLUL OUV 'tEQaotLOL UE'tO( IlE OWIlU ALOVLUQLoU tl OUV Qa'toa.
    'tEQaotLu ALOVLaQLU IlE XECpaAL xm :7t66LU UE'tOU. Tu vUXLU nov [40] ME'ta LT]v allEQLxavLxtl E:7tUVaotaOT], L6Qu8T]xUV :7tOA-
    :7t06LWV 'tOU~ ECvm IlEYaAU ouv XEQU'tU ~06LOU. 'Exouv 'tEQaotLU AO( E8vLXOL oUv6EOIlOL, IlE oxo:7t6 'tT]V :7tQow8T]0T] :7toM 6La<poQE-
    [)UVUIlT]· M:7toQouv VU OT]XWOO'UV ux61lT] xm EM<pUVLU otT] QaXT) LLXWV :7tOALLLXWV xm OLXOVOIlLXWV OUIl<PEQ6VLoov. 'Eva~ a:7t6
    'tOu~. 0 I:7t:7t6YQU:7t0~ E(vm xUQ:7t6~ 'tOU EQOYtU Ev6~ UQOEVLXOU LOU~ OT]llaVLLx6'tEQOU~ tlLUV T] Tammany Society 'tT]~ NEU~ Y 6Q-
    rQU:7tOU xm IlLU~ <poQa6u~. IIQ6xEL'tm YLU <pLEQ0Yt6 aAoyo IlE XT]~. Ta IlEAT] LT]~ XOOQ~oVLav OE oWi6E~ IlE aQXT]You~, OL O:7tOL-
    xE<paAL UE'tOU. AE't(OLU ELvm xm 'tU !l:TtQootLva'tOU :7t66ta. E:rtEL- OL E<pEQav 't('tAOU~ 6avELollEvou~ a:7t6 'tou~ IltlVE~ 'tOU Lv6LaVLxou
    6tl oUll<PooVU IlE LT]v IlEOmoovLXtl :7tuQa600T] OL rQU:7tOL xm 'tU T] IlE QOAOY LOU. 'Evu~ 'tE'tOLO~ 't('tAo~ tl'tav 0 MEya~ IvxoX6vL
    MOYU tlLUV 8uvaOLIlOL EX8Qo(, 0 I:rt:rt6YQu:7t0~ OUIl~OA~EL 'to [Incohonee].
    EVLEAW~ u6uvu't0. [41] BEQ~EXEQOL: aYQLOL xm 6uvaLo( ~xuv6LVa~oL :7tOAEIlL-
    [33] AE't6~: 'to :7tuQU'tOoUXAL'tOU XQ'UooU UIlEQLXUVLxoU 6EXU- otE~, 6LljJaollEvoL YLa aLlla xm xa'taotQo<pij.
    66AUQOU. [42] 0 AUotQLax6~ YLa'tQ6~ AVLOV MEOIlEQ [Franz Anton
    [34] H VT]X'tLXtl XUotT] ELvm UVaL0IlLx6 XUQUXLT]QLotLX6 OQL- Mesmer, 1734-1815] LoxuQL~mav :7too~ 'to VEUQLX6 Ila~ oUotT]lla
    0IlEVooV ljJUQLWV. IIQ6xEL'tm YLU :7tQOEX'tUOT] 'tou OLoo<payou :7tO'U 6La8E'tEL llayvT]'tLx6 <p0Q't(0, 6:7too~ 0 :7tAavij'tT]~ Ilu~, xm 'to ov6-
    YEIl~EL IlE UEQU xm :7tU~EL IlEYaAo Q6AO otT]v U6QOotaLLXtl llaOE «ZooLx6 MayvT]'tLoIl6». XQT]OLIlO:7tOLT]OE 'tOV u:rtVOYtLOIl6
    LOOQQO:7t(u. oav 8EQa:7tEULLxtl IlE8060. 0 U:7tVoo'tLOIl6~ EYLVE 1l66a xm 0
    [35] 0 xu<poov tlLUV IlLU SUALVT] OUOXEUtl- ouv xUQu08Quu- MEOIlEQ LOIl6C; ExaoE YQtlyoQa LT]v :7tQWLT] - E:7tL0'tT]1l0VLXtl tl
    otT]~ U~ :7tOUIlE - T] O:7to(u muv EXAELVE, 6EOllEUE LO Amll6 xm'tQ :7taQaE:7tLotT]Il0VLXtl - aSLa 'tOU.
    XEQLU 'tOU ~uOUVL~6IlEVOU. [43] 0 A:rt6otOAO~ IIauAo~ U:7ttlQSE Ev8EQIl0~ <l>aQLoaLo~,
    [36] BL~ALX6 :7tQ60oo:7t0. 0 BUAuall :7tLotEljJE otT] [)UVUIlT] 'to'U :7tQLV Y(VEL A:rt6otOAO~ LT]~ 6L6aoxaALac; 'tOU XQLotOU.
    8EOU, 6'tuv 0 yaL6uQ6~ 'tOU aQXLOE vu IlLAa. [44] 0 EgVot XaxEA [Ernst Haeckel, 1834-1919] tlLav UALotij~
    [37] 0 AYYAO~ OLxovolloA6yo~ T61lu~ MaA80u~ [Thomas <pLA6oo<pO~ xm E!;EALXLLX6~ ~LOA6yO~. 0 M:rtT]Q~ oagxa~EL LT]v aoa-
    Malthus, 1766-1834] E:7tLoijIlUVE LOV xLv6uvo 'tou U:7tEQ:7tAT]8u- <pELa xm aOUVE:7tELa 'toov E:7tLotT]Il0VDtWv 8EooQLWv LT]~ E:7tOXtl~ 'tOU.
