C Cross Sectional Area (A)
C Cross Sectional Area (A)
C Cross Sectional Area (A)
CROSS SECTIONAL AREA (A): The cross sectional area expressed in square inches is
used in various tubular goods equations. The formulas described below are based on full
sections, exclusive of corner radii.
Where:
Example: Calculate the cross sectional area of a 7" O.D. x .500" wall tube.
A = 10.210 inches
Where:
Example: Calculate the cross sectional area of a 7" O.D. x .500" wall tube.
A = D5 - d5
A = 49 - 36 = 13
A = 13.00 inches5
Where:
A = D1D - d1d
A = 9.00 inches5
2. PLAIN END WEIGHT (Wpe):The plain end weight expressed in pounds per foot is used in
connection with pipe to describe the nominal or specified weight per foot. This weight does not
account for adjustments in weight due to end finishing such as upsetting or threading.
Where:
Wpe = plain end weight, calculated to 4 decimal places and rounded to 2 decimals, pounds/foot
Example: Calculate the plain end weight of pipe having a specified O.D. of 7 inches and a wall
thickness of .540 inches.
Wpe = 37.2561
The internal yield pressure or burst resistance of pressure bearing pipe is expressed in
pounds/square inch (psi). The .875 factor is to allow for minimum permissible wall based on API
criteria for OCTG and line pipe. This factor can be changed based on other applicable
specifications regarding minimum permissible wall thickness.
P = Minimum Internal Yield Pressure (Burst Resistance) in pounds per square inch, rounded to
the nearest 10 psi.
Example: Calculate the burst resistance of 7" O.D. x .540" wall API L80 casing.
P = 0.875 [ 2 Yp t/D]
P = 0.875 [ (2)(80,000)(.540)/7]
P = 10,800 psi
P = Pressure, psig
To illustrate, assume a piping systems 8 5/8" O.D. x .375" wall has a specified minimum yield
strength (SMYS) of 35,000 psi and a specified minimum tensile strength of 80,000 psi.
P = 2St = (2)(35,000)(0.375)
P = 2St = (2)(60,000)(0.375)
S = SMYS (35,000 psi) reduced by a factor depending on O.D. grade (0.60 for 8 5/8" O.D. grade
B) and
Wall Thickness
Barlow's Formula is also useful in determining the wall thickness required for a piping system.
To illustrate, assume a piping system has been designed with the following criteria:
2. The pipe to be used is 8 5/8" O.D. (D) specified to ASTM A53 grade B (SMYS - 35,000 psi)
2S (2) (35,000)
Wall thickness has no relation to outside diameter - only the inside diameter is affected. For
example, the outside diameter of a one-inch extra- strong piece of pipe compared with a one-inch
standard weight piece of pipe is identical; however, the inside diameter of the extra-strong is
smaller than the inside diameter of the standard weight because the wall thickness is greater in
the extra-strong pipe.
Q = 3.61 A H %Y
Where:
Example:Calculate the discharge of a 10" pipe which has an area of 78.50 in2, a horizontal
measurement of 12" and a vertical measurement of 12".
Q = 3.61 A H
%Y
%12
Q = 3400.62
3.464
This formula is a close approximation of the actual measurement of the volume being displaced.
The simplest method is to measure a 12 inch vertical measurement as a standard procedure, then
measure the distance horizontally to the point of the 12" vertical measurement.
WATER
One miner's inch: 1 1/2 cubic feet per minute = 11.25 U.S. gallons per minute = flow per minute
through 1 inch square opening in 2 inch thick plank under a head of 6 1/2 inches to center of
orifice in Arizona, California, Montana, Nevada and Oregon. 9 U.S. gallons per minute in Idaho,
Kansas, Nebraska, New Mexico, North Dakota, South Dakota and Utah.
horse-power: 3960
horse-power: 1714
Pump efficiency
Doubling the diameter of a pipe or cylinder increases its capacity four times
Velocity in feet per minute necessary to discharge a given volume of water, in a given time =
Area of required pipe, the volume and velocity of water being given = No. cubic feet water x 144
From this area the size pipe required may be selected from the table of standard pipe dimensions.
