QUESTION BANK FOR PHARMACOLOGY I (as per MG university

Kerala)

GENERAL PHARMACOLOGY

1) DEFINE THE FOLLOWIN WITH EXAMPLES 2-2.5 MARKS

Pharmacology, pharmacodynamics, pharmacokinetics, drug, pharmacotherapeutics,

pharmacogenetics, clinical pharmacology, chemotherapy**, orphan drugs, teratogenicity**,
idiosyncrasy,** iatrogenic diseases**, tolerance, tachyphylaxis**, placebo effect, pro drugs**,
Carrier mediated transport system, drug antagonism, drug interaction, first pass metabolism,
TDDS, second messengers**, drug dependence, synergism**, passive diffusion, therapeutic
index, facilitated diffusion, bio availability,distribution, Vd, redistribution, biotransformation,
receptors, spare receptors, agonist, partial agonist, inverse agonist, antagonist, dose, initial dose,
total dose, loading dose, maintenance dose,efficacy, potency

2) LONG QUESTIONS 5-10 MARKS

1) Diff: routes of drug administration with egs of drugs given by that route and its adv & dis
adv?***
2) Explain the factors governing route on administration with examples?
3) Write a note on various receptors?
4) Various signaling mech: involved in drug action?***
5) Explain the importance of PPB and distribution?***
6) Factors influencing biotransformation of drugs?
7) Compare competitive and noncompetitive antagonism with suitable egs?***
8) Write a note on toxicity studies/preclinical studies***?(acute, sub acute, chronic, &
specialized toxicity studies)
9) Write a note on physiological barriers? ( BBB**, blood placental & blood testis barriers)
10) Explain microsomal enzyme system?**
11) Explain the phase I and phase II biotransformation reactions with egs?**
12) A note on enterohepatic cycling and its significance?**
13) A note on clinical trials?***
14) A note on factors governing passive diffusion of drugs?
15) Explain bio availability and factors affecting it?**
16) Theories of drug action / D-R interaction?*
17) Explain first pass metabolism and its significance?**
18) Briefly write on channels of excretion of drugs?
19) Write on genetic factors influencing drug action?
20) Explain plasma protein binding and add a note on its significance?***
21) Write a note on dose response relation ship?** ( DRC, LDR, EC50, LD50, therapeutic
index*, therapeutic window* etc)
22) Dose calculations for child dose?
Prepared by
Mr. Arun K Thomas
Sr. lecturer
Nirmala college of Pharmacy
Muvattupuzha
 23) Factors modifying drug action?
24) Combined drug action?**
25) A note on modified drug actions?
26) Write a detail note on second messengers?

AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM

LONG QUESTIONS 2.5-10 MARKS

1) Explain the organization and functions of ANS?*

2) Explain autonomic transmission and co-transmission?
3) Explain neuro humoral transmission?*
4) Biosynthesis, storage, release and degradation of cholinergic neurotransmitter?**
5) Write a note on cholinergic receptors?**
6) Classify cholinergic drugs with egs and explain the pharmacology of Ach?*
7) Role of various enzymes involved in cholinergic transmission?*
8) Classify anticholinergic drugs with egs and explain the pharmacology of Atropine?*
9) Add anote on atropine substitutes?*
10) Classify anticholinesterase drugs with egs and explain the pharmacology of neostigmine
and physostigmine?*
11) Explain the mechanism of action of anticholinesterase drugs?
12) Give egs for cholinesterase reactivator and explain the mechanism of action of them?
13) Signs and symptoms and management of organophosporous poisoning?**
14) Write a note on belladonna poisoning/ mushroom poisoning?
15) Write a note on gangionic stimulants and depressants?
16) Classify non depolarizing NM blocking agents with egs and explain the pharmacology of
d-TC?
17) Explain the MOA of pancuronium?*
18) Explain the MOA dantrolene sodium?*
19) Classify depolarizing NM blocking agents with egs and explain the pharmacology of
succinylchloine?
20) Write a note on biosynthesis, storage, release and degradation of adrenergic
neurotransmitter?
21) Write a note on adrenergic receptors?**
22) Role of various enzymes involved in adrenergic transmission?**
23) Classify adrenergic drugs with egs and explain the pharmacology of adrenaline?**
24) Explain the termination of actions of nor-adr?
25) Explain Dales Vasomotor reversal of adrenaline with its reason?
26) Write anote on adrenergic receptors and their agonist and antagonist?***
27) Explain the therapeutic uses of beta blockers?**
28) Add anote on selective beta 2 stimulants?
29) Add anote on beta receptors?
Prepared by
Mr. Arun K Thomas
Sr. lecturer
Nirmala college of Pharmacy
Muvattupuzha
 30) Add anote on beta 2 stimulants ands its indications?
31) Add anote on alfa blockers and its indications?
32) Classify with egs the alpha blockers, write the pharmacology of alpha blockers and
enumerate their therapeutic indications?**
33) Combined uses adrenergic drugs?
34) Classify with egs the beta blockers, write the pharmacology of beta blockers and
enumerate their therapeutic indications?**

