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    Phases of Linear Sequential Model: Analysis

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    niravmehtait21
    The document describes several software development models: 1) The linear sequential model involves analysis, design, coding, testing, and maintenance phases. 2) Evolutionary models like the incremental model involve concurrent and interleaved activities with feedback from users. Initial versions are refined through many iterations. 3) Prototyping models involve quick design and prototype implementation to get early user input before the final product. 4) RAD aims to accelerate development through a short life cycle and component-based approach. 5) The spiral model represents the process as a spiral with four sectors per loop: objective setting, risk assessment, development and validation, and planning to explicitly consider risks.

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    Phases of Linear Sequential Model: Analysis

    Uploaded by

    niravmehtait21
    47 views20 pages
    The document describes several software development models: 1) The linear sequential model involves analysis, design, coding, testing, and maintenance phases. 2) Evolutionary models like the incremental model involve concurrent and interleaved activities with feedback from users. Initial versions are refined through many iterations. 3) Prototyping models involve quick design and prototype implementation to get early user input before the final product. 4) RAD aims to accelerate development through a short life cycle and component-based approach. 5) The spiral model represents the process as a spiral with four sectors per loop: objective setting, risk assessment, development and validation, and planning to explicitly consider risks.

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    The document describes several software development models: 1) The linear sequential model involves analysis, design, coding, testing, and maintenance phases. 2) Evolutionary models like the incremental model involve concurrent and interleaved activities with feedback from users. Initial versions are refined through many iterations. 3) Prototyping models involve quick design and prototype implementation to get early user input before the final product. 4) RAD aims to accelerate development through a short life cycle and component-based approach. 5) The spiral model represents the process as a spiral with four sectors per loop: objective setting, risk assessment, development and validation, and planning to explicitly consider risks.

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    47 views20 pages

    Phases of Linear Sequential Model: Analysis

    Uploaded by

    niravmehtait21
    The document describes several software development models: 1) The linear sequential model involves analysis, design, coding, testing, and maintenance phases. 2) Evolutionary models like the incremental model involve concurrent and interleaved activities with feedback from users. Initial versions are refined through many iterations. 3) Prototyping models involve quick design and prototype implementation to get early user input before the final product. 4) RAD aims to accelerate development through a short life cycle and component-based approach. 5) The spiral model represents the process as a spiral with four sectors per loop: objective setting, risk assessment, development and validation, and planning to explicitly consider risks.

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    Phases of Linear Sequential Model

    Analysis

    Designing

    Coding

    Testing

    Maintenance
    & support
    Software requirement analysis:
    In this Phase , the requirements for the software are established through discussion
    with client and are then documented.

    Designing:
    In this phase , the requirements are converted into design to be used in the next phase.
    The design includes various elements such as database structures, software architecture
    and procedures.
    The design is first passes through the quality test and then documented.

    Coding:
    In this phase the actual coding of the software is done. The design of the previous
    phase is converted into the code.

    Testing:
    In this phase, the output generated is checked to ensure that it matches the requirements.
    The programs developed in the previous phase are checked for the logical and syntax errors.

    Maintenance and Support:


    The software developed needs to maintenance and support. This refers to the changes as
    well as new requirements in the software after delivery.
    Software Process Models: Waterfall..

    Requirements
    definition

    System and
    software design

    Implementation
    and unit testing

    Integr ation and


    system testing

    Operation and
    maintenance

    3
    Waterfall Strengths

    • Easy to understand, easy to use


    • Provides structure to inexperienced staff
    • Milestones are well understood
    • Sets requirements stability
    • Good for management control (plan, staff, track)
    • Works well when quality is more important than cost
    or schedule
    Waterfall Deficiencies
    All requirements must be known upfront
    Doesn’t cope well with changes required by
    the client
    Development teams might wait for each
    other
    A working version of the product is available
    only late
    Applicability:
    When requirements are well known and few changes are
    likely to be needed
    Can be used also for parts of larger software systems