Atmospheric pressure at sea level is 14.7 pounds per square inch. This pressure with a perfect
vacuum will maintain a column of mercury 29.9 inches or a column of water 33.9 feet high. This
is the theoretical distance that water manu be drawn by suction. In practice, however, pumps
should not have a total dynamic suction lift greater that 25 feet.
CRUDE OIL
Velocity in feet per second: .0119 x bbls. per day x pipe dia. in inches2 x .2856 x bbls. per hour x
pipe dia. in inches2
The customary method of indicating specific gravity of petroleum oils in this country is by
means of the Baume scale. Since the Baume scale, for specific gravities of liquids lighter than
water, increases inversely as the true gravity, the heaviest oil, i.e., that which has the highest true
specific gravity, is expressed by the lowest figure of the Baume scale; the lightest by the highest
figure.
MISCELLANEOUS
STATIC HEAD
Static head is the vertical distance between the free level of the source of supply and the point of
free discharge, or to the level of the free surface of the discharged liquid.
Total dynamic head is the vertical distance between source of supply and point of discharge
when pumping at required capacity, plus velocity head friction, entrance and exit losses.
Total dynamic head as determined on test where suction lift exists, is the reading of the mercury
column connected to the suction nozzle of the pump, plus reading of a pressure gage connected
to discharge nozzle of pump, plus vertical distance between point of attachment of mercury
column and center of gage, plus excess, if any, of velocity head of discharge over velocity head
of suction, as measured at points where the instruments are attached, plus head of water resting
on mercury column, if any.
Total dynamic head, as determined on tests where suction head exists, is the reading of the gage
attached to the discharge nozzle of pump, minus the reading of a gage connected to the suction
nozzle of pump, plus or minus vertical distance between centers of gages (depending upon
whether suction gage is below or above discharge gage), plus excess, if any, of the velocity head
of discharge over velocity head of suction as measured at points where instruments are attached.
Total dynamic discharge head is the total dynamic head minus dynamic suction lift, of plus
dynamic suction head.
SUCTION LIFT
Suction lift exists when the suction measured at the pump nozzle and corrected to the centerline
of the pump is below atmospheric pressure.
Static suction lift is the vertical distance from the free level of the source of supply to centerline
of pump.
Dynamic suction lift is the vertical distance from the source of supply when pumping at required
capacity, to centerline of pump, plus velocity head, entrance and friction loss, but not including
internal pump losses, where static suction head exists but where the losses exceed the static
suction head the dynamic suction lift is the sum of the velocity head, entrance, friction, minus the
static suction head, but not including internal pump losses.
Dynamic suction lift as determined on test, is the reading of the mercury column connected to
suction nozzle of pump, plus vertical distance between point of attachment of mercury column to
centerline of pump, plus bead of water resting on mercury column, if any.
SUCTION HEAD
Suction head (sometimes called head of suction) exists when the pressure measured at the
suction nozzle and corrected to the centerline of the pump is above atmospheric pressure.
Static suction head is the vertical distance from the free level of the source of supply to
centerline of pump.
Dynamic suction head is the vertical distance from the source of supply, when pumping at
required capacity, to centerline of pump, minus velocity head, entrance, friction, but not minus
internal pump losses.
Dynamic suction head, as determined on test, is the reading of a gage connected to suction
nozzle of pump, minus vertical distance from center of gage to center line of pump. Suction
head, after deducting the various losses, many be a negative quantity, in which case a condition
equivalent to suction lift will prevail.