RATIONALES (explain the pharmacological basis of the following statements)

1) Use of beta blockers in pheochromocytoma.*

2) Use of nonselective alpha blockers in pheochromocytoma.
3) Use of neostigmine or pyridostigmine in myasthenia gravis.*
4) Atropine in organophosphorous poisoning.*
5) Oximes in organophosphorous poisoning. But not useful in reversible anticholine
esterase overdose.
6) Local anesthetic (lignocaine) is combined with adrenaline.*
7) Levo dopa but not dopamine is given in Parkinsonism.*
8) Penicillin are combined with probenecid in anti microbial therapy*.
9) Ipratropium bromide in bronchial asthma but not atropine.*
10) Sodium bicarbonate in barbiturate poisoning.*
11) Tetracycline should not be administered with dairy products.*
12) Certain drugs are administered by sublingual route.*
13) Thalidomide is CI in pregnancy.*
14) Anticholinergics in preanesthetic medication.*
15) Tacrine in alziemers.
16) Benzhexol in Parkinsonism.
17) Pirenzipine in peptic ulcer.
18) Prazosin therapy is started at low doses at bed time only.
19) Cardioselective beta blocker is safe antihypertensive in pregnancy.
20) Amphetamine causes tachyphylaxis.
21) Trimethoprim is combined with sulphamethoxazole.

Compare and contrast

1) d-TC and succinlychiline*

CARDIO VASCULAR SYSTEM

LONG QUESTION 3-10 marks

Prepared by
Mr. Arun K Thomas
Sr. lecturer
Nirmala college of Pharmacy
Muvattupuzha
 1) Pharmacological basis of treating hypertension?
2) Classify and enumerate antihypertensive and explain the pharmacology of hydralazine?
3) Explain the Physiological significance of rennin- angiotensin- aldosterone system and
classify the drugs acting on it with examples?*
4) Classify with egs and Explain the pharmacological actions of the following
antihypertensives:
a) Centerally acting sympathomimetics
b) Beta adrenergic antagonist*
c) Alpha adrenergic antagonist *
d) Arterial dilators
e) Arterial and venous dilators
f) Calcium channel blockers*
g) Diuretics
h) Adrenergic neuronal blockers
5) Write briefly on Ca channel blockers?
6) Explain the pharmacology of the following:
a) Captopril
b) Losartan
c) Aliskiren
d) Eplerenone
7) Explain the mechanism of action of the following:
Lisinopril*, valsartan*, clonidine, furosemide, spironolactone, reserpine, hydralazine,
minoxidil, Na-nitroprusside, verapamil, aliskiren
8) A brief note on Digoxin toxicity and its management?*
9) Pharmacological basis of treating angina pectoris?
10) Classify and enumerate antianginals and explain the pharmacology of organic nitrates?*
11) Justify the use of Ca channel blockers, organic nitrates and K channel openers in
anginapectoris?*
12) Explain cardiac action potential?
13) Classify and enumerate anti arrhythmics and explain the pharmacology of qunidine and
lidocaine?*
14) Classify and enumerate drugs used in CCF and explain the pharmacology of digoxin?
15) Classify and enumerate hypo lipidaemics and explain the pharmacology of statins?*