    0IlOU YLU LT]v E:7tL~(ooOT] 'tOU uv8Qw:7tou xm :7tQmELvE 'tOV E8E- [45] MLAaEL ouYXExQLIlEva YLa 'to QEaALotLx6 IlU8Lot6QT]lla.
    AOUOLO :7tEQLOQLOIl6 'toov YEVVtl0EooV. [46] To :7tav6Qalla ECvm Eva~ :7tOAU IlEYaAOC; :7t(vaxu~ :7tOU
    [38] 0 MUlllloova~ 8EooQEL'tm 8E6~ 'tOU :7tAOU'tOU, LT]~ 6LljJu; ava:rcwooE'tm otOV 'tOLXO IlLa~ XUXALXtl~ aLeouoa~ xm 6LVEL otO
    YLU :7tAOmo . .6.EV U:7ttlQSE :7tO'tE xUIlLa 'tE'tOLU UQXu(u 8EmT]'tU. 8EaLij LT]v aL08T]0T] :7too~ ~QLOXE'tm IlEOa 'tou. To EL60~ ELXE IlEYa-
    ~LT]v Katvtj .dtaOrjXT/, 0 MaL8uLO~ xm 0 Aouxa~ XQT]OLIlO:7tOLOUV AT] :7tEQaOT] ota 'tEAT] 'tOU 180u xm 'tL~ aQXE~ 'tOU 190U mwvu.
    um6 'to ayvooO'tT]~ :7tQOEAEUOT]~ 6vOIlU, YLU vu XUQUXLT]QLOOUV [47] ME 'tT] AEST] «IlU8LotOQLa» 0 IlE'ta<PQaottl~ EVVOEL LT]

    240 241
    qlUVtUOll~tl nEQlnE'tnolfuj tl EQoyn~tl uq>rJyYJOT)· 'tT]C; qlLAoOOqlCaC; 'tou KuV't [Immanuel Kant, 1724-1804]. IIQ6~EL'tUl
    [48] IIQ6~n'tUl YlU un60nuo~u un6 'to nEQ(qlT]~O nO(T]~u
    YLU 'to nQuYl-lu, 'to XU8E UV'tLXE(l-lfVO, 6nooc; E(VUl OtYJv nQuYl-lu'tL-
    ,,0 TusLC')lW'tYJC; tl MLU IIQoon'tL~l'j 'tYJC; KOLVooV(UC; [The Traveler: xo'tT]'tu, un6 I-l0VO 'tou Xul 0XL 6nooc; 'to (3MnOUI-lE vu E(VUl. EI-lE(C;
    Or, A Prospect of Society, 1764] 'tou AI'I'AOU QL~o01tuOlT] ouY- . (3Mnoul-lE I-lOvO qlUlVOI-lEVU. II(ooo un6 umu UnOtC8E'tUl nooc; unuQ-
    YQUqlEU 'OAL(3EQ r~OAVtO~L8 [Goldsmith, Oliver, 1730-1774].' XOUV 'tu 'UALXU UV'tLXf(I-lEVU nou fQf8~ouv 'tLC; Ul08l'jonc; l-luC; Xul
    OMXAYJQYJ YJ OlQOqll'j, OtYJv ono(u UVl'j~EL 'to unoonuo~u nov Enn61'j I-l0VO I-lE ouOtYJI-lU'tLXtl AOYLXl'j ox6jJT] [voT]OT)] ~OQOUI-lE vu
    UVUqlEQEL 0 MnYJQC;, MEL: un08EOouI-lf nolC; ELVUl OtYJv nQuYl-lu'tLXO'tT]'tU umu 'tu UV'tLXE(I-lE-
    «'Onou ~L UV nl'jyu, OOU (3uoCAnu ~L UV E(6u, VU, YL' umo'tu OV0I-lUOf VOOUI-lEVU. 0 oUQXU0I-l0C; 'tou MJtYjQC; 6EV
    OUV U'tus(6EmYJ nuVtu T] ~UQ6LU ~ou ~Evn E(VUl XOOQ(C; vOT]!!U. H 6LUXQLOT) UVUl-lfOU Of NOOUI-lEVU Xul qlUl-
    XL OAO YUQ~n 'tQUqlEQU xOVtu OOU, nOVE~EVYJ_ V0I-lEVU f(VaL I-lLU noM nUQuxLv6uvEU~EVT] qlL"J...oOOqlLXl'j fvEQynu.
    nuV'tu ~OVtU oou, U6EAqlE, )tUl nuVtU OEQvn [53] IIQoqluvolC; fVVOE( 'tOY AYYAO qlLA600qlo Xul xQL'tLx6
    OE ~U8E (3l'j~u 'tYJC; ~L' U'tEAnoo'tYJ uAuo(6u». 'tT]C; AOYO'tfXV(UC; nooQ't~ XEVQU ALOULC; [George Henry Lewes,
    [49] LU~ql{J)VU ~E 'tTl Qoo~U'L~l'j ~U80AOY(U, 0 LU'toUQVOC; 1817-1878].
