Chapter 6 Objects and Classes: OO Programming Concepts Creating Objects and Object Reference Variables

Chapter 6 Objects and Classes
OO Programming Concepts Creating Objects and Object Reference Variables
Differences between primitive data type and object type Automatic garbage collection
Constructors Modifiers (public, private and static)
Instance and Class Variables and Methods Scope of Variables Use the this Keyword Case Studies (Mortgage class and Count class)
OO Programming Concepts
An object data field 1 ... data field n method 1 ... method n Behavior State
Method findArea A Circle object Data Field radius = 5
Class and Objects

Circle radius: double
UML Graphical notation for classes UML Graphical notation for fields UML Graphical notation for methods
findArea(): double new Circle() circle1: Circle radius = 2 ... new Circle() circlen: Circle radius = 5
UML Graphical notation for objects
Class Declaration
class Circle { double radius = 1.0; double findArea(){ return radius * radius * 3.14159; } }
Declaring Object Reference Variables

ClassName objectReference;
Example:
Circle myCircle;
Creating Objects
objectReference = new ClassName();
Example:
myCircle = new Circle();
The object reference is assigned to the object reference variable.
Declaring/Creating Objects in a Single Step
ClassName objectReference = new ClassName();
Example:
Circle myCircle = new Circle();
Differences between variables of primitive Data types and object types

Primitive type Object type int i = 1 Circle c i c 1 reference
c: Circle Created using new Circle() radius = 1
Copying Variables of Primitive Data Types and Object Types

Primitive type assignment i=j Object type assignment c1 = c2
Before: i j 1 2
After: i j 2 2
Before: c1 c2 c1: Circle radius = 5
After: c1 c2 c2: Circle radius = 9
Garbage Collection
As shown in the previous figure, after the assignment statement c1 = c2, c1 points to the same object referenced by c2. The object previously referenced by c1 is no longer useful. This object is known as garbage. Garbage is automatically collected by JVM.
Garbage Collection, cont

TIP: If you know that an object is no longer needed, you can explicitly assign null to a reference variable for the object. The Java VM will automatically collect the space if the object is not referenced by any variable.
Accessing Objects
Referencing
the objects data:
objectReference.data
myCircle.radius
Invoking
the objects method:
objectReference.method
myCircle.findArea()
Example 6.1 Using Objects

Objective:
Demonstrate creating objects, accessing data, and using methods.
TestCircle
Run
Constructors
Circle(double r) { radius = r; Constructors are a } special kind of methods that are Circle() { radius = 1.0; invoked to construct objects. } myCircle = new Circle(5.0);
Constructors, cont.
A constructor with no parameters is referred to as a default constructor. Constructors must have the same name as the class itself.
Constructors do not have a return type not even void.

Constructors are invoked using the new operator when an object is created. Constructors play the role of initializing objects.
Example 6.2 Using Classes from the Java Library

Objective:
Demonstrate using classes from the Java library. Use the JFrame class in the javax.swing package to create two frames; use the methods in the JFrame class to set the title, size and location of the frames and to display the frames.
TestFrame Run
Example 6.3 Using Constructors

Objective:
Demonstrate the role of constructors and use them to create objects.
TestCircleWithConstructors
Run
Visibility Modifiers and Accessor Methods

By default, the class, variable, or data can be accessed by any class in the same package.
public
The class, data, or method is visible to any class in any package.
private
The data or methods can be accessed only by the declaring class. The get and set methods are used to read and modify private properties.
Example 6.4 Using the private Modifier and Accessor Methods

In this example, private data are used for the radius and the accessor methods getRadius and setRadius are provided for the clients to retrieve and modify the radius.
TestCircleWithAccessors
Run
Passing Objects to Methods

Passing
by value (the value is the reference to the object)
Example 6.5 Passing Objects as Arguments
TestPassingObject
Run
Passing Objects to Methods, cont.

main method printAreas method times n 5 5 Pass by value (here the value is 5)
c myCircle Reference Reference Pass by value (here the value is the reference for the object)
myCircle: Circle radius = 1
Instance Variables, and Methods
Instance variables belong to a specific instance. Instance methods are invoked by an instance of the class.
Class Variables, Constants, and Methods

Class variables are shared by all the instances of the class. Class methods are not tied to a specific object.
Class constants are final variables shared by all the instances of the class.
Class Variables, Constants, and Methods, cont.

To declare class variables, constants, and methods, use the static modifier.
Class Variables, Constants, and Methods, cont.