VELOCITY HEAD
The velocity head (sometimes called "head due to velocity") of water moving with a given
velocity, is the equivalent head through which it would have to fall to acquire the same velocity:
or the head necessary merely to accelerate the water. Knowing the velocity, we can readily figure
the velocity head from the simple formula:
h = V2
2g
in which "g" is acceleration due to gravity, or 32.16 feet per second; or knowing the head, we can
transpose the formula to:
V = %2 gh
The velocity head is a factor in figuring the total dynamic head, but the value is usually small,
and in most cases negligible; however, it should be considered when the total head is low and
also when the suction lift is high.
Where the suction and discharge pipes are the same size, it is only necessary to include in the
total head the velocity head generated in the suction piping. If the discharge piping is of different
size than the suction piping, which is often the case, then it will be necessary to use the velocity
in the discharge pipe for computing the velocity head rather than the velocity in the suction pipe.
Velocity head should be considered in accurate testing also, as it is part of the total dynamic head
and consequently affects the duty accomplished.
In testing a pump, a vacuum gage or a mercury column is generally used for obtained dynamic
suction lift. The mercury column or vacuum gage will show the velocity head combined with
entrance head, friction head, and static suction lift. On the discharge side, a pressure gage is
usually used, but a pressure gage will not indicate velocity head and this must, therefore, be
obtained either by calculating the velocity or taking reading with a Pitometer. Inasmuch as the
velocity varies considerably at different points in the cross section of a stream it is important, in
using the Pitometer, to take a number of readings at different points in the cross section.
A table, giving the relation between velocity and velocity head is printed below:
Velocity in feet per Velocity head in feet Velocity in feet per Velocity head in feet
second second
1 .02 9.5 1.40
2 .06 10 1.55
3 .14 10.5 1.70
4 .25 11 1.87
5 .39 11.5 2.05
6 .56 12 2.24
7 .76 13 2.62
8 1.00 14 3.05
8.5 1.12 15 3.50
9 1.25
VISCOSITY
SPECIFIC GRAVITY
Specific gravity is the ratio of the weight of any volume to the weight of an equal volume of
some other substance taken as a standard at stated temperatures. For solids or liquids, the
standard is usually water, and for gasses the standard is air or hydrogen.
Horse Power (H.P.): (33,000 ft. pounds per minute - 746 watts - .746 kilowatts) Unit for
measurement of power or rate of work
To determine the cost of power, for any specific period of time - working hours per day, week,
month or year:
KWHr consumed at Motor Terminal x Rate per KWHr = Total cost current for time specified
Torque is that force which produces or tends to produce torsion (around an axis). Turning effort.
It may be thought of as a twist applied to turn a shaft. It can be defined as the push or pull in
pounds, along an imaginary circle of one foot radius which surrounds the shaft, or, in an electric
motor, as the pull or drag at the surface of the armature multiplied by the radius of the armature,
the term being usually expressed in foot-pounds (or pounds at 1 foot radius).
Starting torque is the torque which a motor exerts when starting. It can be measured directly by
fastening a piece of belt to 24" diameter pulley, wrapping it part way round and measuring the
pounds pull the motor can exert, with a spring balance. In practice, any pulley can be used for
torque = lbs. pull x pulley radius in feet. A motor that has a heavy starting torque is one that
starts up easily with a heavy load.
Running torque is the pull in pounds a motor exerts on a belt running over a pulley 24" in
diameter.
Full load torque is the turning moment required to develop normal horse-power output at normal
speed.
The torque of any motor at any output with a known speed may be determined by the formula:
R.P.M.
With a known foot-pounds torque, the horse-power at any given speed can be determined by the
formula:
H.P. = T x R.P.M.
5250
Cost per 1000 gallons pumped: .189 x power cost per KWHr x head in feet
Example: Power costs .01 per k.w.-hour; pump efficiency is 75%; motor efficiency is 85%; total
head is 50 feet.
.75 x .85 x 60
Cost per hour of pumping:
K - constant representing number os watt-hours through meter for on revolution of the disk.
(Usually found on meter nameplate or face of disk)
C = 746 x r x HP in x GPH
C = 746 x r x HP in x H x GPH
C = .746 x r x HP in
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