    [Satunmus], nou 'tUmL~mUV ~E 'tOY KQovo 'twv EMl'jvwv, muv [54] Tov oQo AMonu8T]'tLxtl fLa1']YUYE 0 rfQl-luv6C; YLU'tQ6C;
    ESOQ(OtYJ~E un6 'tOY 'OAU~O, ~E nQOYto(3ouA(U 'tou ~(u, nl'jYE OlO
    LU~OUEA XUVEI-lUV [Samuel Hahnemann, 1755-1843], ouv6uu~0-
    AU'tLO ~ul (6QUOE EVU (3uoCAno XUQUC; ~ul EUYJ~EQ(UC;. H nEQ(060C; V'tuC; 'touC; fMT]VLXEC; AEsnc; «UMOC;» XaL «nu80c;», YLU VU XUQu-
    'tTlC; (3UOLAECaC; 'tou E(VUl T] I-lU8L~l'j XQUa1'] Enoxl'j, MEL 0 Ho(060C;. x'tT]Q(on 'tLC; OXAT]QEC; LU'tQLXEC; I-lE8660uC; 'tT]C; fnoxl'jc; 'tou, nou
    [SO] LXoon'tLxl'j nUQuql80Qu 'tYJC; BUA'tLl-loQT]C;, T] ono(u OlU nEQLAUI-l(3uVUv 'tT]v Uqlu(I-lUST], 'tT]v nQoxAT]OT) EI-lE'toU XaL 'tT]v
    UYYALXU E(VUl Baltimore. 0 MnT]QC; uV'tLxu8LOtU 'tT]V XU'tUAT]ST] nUQoxl'j L6lU('tEQU 'tOSLXolV O'UOLolV. OL nQuX'tLXEC; umEC; E(XUV
    more [ouyxQL'tLXOC; (3u81-l0C; 'tou Em8E'tOu much, nou OT)I-lU(VEL
    uQXu(u EMT]VLXl'j 8fooQT]'tLXtl (3uOT) XaL EQI-ll'jVfUUV 'tLC; u08EvnfC;
    «noM»] I-lE 'tOY unEQ8E'tl~0 (3u81-l0 most. H ~U'tUAYJST] more unM ouv 6LU'tUQUXl'j 'toov 'tEOOUQooV XUl-lolV 'tou uv8Qoon(vou Ooll-lu'toC;
    OUVT]XE( XUlYQUqlE'tUl 0I-lOLU I-lE 'to EnC8E'tO. To 6v0I-lU 'tT]C; U~EQL­ [u(~u. qlMYl-lu, l-luuQTj Xul ~('tQLVT] XOAl'j], 'toov 'twouQoov XU'tU-
    XUVLXl'jC; n6AT]C; nQoEQXE'tUl uno 'tOY 'tL'tAO 'tou nQW1:ou AyyAOU
    OtuOEooV 'tou ool~U'tOC; [8EQI-ll'j, '/J'UXQl'j, uYQl'j Xul ST]Ql'j] Xul 'toov
    6LOLXT]'t1'] 'tT]C; Caecilius Calvert, 2nd Baron Baltimore [1605-1675]. 'tfOOUQooV q>UOLXolV OtOLXE(WV [YT], UEQUC;, qlOYtLU Xul VEQO].
    L'tT] 6LuQxnu 'tou 180u ulolVU, T] BUA'tLl-loQT] unl'jQSE OT)l-luV'tLx6-
    [55] H XU'tUAT]ST] «ox» 'tT]C; UYYALXl'jC; MST]C; «Orthodox» E(VUL
    'tU't0 ALI-lUVL Xul (3LOI-lT]XUVLXO XEV'tQO 'tT]C; BOQnuc; AI-lEQLXl'jC;. T]XT]'tLXl'j. ~T]Au6l'j 6EV Exn SEXooQLOtl'j OT)~uo(u, 6f60I-lEVOU 6'tL T]
    Tooo OtOV AYYAOU~EQLXUVLXO nOAEI-lO 'tou 1818, 600 Xul OtOV
    MsYJ E(VUl I-lf'tUYQUq>rJ 'tT]C; EMT]VLXl'jC; «OQ8660soC;» [OQ86C;
    AI-lEQLXUVLXO EI-lq>UALO, EYLVE XEV'tQO UlI-lU'tT]QWv ouYXQOUOEooV. -~6su]. H T]XT]'tLxl'j 'tT]C; 0I-lOL6'tT]'tu I-lE'tT] MST] «ox» [(306L] 6T]I-lL-
    [51] 0 Ot(X0C; UVl'jXEL OtYJv oo6l'j 'tOU rOUEQ't~YOUfQ8 «Nusnc; OUQYT]OE EVu AU'LX6 UOtf(O, 'to ono(o oUQxu~n 0 MnT]QC;.
    A8uvuo(uC; uno 'tLC; Avul-lvl'jonc; 'toov IIQW1:ooV IIUl6Lxolv XQo-
    [56] OL OuUOLVYX'tOVLOL [Washingtonians] unl'jQsuv I-lLU uno
    voov [Intimations of Immortality from Recollections of Early
    'tLC; nQW1:EC; EAfU8EQLaXEC; xOLv6'tT]'tfC; uno(xoov OtYJv LOtOQ(U'toov
    Childhood, 1807].
    H.II.A. KU'tOLXOUOUV XOVtu OlOv nO'tu~o IIo'tol-lux, 0tYJ OT)I-lEQL-
    [52] To NOoUl-lEVOV E(VUl I-lLU un6 'tLC; OT)!!UV'tLXmfQfC; EWOLEC; vl'j nfQLOXl'j 'tT]C; OUUOLY~'tOV.

