Nu) Around Cylinder in Porous Medium Could Be
Nu) Around Cylinder in Porous Medium Could Be
Nu) Around Cylinder in Porous Medium Could Be
and 303 T K
+V V = (2)
Energy:
2
,
0
f p f eff
C u T k T V V = (3)
where K is permeability obtained from Ergun [xx]:
| )
3 2
2
1
p
d
K
A
=
(4)
Nasr et al. [xx] suggest that the value employ for Ergun coefficient ( A) is 220.
A finite different method with non-uniform elements is used for the solution method. Elements
are clustered around cylinder and in-high gradient regions. Moreover, the fluid flow and heat
transfer model are tested with different element sizes, 7600 and 36400 elements. The results of
flow field and temperature prediction using both element sizes are not that significant with less
than 1% of discrepancy. Therefore, it is assumed that using 7600 elements is sufficient as far as
accuracy and computer resources are concerned. Moreover, the prediction of air-side heat
transfer coefficient is compared with published correlation in case of without porous medium
[xx] and found to be agreeing well with less than 2% of discrepancy. Therefore, it is ensured that
results are not element sizes dependent.
Data reduction
The temperature profile along bed axis at 0 y = will be illustrated in term of dimensionless
temperature ( O), which could be expressed as
wall
T T
T T
O =
(5)
Moreover, air-side heat transfer performance will be evaluated in term of air-side heat transfer
coefficient, which could be obtained from
''
eff
n
o
wall wall wall
k
q T
h
T T T T n
c
= =
c
(6)
where
''
n
q is normal total heat flux at tube surface, and the subscript n denotes outward normal
on the tube surface at a given angle from the front of the tube.
The air-side heat transfer coefficient based on the previous work [xx] could be obtained from
D eff
o
Nu k
h
D
= (7)
where
D
Nu is achieved from Eq. (a, c) in Table A. It must be noted that
o
h in Eq. (7) is based
on effective thermal conductivity of porous medium (
eff
k ), which could related on the chosen
model (See Table B). However, Nasr et al. [xx] recommends using ZBS Model [xx] for their
correlation (Eq. (c) in Table A). Moreover, in this present work, the same expression will be
used with Cheng [xx] correlation.
Results and Discussion
The results are compared with the numerical data for single tube in free stream (without porous
medium), and show that the presence of porous medium can stabilized the flow and eliminate
Von Karmen votices at downstream of the tube as illustrated in Fig. B, which tends to increase
the air-side heat transfer performance (
o
h ). Moreover, not only the stabilized fluid flow but the
modification of thermal conductivity from to is also enhanced the air-side heat transfer
coefficient up to about 4 times higher than that of the bare tube. According to Fig. B, in case of
porous medium with Re 100
D
= , the numerical simulation predicts 46.68
o
h W m K = using
ZBS model for effective thermal conductivity. However, in case of bare tube, 11.9
o
h W m K =
is obtained from both numerical prediction and correlation [xx].
The influence of Re
D
on dimensionless temperature profiles obtained from using ZBS model in
the numerical prediction is illustrated in Fig C. It is found that the thermal boundary layer in
front of the tube is thinned with the increasing Re
D
, which should result for the increasing in
o
h .
Moreover, the thermal boundary layer behind the tube is also thinned, which could be observed
from the decreasing of dimensionless temperature with increasing Re
D
.
Fig. A: The calculation domain.
Table A: The Nusselt number correlation of single tube embedded in porous medium.
No. References The correlations
a
Cheng [xx]
| )
1 2
1 0157
/
D D
Nu . Pe =
b Fand and Phan [xx]
| )
0 5 0 29 0 179
1 48 0 255 0 699
. . .
D D p
Nu . . . Re Pr Re = +
c
Nars et al. [43]
| )
0 0174
0 114
0 66
0 53
.
s f
.
. k k
D D
p
D
Nu . Pe
d
|
]
=
|
] |
]
' .
5D , U T
wall
T
x
y
D
Table B: The effective thermal conductivity model of porous medium.
No. References
Effective thermal conductivity (
eff
k )
d Deissier and Boegli [xx] | ) 1
eff g s
k k k = +
Parallel
Model
e Deissier and Boegli [xx]
| )
1
1
eff
g s
k
k k
=
+
Series Model
f
Lichteneker [xx]
| ) 1
eff g s
k k k
=
Geometric
Mean Model
g
Gelperin and Ainshtein [xx]
| )
0 18
0 63
1 1
1
0 28
.
g
s
g
s
eff g
k
.
k g
s
k
k
k k
k
.
k
|
|
|
' .
|
|
|
|
|
' .
= +
|
|
+ |
|
' .
-
h Kunni and Smith [xx]
| ) 1
eff f
g
s
k k
k
k
|
|
|
= +
|
|
| + +
|
|
' . ' .
-
i
Zehner and Schlunder [xx]
2 1
1 1
1
eff g
k k
B
= +
| )
| )
2
1
1 1 1
ln
2 1
1
B
B B
B B
B
+ |
]
`
|
' . ]
])
ZBS Model
Dimensionless bed length
0.0 .1 .2 .3 .4 .5 .6 .7 .8 .9 1.0
D
i
m
e
n
s
i
o
n
l
e
s
s
T
e
m
p
e
r
a
t
u
r
e
0.0
.1
.2
.3
.4
.5
.6
.7
.8
.9
1.0
Re
D
= 2
Re
D
= 50
Re
D
= 100
Re
D
= 200
Re
D
= 500
Re
D
= 1000
Increase Re
D
ZBS Model [xx]
d
p
/D
o
= 0.74, c = 0.6
T
wall
= 150
o
C, T
air,in
= 30
o
C
Angle, (deg)
0 45 90 135 180
H
e
a
t
T
r
a
n
s
f
e
r
C
o
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
t
,
h
o
(
W
/
m
2
-
K
)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
without porous [xx]
Serie Model [xx]
Kunni and Smith [xx]
Gel'perin & Ainshtein [xx]
ZBS Model [xx]
d
p
/D
o
= 0.74, c = 0.6
T
wall
= 150
o
C, T
air,in
= 30
o
C
Reynolds number, Re
D
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300
H
e
a
t
T
r
a
n
s
f
e
r
C
o
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
t
,
h
o
(
W
/
m
2
-
K
)
1
10
100
1000
Region A Region B
without porous [xx]
Cheng [xx]
Nasr et al. [xx]
ZBS Model [xx]
Licheneker [xx]
Gel'perin & Ainshtein [xx]
Kunni and Smith [xx]
Serie Model [xx]
Parallel Model [xx]
d
p
/D
o
= 0.74, c = 0.6
T
wall
= 150
o
C, T
air,in
= 30
o
C
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