    Requirements are very well known


    Product definition is stable
    Technology is understood
    New version of an existing product
    Porting an existing product to a new platform.
    Software Process Models:
    Evolutionary Development…
    Concurr ent
    activities

    Initial
    Specification
    version

    Outline Intermediate
    Development
    description versions

    Final
    Validation
    version

    7
    Incremental Model (INM)

    Final System
    1-1 1-2 1-3 1-4

    Basic process
    Req. S/w Solution
    1 Increment process Coding
    Coding
    Design Test
    Analysis

    Next Increment
    Main characteristics:

    The phases of the software construction are interleaved

    Feedback from the user is used throughout the entire


    process

    The software product is refined through many versions


    Advantages:

    Deals constantly with changes


    Provides quickly an initial version of the system
    Involves all development teams

    Disadvantages:

    Quick fixes may be involved


    “Invisible” process, not well-supported by documentation
    The system’s structure can be corrupted by continuous
    change
    Special tools and techniques may be necessary
    The client may have the impression the first version is very
    close to the final product and thus be less patient

    Applicability:

    When requirements are not well understood


    When the client and the developer agree on a “rapid
    prototype” that will be thrown away
    Good for small and medium-sized software systems
    Phases of Prototyping Model
    Requirement Analysis

    Quick Design

    Prototype Implementation

    Testing

    Deliver Final Product


    Advantages of Prototyping
    Model
    The following are the advantages of Prototyping model:
    • Due the interaction between the client and developer right from
    the beginning , the objectives and requirements of the software
    is well established.
    • Suitable for the projects when client has not clear idea about his
    requirements.
    • The client can provide its input during development of the
    prototype.
    • The prototype serves as an aid for the development of the final
    product.
    Disadvantages of Prototyping
    Model
    The prototyping model has the following disadvantages.
    • The quality of the software development is
    compromised in the rush to present a working version
    of the software to the client.
    • The client look at the working version of the product
    at the outset and expect the final version of the
    product to be deliver immediately. This cause
    additional pressure over the developers to adopt
    shortcut in order to meet the final product deadline.
    • It becomes difficult for the developer to convince the
    client as why the prototype has to be discarded.
    Rapid Application Development:

    • RAD is a high speed version of linear sequential model. It is


    characterized by a very short development life cycle, in which
    the objective is to accelerate the development.
    • The RAD model follows a component based approach.

    • In this approach individual components developed by different


    people are assembled to develop a large software system.
    Advantages of Using RAD Model:

    The RAD has following advantages:

    • Due to emphasis on rapid development , it results in


    the delivery of fully functional project in short time
    period.
    • It encourages the development of program component
    reusable.
    Disadvantages of Using RAD Model:

    The RAD model has following disadvantages :


    • It requires dedication and commitment on the part of the
    developers as well as the client to meet the deadline. If either
    party is indifferent in needs of other, the project will run into
    serious problem.
    • Its application area is restricted to system that are modular and
    reusable in nature.
    • It is not suitable for the applications that have a high degree of
    technical risk.
    • It is not suitable for the large projects because they require more
    manpower for creating multiple RAD groups.
    .Software Process Models: Spiral Model.
    .Software Process Models: Spiral Model.

    • Main characteristics:
    – Also a hybrid model that support process iteration
    – The process is represented as a spiral, each loop in the
    spiral representing a process phase
    – Four sectors per loop: objective setting, risk assessment
    and reduction, development and validation, planning
    – Risk is explicitly taken into consideration

    19
    Software Process Models: ..Spiral Model

    • Advantages:
    – Risk reduction mechanisms are in place
    – Supports iteration and reflects real-world practices
    – Systematic approach
    • Disadvantages:
    – Requires expertise in risk evaluation and reduction
    – Complex, relatively difficult to follow strictly
    – Applicable only to large systems
    • Applicability:
    – Internal development of large systems
    20

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