    242 243
    [57] OL ltEQOLXE~ WLXE~ ltaQa66oEL~ ltEQLYQacpow 'to 1:LlloUQ- 6LEL06'U0'l] 'twv H.IT.A. XUQLW~ 0't0 ITO'llEQ'tO PLXO XaL 't1]v KoU[3a
    yx [Simurgh] oav Eva 'tEQaO'tLO ltaywvL IlE XEqxlAL OXUAou XaL [1898], OL EltLXELQ1]lla'tLXE~ 6'UvaO'tLE~ 'twv POXqJEAEQ XaL N'tLOUX,
    6oV'tLa ALoV'taQLou. ELVaL a8ava'tO, YL' amo EC6E ltOME~ qJOQE~ 'tOY uva6LoQYavwoav't0 EIlltOQLO 't1]~ ~axaQ1]~ XaL 61]IlLOuQY1]oav Eva
    x601l0 va xa'taO'tQEqJE'taL XaL va 1;avaYEvvLE'taL. A'U'tl'j 1] EIlltELQLa 'tQaO't, 'to OltOLO ijAEYXE 'to 98% 'to'll 6LaxLvoullEVO'll ltQO·LOV'tO~.
    'to ExavE ltavooqJo XaL ltaV't06waIl0. H ltaQa600'l] 6EV avuqJEQEL [65] Ev6EXOIlEVW~ va EVVOEL 'tOY AIlEQLxav6 OOOLaALatij
    ltOLO~ ELVaL aXQL[3w~ 0 OXOltO~ 't1]~ ultaQ1;1]~ amou 'to'll 'tEQa'tO~. 'AAIlltEQ't MrtQL0IlltEW [Albert Brisbane, 1809-1890] 0 OltOLO~ axo-
    <l>aLVE'taL ltW~ altAa ltaQa't1]QEL 'tL YLVE'taL O'tov x60IlO. Aou80uOE 'tL~ L6EE~ 'tou raMO'll omOltLXoU OOOLaALatij 1:aQA <l>0'll-
    [58] To 1863, 0't1] 6LaQxELa 'tou AIlEQLxavLxou EllqJUALOU, 0 QLE [Francois Marie Charles Fourier, 1772-1837]. To 1843 L6Q'Uol!
    BOQa~ XaL 0 No'to~ ELXav 't1]v a't'UXLa va auyxQouO'touv O't1]v IlLa ltELQalla'tLxij am06LaXELQL~oIlEV1] XOLVO't1]'ta 0't0 NLO'U nEQ-
    ltEQLOXij TOLxallayxoua [Chickamauga]. H L6LOIloQqJLa 'tou OEU XaL 't1]V OV61laOE <l><iAayya 't1]~ BOQELOU AIlEQLXij~.
    'tOltLOU, avayxaoE 'tOU~ 6uo O'tQa'tou~ va auyxQouO'toVV OE auv- [66] AyvWO'tOL ELVaL OL Ema ltQEO'[3mEQOL 't1]~ EqJEOO'U.
    8ijXE~ ltQW't6yovou ltOAEIlOU oWlla IlE oWlla. OL EltLXEqJaAij~ BE[3aLa O't1]v 'EqJEO'o EYWE 1] 31] OLXO'llIlEVLxij 1:uv060t:; [431IlX.]
    Exaoav 'tEAELW~ 'tOY EAEYXO 'twv O'tQa'tLW'twv XaL altAa xa8Eva~ XaL Ema ELVaL OL EXXA1]O(E~ xa'ta'tov IwaVVl], aMa OL 1l6VOL yvw-
    OX6'tWVE 6ltOLOV E[3AEltE IlltQoO'ta'tOu ij 6CrtAa'tou. 0't0( Ema E(VaL OL Ema ITa(6E~, ltOU llaQ'tUQ1]oav O't1]V 'EqJEOO
    [59] ITav6aLIlOVLO ovollaoE 0 AYYAO~ ltOL1]'tij~ nwv MCA'tov 'tOY 60 Il.X. aLWva XaL 0 'taqJo~ 'to'U~ [3Q(OXE'taL ax61l1] EXEC.
    [John Milton, 1608-1674] 0't0 EQYO 'tou XallEVOt:; ITaQa6ELoo~ [67] 0 TouQ~ <l>ULQIlltUVX~ [Charles Fairbanks, 1852-1918]
    't1]v ltQW'tEUOUOU 't1]t:; qJUV'tUO'tLXijt:; EltLxQa'tELa~ 'tou 1:a'tava. urtijQ1;E uV'tmQ6E6Qo~ 'twv H.IT.A. mL ltQoE6QLU~ 8E66wQO'll
    [60] BAEltE 01]IlELWO'l] [22] PoUO[3EA't. E6w 0 Mlt1]Q~ xavEL AoyOltU(YVLO, XQ1]OLIlOltOLWV'ta~ 'to
    [61] 0 auYYQuqJEa~ ELVaL ltQaYlla'tLXO ltQ6owlto. ITQOXEL- OVOIlU EVOt:; ltEQL'P1]IlO'U ijQwu 'to'll AIlEQLXUVoU ltE~OYQaqJO'll Qua-
    'tal YLa 'tOY LO'tOQLXO XaL ltE~oYQaqJo Sabine Baring-Gould OLvyX'tOV 'IQ[3wyx [Washington Irving, 1783-1859]. 0 Pm Buv
    [1834-1924]. ITQaYlla'tLx6 - XaL 0'l]1laV'tLx6 - ELVaL XaL 'to [3L[3ALO QutvXA, 0't0 OIlWvvIlO 6LijY1]IlU, xOLlla'taL ltQw 't1]v allEQLxavLxij
    'tou Curious Myths of the Middle Ages [1867], aAAa 'P"OLxa muvaO'taO'l] XaL 1;ultVa IlE'ta 't1] ~LaxijQ'U1;1] 't1]~ AVE1;aQ't1]OLa~.