ENUMERATE THE INDICATION AND CHARACTERISTIC ADVERSE EFFECT OF

THE FOLLOWING:* 3-5marks

Captopril, losartan, Na nitoprusside, minoxidil, organic nitrates, digoxin, quinidine

Rosuvastatin, ezitimibe, cholestyramine, gemfibrosil.

EXPALIN THE MECHANISM OF ACTION OF THE FOLLOWING 2.5-3 marks

Prepared by
Mr. Arun K Thomas
Sr. lecturer
Nirmala college of Pharmacy
Muvattupuzha
 Enalpril,* episartan*, clonidine, aliskrien, GTN, amrinone, simvastatin,* ezitimibe,
cholestyramine, gemfibrosil*, digoxin**, quinidine

RATIONALES (explain the pharmacological basis of the following statements)

1) Enalapril used in essential hypertension*.

2) Non selective beta blockers should not be withdrawn suddenly.*
3) Non selective beta blockers should be cautiously given to diabetic patient on insulin.
4) GTN is given by sublingual route.
5) Thiazide diuretics are always given in combination with K+ sparring diuretics*.
6) Nitroglycerine in used in cyanide poisoning.*
7) Lidocaine for LA purpose should not be used for arrhythmia.
8) ACE inh: is CI during pregnancy.
9) ACE inhs: causes dry cough.
10) NSAIDs attenuate the antihypertensive effect of ACE inhs:*
11) Prazosin therapy is started at bed time at low doses.
12) Indapamide is the preferred diuretic in stroke patients.
13) Along with methyl dopa & clonidine diuretics are given.
14) Prazosin is preffered in hypertensive patients with diabetics and with abnormal lipid
profile.
15) Along with hydralazine& minoxidil diuretics and an adre: beta blocker is given.
16) Verapamil should not be given with adre: beta blockers.
17) Verapamil & digoxin are CI.
18) Organic nitrate should not withdraw suddenly.
19) Dipyridamole in anginapectoris is a therapeutic failure.
20) Mg ion in emergency control of arrhythmia.
21) Statins are preferably administered at bed time.

HAEMOPOIETIC SYSTEM

1. Classify anti coagulants and explain the pharmacology of heparin?*

2. Classify fibrinolytic agents and explain the pharmacology of streptokinase?*
3. Classify anti thrombotics and explain the pharmacology of aspirin?

4. Explain the mechanism of action of the following?

a) Alteplase*, streptokinase,* heparin,*warfarin,* aspirin

5. Write notes on:

a) Oral anti coagulants*, haemetinics, parenteral iron therapy, various iron

preparation, coagulants,*
Prepared by
Mr. Arun K Thomas
Sr. lecturer
Nirmala college of Pharmacy
Muvattupuzha
 6. Explain the pharmacological basis of the following
a) Clopidogrel in CAD patients*
b) Desferrioxamine in iron poisoning
c) Heparin should not be administered by im route
d) Oral anticoagulants are CI with broad spectrum anti biotics.
e) Phytanadione in warfarin overdosage*
f) Protamine sulfate in heparin overdosage*
g) Anti platelets are more useful in arterial thrombosis but anticoagulants in venous
thrombosis.

7. Compare and contrast

a) warfarin and heparin*

RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

1. Classify drugs for asthma and explain the pharmacology of any one drug?*
2. Explain the mechanism of action of the following?
a) Theophylline, zileuton, monteleukast*, loratidine, bromhexine

3. Write notes on:

a) Inhaled steroids, expectorants*, Mucolytics* , antitussives*, bronchodilators,

4. Explain the pharmacological basis of the following

a) Deriphylline in bronchial asthma

b) Ipratropium bromide in bronchial asthma*
c) Salbutamol is preferred over isoprenaline in bronchial asthma
d) Salbutamol is preferred over salmeterol during asthmatic attack.