    6EV ltEQLEXEL 'tOU~ llu80u~ ltOU avaqJEQEL 0 Mlt1]Q~. [68] 1:'t0 ltOL1]IlU «0 BaOLALa~ 'twv EQA» [Erikoenig, 1782],0
    [62] EVVOEL'tOV 8E66wQo POUO[3EA't [Theodore Roosevelt, rXUL'tE U'P1]YEC'taL IlE 6QUIlU'tLx6 'tQ6lto ltW~ 0 [3uOLALa~ 'twv O'tOL-
    1858-1919], 260 ITQ6E6Qo 'twv H.IT.A. [1901-9] XaL ltQW1:0 XELWV EQA EXAE'ljJE EVU ltaL6L UltO 'tOY uwltomo ltU'tEQU 'tou. To
    EXqJQaO'tij 'tou allEQLxavLxou EltEx'ta'tLollou. OL EltEIl[3aoEL~ 'tou ltaL6L XU'tUAu[3U(VEL ltW~ 'to O'tOLXEL6 ltA1]OLa~EL. To AEEL O'tov
    O'ta EOW'tEQLxa aAAwv XWQwv ij'tav L6LaL'tEQa OXA1]QE~ XaL aLlla- ltU'tEQU 'tOU, uMa EXELVO~ 6EV 6(VEL O'l]llaOLU, WOltOU 0't0 'tEAO;
    't1]QE~. To ltaQa'toouxAL 'tOU ij'tav Teddy, 61]Aa6ij AQxou6axot:;. 'to xavEL. Qt:; ltQot:; 'tOY ltAa0IlU'tLXO llu80 «0 ~ijllo~ XaL 1] BLOIl1]-
    [63] EVVOEL'tO 61]1l0XQa'tLXO ltOAL'tLXO nwv 1:aQlt OutALall~ xuv(a ITaL6LWV», Illt0QOUIlE VU ult08EOOUIlE ltW~ oUQxa~EL 't1]v
    [John Sharp Williams, 1854-1932], 0 OltOLO~ UltEQaOltL~o'tav 't1]v ltAa'tWVLXij 8EWQLU 't1]~ 0llu6Lxij; uva'tQo'Pii~ 'twv ltaL6LWv Ill!
    OLxovollLxij UU'tovollLa 'tou allEQLxavLxou N6'tou, aqJou 0 L6LO~ Eu8Uv1] 'tou ~ijIlO'U.
    6La't1]QouoE 'P"'tELa O't1]v ltOAL'tELa 'tou MLOLOLltij. [69] 1:'t1]v UYYALXij, 1] AE1;1] «saw» O'l]IlULVEL XaL ltuQOLIl(a XaL
    [64] ME'ta'tov ltOAEIlO IoltuvLa~-AIlEQLxij~ XaL't1]v altOLXLaxij ltQL6vL.

    244 245
    [70] OL I1ElpwtLO!!EVOL u:rtijQ;av - xm ELvm ax6!iTJ - lila a:rt6 [76] John Milton [1608-1674]: KOQu<paLo~ AyyAo~ x"-amxt-
    tL~ LOXUQOtEQE~ !iUatLXE~ xm !!UatLXLatLXE~ !!aOOVLXE~ atOE~, !!E atij~ :rtOLTJtij~. 0 </O!!TJQo~» tT)~ aYYALxij~ yAWooa~. 'Eva a:rto ta
    OTJ!!avtLxij EJ'tLQQOij atTJv OLXOVO!!La xm tT)v :rtOALtLxij. AQXEL va o:rtaubmOtEQa EQYa tau ECvm to !!EYaAO EJ'tLXO :rtoCTJ!!a 0 Xa!!E-
    OTJ!!ELWSEL :rtW~ OL ()UVa!!LxOtEQOL I1ElpwtLO!!EVOL tT)~ AYYALa~ VO~ I1aQubELoo~ [Paradise Lost], ato o:rto(o :rtEQtYQU<PEL xm tT)v
    xm tT)~ BauaQ(a~ E:rtm;av o:rtou{)a(o QOAO OtT)v (bQuOTJ tT)~ :rtQW- J'tt6>OT) twv aYYEAillV, !!E EUSUVTJ tau l:atavu. BEj3aLa Ebw 0
    tT)~ KO!!!!OUVLatLXij~ tUESVOU~. l:E SEWQTJtLXij j3uOTJ, J'tLatEUOUV M:rtT)Q~ aatELEuEtm. 0 MCAtov bEY MEL :rtOUSEVU tC:rcotE OX,Ettx6
    :rtW~ EJ'tLXOLVWVOUV !!E to eEO !!EOW tWV auvELbTJmaxwv bLEQYa- !!E tT)v J'tUQ(tLba.
    mwv tOU~ xm 0XL !!EOW tEAEtWV xm SQTJOXEUtLXWV !iUatTJQCwv, [77] l:tTJ Pw!!mOXaSOAtxij EXXATJOCa, to PEXj3LE!! E(vm :rtQo-'
    O:rtW~ OL UAAoL XQLatLavoC. OEUXij U:rtEQ ava:rtauoEw~ tWV 'IjIuxwv. H !!oumxij aUVSEOT) !!E to
    [71] H AatLVLXij EXlpQaOTJ OTJ!!a(vEL «I1aSTJtLXOC I1ElpwtLO!!E- CbLO ovo!!a j3aoCl;Etm OtT) bo!!ij tT)~ SQTJOXEUtLXij~ AELtOuQy(a~.
    VOL» xm bTJAWvEL tT)v EOwtEQLatLXij tuOTJ twv I1E<pwtLO!!EVWV, YLa [78] A:rto ta aQxaCa XQovLa, XUXAO<POQOUOE TJ u:rto'ljlTJ :rtw~ TJ
    tau~ O:rtO(au~ TJ SQTJOXECa ijtav EOwtEQLXij, OUVELbTJmaxij U:rtOSEOTJ. l:aAa!!uvbQa ECXE tTJv Lxav6tT)ta va avtEXEL tT) <pwtLU. l:tT)
    [72] H <PQUOT) avijXEL ato PW!iaCo a;LW!!atOuXo Flavius bLuQXELa tOU MEoaCwva, TJ u:rtO'ljlTJ autij ;E:rtEQaoE XUSE OQLO
    Vegetius Renatus, yvwato !!OVO yLa to j3Lj3A(O Ile(J{ JloAipov LltE- <pavtaoCa~, :rtQOoSEtOvta~ OtT) !!LXQij oauQa <ptEQU xaL j3ul;o-
    ~aywyrj<; [De Re MililariJ :rtou EYQa'ljJE YUQw ata 390 !!.x. xm vtu~ tTJV va YEvvLEtm xm va XatOLXEC atL~ <PAOYE~.
    ECvm a<pLEQW!!EVO atOV autoxQutoQa BaAEvtLVLavo [Flavius [79] 0 M:rtTJQ~ :rtQo<pavw~ ava<pEQEtm ELQWVLXU atOV :rtOAU-
    Valentini anus, 321-375]. YQa<pOtato auYYQa<pEa xm :rtOLTJtij Iwaij<p M:rtEAOX [Joseph
    [73] OL atCXOL avijxouv ato o:rtou{)a(o :rtoCTJ!!a KOU!!JlAa Hilaire Pierre Belloe, 1870-1953], 0 o:rtoCo~ EYQa'ljlE :rtOAAU XE(-
    Xav [Kubla Khan] tou KOOUAQLt!;. !!EVa U:rtEQUa:rtLOTJ~ tau KaSoALxLO~. H Kagxao6v [Careassonne]
    [74] 0 I1QEoj3UtEQLaVLO!!O~ ECvm bWLXTJtLXO aUOtT)!!a tT)~ ECvm Evtu:rtwmaxij :rtOATJ-xuatQo tT)~ NOtLa~ raMca~ xm u:rtijQ-
    EXXATJo(a~ :rtou LbQuSTJXE a:rto tOY KaAj3(vo [Johannes Calvinus, ;E !!EYUAO XEvtQO tT)~ aCQEOT)~ tWV KaSaQLatWv. OL KaSaQLatE~
    1509-1564]. l:u!!<pwva !iE auto, TJ EXXATJOCa bLoLxE(tm a:rto tOU~ ij AAj3LYTJVOC f!!<pavCOtT)xav tOY 110 mwva OtT) NotLa raMca xm
    XATJQLXOU~ xm tOU~ Aa"Lxou~, OL O:rtO(OL OVo!!u!;ovtm :rtQEOj3utE- yvwQLoav !!EYUATJ ax!!ij OtT) bLuQXELa 1:OU 120u mwva, !!E XEvtQO
    QOL. To !!EtQO at0XEUE atTJv a:rtobuvu!!wOTJ tT)~ aUSEvtCa~ xm tT)v :rtOATJ AAj3L KijQuttav tT)v fJ'tLatQO<pij atTJV ayv6tT)ta twv
    tT)~ E;ouoCa~ tWV E;aQtW!!EVWV a:rto tOY I1Ma XATJQLXWV. :rtQWtWV XQLatLaVWV xm tautLl;av to xaxo !!E tT)v UATJ. AQXLXU,
    [75] OL I1QOOXUVTJtE~ I1atEQE~ [Pilgrim Fathers] ij'mv !!La TJ KaSoALxij EXXATJo(a :rtEQLOQ(OtT)Xf atTJV xatabCxTJ tT)~ aCQf-
    o!!uba I10uQLtaVWv :rtou a:rtoOX,COtT)xav a:rto tT)v AYYALxavLxij OTJ~. AQYOtEQa O!!W~ EJ'tLMSTJXf Of atauQo<poQCa [1209-1244],
    EXXATJOCa, OtT) bLuQXELa tau 170u mwva. IOX,uQCl;ovtav :rtW~ 1:0 !!E a:rtotEAfO!!a tTJV :rtAijQTJ a:rtObLOQYUVWOTJ xm ata{)Laxij f;a-
    EQYO tT)~ MEtaQQuS!!LOTJ~ ()EV E(XE OAOXATJQWSEC xm aval;TJtou- <pUVLOT) tWV KaSaQLatWv.
    oav Evav to:rto YLa va !;ijoouv aU!!<pwva !!E ta bL{)uy!!ata twv [80] 0 AouxLavo~ ijtav 0 :rtQ6>to~ auyyQa<pEa~ :rtou :rtEQLE-
    EuaYYEA(wV. A<pou bEY !!JloQEoav va :rtQay!!ato:rtOLijoouv to YQa'ljlE tOU~ l:EATJV(tE~ - tOU~ EJ'tLVOTJOE bTJ"-abij - ata <pavtaatL-
    SQTJOXEUtLXO OVELQO tOU~ OtT)v TJJlELQwttxij EUQWJlTJ, !!EtaVu- xu a<PTJyij!!atu tou, ta o:rto(a ijtav xm to :rtQ6>ta xE(!!EVa EJ'tLOtT)-
    atEuoav atTJv A!!EQLXij, to 1620. !!OVLXij~ <pavtaOLa~. 0 Aox :rtou ava<pEQEtm Ebw bEY E(vm 0
    246 247
    Ayy'Aor; qJLMompor;, c:iM6. 0 Ayy'Aor; 6"J-L00LOYQUqJOr; Pi,tOaQvt J-LEVO altO 'to SEO J-LE ouv6'lluoJ-L0 'twv YQaJ-LJ-Lu'twv EVOr; nQW't'uQ-
    A vtaJ-Lr; Aox [Richard Adams Locke, 1800-1871], 0 oltoior; OUvtU- XLXOU uAqJaj3ll-rO'll. MEAE'tOUOUV nr; oxEOELr; J-LE'tU!;U 'twv 6vtwv,
    QU!;e 'tovr; A/-teQLxavoVr; 0't'Tj 6exae'tia 'tOV 1830, 61]J-LOOLeVOvtar; OUOXE't~Ovtar; 'tLr; aQL8J-L1]TLXEr; u!;ier; 'twv OVOJ-Lu'twv 'tovr;.