Diuretics and anti diuretics

1] Mechanism of action of the following

Spironolactone*,Hydrochlorthiazide, frusemide, acetazolamide, amiloride, mannitol

2] Write short note on

a, Osmotic diuretics*

Prepared by
Mr. Arun K Thomas
Sr. lecturer
Nirmala college of Pharmacy
Muvattupuzha
 b, Loop diuretics*
c, Potassium sparing diuretics*
d, anti diuretics

3] Explain tha following

a, Classify anti diuretics with examples and explain the pharmacology of any one
drug?*
b, Mention the therapeutic indications and adverse effects of diuretics giving suitable
examples?

4] Explain the pharmacological basis of the following

1. Loop diuretics is CI with aminogycoside antibiotics (neomycin, streptomycin)

2. Probenecid is CI with thiazide and loop diuretics
3. NSAIDs attenuate the action of thiazide and loop diuretics
4. K sparing diuretics are always given with Thiazide diuretics

HORMONES AND RELATED DRUGS

ANTI DIABETICS

1] Mechanism of action of the following

Rosiglitazone,* insulin*, glimipride(sulfonyl ureas)*, metformin, megilitol, vildagliptin,

exenatide

2] Write briefly on

1. Insulin preparations*
2. Insulin analogues*
3. Insulin receptors

3] Long question

1) Classify oral anti diabetic drugs with examples and explain the pharmacology of
sulfonyl urea?*

4] Explain the pharmacological basis of the following

Adrenergic nonselective beta blockers like propranolol should cautiously taken along
with insulin
Prepared by
Mr. Arun K Thomas
Sr. lecturer
Nirmala college of Pharmacy
Muvattupuzha
 OXYTOCIC AND TOCOLYTICS

1] Mechanism of action of the following

Oxytocin,* ergometrine, ritodrine

2] Brief notes
Oxytocin*
Uterine relaxants/ tocolytics

3]Compare and contrast oxytocin and ergometrine

THYROID HORMONES AND ANTI THYROID DRUGS

1] Mechanism of action of the following

Propyl tiouracil, thioamides*

2] Write a note on

1. Classify Anti thyroid drugs with examples and explain their uses and adverse effect?*
CORTICOSTEROIDS

1, Enumerate various synthetic corticosteroids*

2, Describe the pharmacological actions, therapeutic indication and adverse effects of
corticosteroids and add anote on inhaled steroids?*
3, Corticosteroids in organ transplant patients
4, Corticosteroids in auto immune diseases like myasthenia gravis

GONADAL HORMONES

1] Mechanism of action of the following

Tamoxifen*, estrogen, testosterone,

ORAL CIONTRACEPTIVES
1, Explain the mechanism of action of oral contraceptives?
2, Write a note on oral contraceptives/ hormonal contraceptives?*

DRUGS REGULATING Ca BALANCE

Write briefly the main factors regulating calcium homeostasis? Their therapeutic uses?

AUTOCOIDS
Prepared by
Mr. Arun K Thomas
Sr. lecturer
Nirmala college of Pharmacy
Muvattupuzha
Write brief notes on

1. Therapeutic importance of 5-HT antagonist

2. H2 blocker in peptic ulcer
3. 5-HT antagonist*
4. 5-HT receptors
5. PG analogues
6. Substance P

1. Explain the physiological role and therapeutic uses of PGs?

2. Write on H2 blockers?
3. Substantiate the use of cetrizine in allergy*
4. Explain the synthesis, release and pharmacology of histamine?
5. Classify and enumerate anti histamines?*
6. Therapeutic uses of antihistamines?*

THERAPEUTIC GASES

Write a note on therapeutic gases?

Enumerate the adverse effects and therapeutic uses of 02 ?

Note: the stars indicate the importance of the questions

Prepared by
Mr. Arun K Thomas
Sr. lecturer
Nirmala college of Pharmacy
Muvattupuzha