    O't'Tjv eqJT]J-LeQi6a New York Sun uQ8Qa ltOV VltO't'(8E't'aL It(J)r; eixe [87] H nEvtuAqJa untlQ!;E Eva altO 'to. OTJJ-LUvtLxmEQa aUJ-L-
    YQul/JeL 0 avVltaQx'tor; aO't'Qov6J-L0r; ~eQ 'I1;,ov XEQoel.., ~'ta j30Aa 't'T]r; aO't'Qol..0YLXl1r; J-LaYELar;. ~'t'T]v o'lloia OUJ-Lj301..~EL 't'T]
    uQ8Qa amu LOXvQL~6'tav nwr; 0't'Tj oel..l1VTJ eixav naQa't'T]Q,,8Ei J-LE 60J-L11 'tou aUJ-Lnavtor;. ME 'to. XQ6VLa EYLVE aUJ-Lj30AO 't'T]r; J-LaYEiar;
    xunoLO Ei60r; «nQw'tonoQLaxov» 't"AEoxonLov, ~wu, qJv'tu, uml1r; xa8' Eau'tl1r;.
    AiJ-LVEr;, ltO't'UJ-LLU XaL uv8Qwlt6J-L0QqJOL XU'tOLXOL, [88] 0 J-LeyuAor; EXltaLOemLltor; XaL ouYYQaqJEar; 6L6ux't'LXWv
    [81] 0 ~ULJ-LOV NLOVX0J-Ln [Simon Newcomb, 1835-1909] j3Lj3I..LWV NWE OvEJl1tO't'EQ [Noah Webster, 1758-1828], «na't'QLuQ-
    Unl1Q!;E 6LUOTJJ-L0r; AJ-LEQLxav6r; uO't'Qov6J-L0r; XaL J-LU8"J-LU'tLX6r;, 0 X1]r;» 't'T]r; aJ-LEQLxavLXl1r; Exnai6E'UOTJr;·
    MnQuYYEAor;, nov EJ-LqJav~E'taL I..LyO mo ltUVW, ELVaL avvnuQx'to [89] 0 OUvL'tuQLaVL0J-L0r; [Unitarianism] E(VaL'tO 8Q"OXE'll-
    nQ6owlto, 'tLXO 60YJ-La ltO'll Em'tQEnEL 't1] XQl10TJ 'to'll oQ80u AOYO'll O't'" 8Q"-
    [82] ME Iv6Luvovr; 61]1..0.611, 0 Mlt1]Qr; oaQxu~EL 't'T] Qa't'OL- oxeia. AltoQQim'eL 't1] 8eLxl1 qJV01] 'tOV XQLO't'OU XaL 'to o6Y/-ta 't'T]r;
    O't'LXl1 avtLJ-LE'twmOTJ 'twv Iv6Luvwv an6 'tovr; J-LOQqJWJ-LEVOUr; AJ-LE- uyiar; 'tQLu60r;. ~'to SEO avayvwQ~EL J-LOVO J-LLa 'llnoO't'aOTJ. To
    QLxavovr;, MYJ-Lu EXEL J-LEYUI..l'] anl1XTJOTJ O't'Lr; H.IT.A.
    [83] 0 AQOEVLOr; 0 Aox"T1lr;, Vnl1Q!;E ltI..OVaLOr; PWJ-Laior;, [90] <PLI..LO't'aLO'llr; EAEyav OL XUMLEQY"J-LEVOL E'llQwnaiOL XaL
    AnaQv1181]xe 'tov x60J-L0 XaL aoxll-rEl/JE J-LE oxl..1]Q6 'tQ6no, SEW- AJ-LEQLxavoL, X'llQLWr; OL qJOL'tl']'tEr; 'twv navEmO't'T]J-Liwv, 'to'llr;
    Qovoe 'to qJaY1]'t6 XaL 'tov VltVO ltOAv'tEAELer;. aO't'our; ltOV 6ev evoLUqJEQOvtaV yLU 't'Lr; 'tExver; XaL 'to. YQuJ-LJ-La'ta
    [84] ~'tov EJ-LqJVI..LO n61..EJ-L0 nov !;EonuoE 'to 1642 O't'T]v aMu J-L6vo YLa 'tLr; 'llI..LXEr; altol..auoELr; XaL L6LaL'tEQa YLa 'to
    Ayyl..ia, ouyxQouO't'Tjxav OL vnoO't'1]QLX'tEr; 'tOV xOLVoj3ovAEmL- XQtlJ-La. OL <PLALO't'aLOL ll-rav nOAEJ-LLXOr; Au6r;, EYXa't'EO't'T]J-LEVOr;
    OJ-LOU, J-LE 'to'llr; onu60ur; 'tov j3aaLI..LU KUQ6AO'll 'to'll ITQWTO'll o't'"v ITUl..aLO't'LV" ltQLV alt6 'to'llr; IOQa1]Ai'tEr;. H BLj3l..or; 'to'llr; ltEQL-
    [1600-1649]. OL onu60i 'to'll xOLvoj30'llAEmLOJ-LOU, OL ~'tQOYYVAO­ YQUqJEL oav qJLAonOAEJ-LOVr; EL6wI..OAU'tQEr;. ELVaL amoL nov nay i-
    xEqJaAoL [Roundheads], ll-rav IIo'llQL'tavoi XaL Exoj3av xovtu 'to. 6euoav 'tov ~aJ-Ll/Jwv [KQL'tai]. Eix;av J-LaxQLEr; xo'toioer; XaL 'to
    J-LaAALU 'to'llr;. OL onu60L 't"r; j3aaLAEiar;, OL Kaj3aI..LEQOL !;uQLOJ-La 'tou xEqJal..LOu 'to'llr; Lo06'llvaJ-L0UOE J-LE 8uvu't0, onwr;
    [Cavaliers] ll-rav aQLO't'oxQU'tEr; XaL uqJ"vav 'to. J-LaMLU 'to'llr; UMWO't'E 'llnaLVLooE'taL XaL 0 J-Lu80r; 'to'll ~aJ-Ll/Jwv.
    J-LaxQLu. 0 nOAEJ-LOr; 'tEAELWOE 'to 1848 J-LE vix" 'twv ~'tQOyyvI..OXE­ [91] Anu'taL, TOEYLEV. ~Mr; Iv6L1ivwv 't'T]r; BOQeLUr; AJ-LEQLXl1r;.
    qJaAwv, 'llno 't"v aQX"YLa 'tOU 'OALj3EQ KQOJ-LYO'llEA [Oliver [92] Habeas Corpus: eE0J-LLXl1 xa't'OxuQwOTJ 't'T]r; EAE'U8EQiar;
    Cromwell, 1599-1658]. 'tou ltoAi't'T], nov EYLve 'to 1679 O't'1]v AYYAia XaL f8eoe qJQaYJ-L6
    [85] BMltE OTJJ-LELWOTJ [13]. o't'"v U'll8ULQE't'T] aUAA"l/J" XaL xQu't'T]01]. H AUTLVLXl1 qJQu01]
    [86] H KUJ-LnaM 'llnl1Q!;E " J-LeyaM'tEQ1] qJLI..OOOqJLXl1 'tuOTJ OTJJ-LULVEL </EXEL ~wJ-La».
    'twv IOQa"AL'twv, J-LE'tU 'tov TaAJ-L0'll6LoJ-L0, 't'T]v ltaQa60aLaxtl [93] ITEQiYELo: 'to xOvtLvmEQo ltQor; 't'T] Y" OTJJ-LEio 't'T]r; 'tQo-
    EQJ-L"VEia 'twv LOQa1]AL't'LXWV LEQWV XELJ-LEVWV. OL XaJl1taI..LO't'Er; xLUr; O'llQUVLO'll oWJ-La'tor;.
    oOqJoi, avtLl..a/-t/3uvovtav 'tov x60J-L0 oav Eva xe(J-LEVO 6LaQ8Qw- [94] 0 ~LOvVOLOr; ° IIQeo/3meQor;, -rUQavvor; 'twv ~vQaxov-
    248 249
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    H AWQa iAa/3E dMo iva aVV7:0l-lO YQo.Jlf.W ana TOV Mn1]Qq, BIBAIOrPA<I>IA
    anq 6 NOEJl/3Q{OV T1]q {Otaq XQOVto.q. T1]v nA1]QoCfJoQovaE nwq
    /3QtaxOTav aTO AaQivTO TOV Til;ar;; Xat rt:AElWVE JlE Ta AOrta: EPrA
    «.1 EV Oa JlElVW EOW yta nOAv, wart: va no.Qw via aov Xat OEV Nuggets and Dust, Chatto and Windus, London: 1872.
    l;iQw nov Oa /3Q{axoJlat aQyort:Qa. YnoOiTW nwq Oev iXEt (Y1]Jla- The Fiend's Delight, John Camden Hotten, London: 1873.
    ala. AV7:toq, AJlnQoovi;».
    Cobwebsjrom an Empty Skull, Routledge, London: 1874.
    'ExTort: OEV l;aVo.xovaE Tlnort: yt' aVTOv.
    The Dance of Death, Henry Keller and Company, San Francisco: 1877.
    Black Beetles In Amber, Western Authors Publishin8, San Francisco: 1892.
    *0 KriQA:t eLVat 0 rivtQU£ "tTJ£ AWQu.
    The Monk and the Han8man's Dau8hter, F.]. Schulte, Chica80: 1892.
    Tales of Soldiers and Civilians, E.L. G. Steele, San Francisco: 1892.
    Can Such Thin8s Be?, Cassell Publishing Company, New York: 1893.
    Fantastic Fables, G.P' Putnam's Sons, New York: 1899.
    Shapes of Clay, WE. Wood, San Francisco: 1903.
    The Cynic's Word Book, Doubleday, New York: 1906.
    The Shadow on the Dial and Other Essays, A.M. Robertson, San Francisco: 1909.
    Write It Ri8ht, Neale Publishin8 Compa~, New York: 1909.
    The Collected Works ofAmbrose Bierce 12 Volumes, Neale, New York: 1909-1912.

    BIorpA~IEI:

    Busch, Niven. California Street, Simon And Schuster, New York: 1959.
    Fuentes, Carlos. Grin80 viejo, Fondo de Cultura Econbomica, Mexico: 1985.
    Hall, Oakley. Ambrose Bierce and The Qyeen of Spades, University of California
    Press, Berkeley: 1998.
    Hampton, Bo. Lost Planet [Six Issues], Eclipse Comics, Forestville: 1987.

    262 263

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