UML Notation: +: public variables or methods -: private variables or methods underline: static variables or metods circle1:Circle instantiate radius is an instance variable, and numOfObjects is a class variable Memory
radius
CircleWithStaticVariable
-radius -numOfObjects +getRadius(): double +setRadius(radius: double): void +getNumOfObjects(): int +findArea(): double instantiate
-radius = 1 -numOfObjects = 2
2
circle2:Circle
numOfObjects
-radius = 5 -numOfObjects = 2
radius
Example 6.6 Using Instance and Class Variables and Method

Objective: Demonstrate the roles of instance and class variables and their uses. This example adds a class variable numOfObjects to track the number of Circle objects created.
TestCircleWithStaticVariable Run
Scope of Variables
The scope of instance and class variables is the entire class. They can be declared anywhere inside a class.
The scope of a local variable starts from its declaration and continues to the end of the block that contains the variable. A local variable must be declared before it can be used.
The Keyword this

Use Use
this to refer to the current object.
this to invoke other constructors of the object.
Array of Objects
Circle[] circleArray = new Circle[10]; An array of objects is actually an array of reference variables. So invoking circleArray[1].findArea() involves two levels of referencing as shown in the next figure. circleArray references to the entire array. circleArray[1] references to a Circle object.
Array of Objects, cont.

Circle[] circleArray = new Circle[10];
reference circleArray[0] circleArray[1]
circleArray
Circle object 0 Circle object 1 Circle object 9
circleArray[9]
Array of Objects, cont.

Example 6.7: Summarizing the areas of the circles
TotalArea
Run
Class Abstraction
Class abstraction means to separate class implementation from the use of the class. The creator of the class provides a description of the class and let the user know how the class can be used. The user of the class does not need to know how the class is implemented. The detail of implementation is encapsulated and hidden from the user.
Example 6.8 The Mortgage Class

Mortgage
-annualInterestRate: double -numOfYears: int -loanAmount: double +Mortgage() +Mortgage(annualInterestRate: double, numOfYears: int, loanAmount: double) +getAnnualInterestRate(): double +getNumOfYears(): int +getLoanAmount(): double +setAnnualInterestRate(annualInteresteRate: double): void +setNumOfYears(numOfYears: int): void +setLoanAmount(loanAmount: double): void +monthlyPayment(): double +totalPayment(): double
Mortgage TestMortgageClass Run
Example 6.9 The Count Class
TestVoteCandidate
Run
Java API and Core Java classes
java.lang Contains core Java classes, such as numeric classes, strings, and objects. This package is implicitly imported to every Java program.
java.awt Contains classes for graphics.

java.applet Contains classes for supporting applets.
Java API and Core Java classes, cont.
java.io Contains classes for input and output streams and files. java.util Contains many utilities, such as date. java.net Contains classes for supporting network communications.
Java API and Core Java classes, cont.
java.awt.image
Contains classes for managing bitmap images. java.awt.peer Platform-specific GUI implementation. Others:
java.sql java.rmi

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Chapter 6 Objects and Classes

OO Programming Concepts Creating Objects and Object Reference Variables

Constructors Modifiers (public, private and static)

Class and Objects

Declaring Object Reference Variables

The object reference is assigned to the object reference variable.

Declaring/Creating Objects in a Single Step

ClassName objectReference = new ClassName();

Differences between variables of primitive Data types and object types

c: Circle Created using new Circle() radius = 1

Copying Variables of Primitive Data Types and Object Types

Before: c1 c2 c1: Circle radius = 5

After: c1 c2 c2: Circle radius = 9

Garbage Collection, cont

the objects data:

the objects method:

Example 6.1 Using Objects

Demonstrate creating objects, accessing data, and using methods.

Constructors do not have a return type not even void.

Example 6.2 Using Classes from the Java Library

Example 6.3 Using Constructors

Demonstrate the role of constructors and use them to create objects.

Visibility Modifiers and Accessor Methods

Example 6.4 Using the private Modifier and Accessor Methods

Passing Objects to Methods

by value (the value is the reference to the object)

Example 6.5 Passing Objects as Arguments

Passing Objects to Methods, cont.

myCircle: Circle radius = 1

Instance Variables, and Methods

Class Variables, Constants, and Methods

Class Variables, Constants, and Methods, cont.

Class Variables, Constants, and Methods, cont.

Example 6.6 Using Instance and Class Variables and Method

The Keyword this

this to refer to the current object.

this to invoke other constructors of the object.

Array of Objects, cont.

Circle object 0 Circle object 1 Circle object 9

Array of Objects, cont.

Example 6.8 The Mortgage Class

Mortgage TestMortgageClass Run

Example 6.9 The Count Class

Java API and Core Java classes

java.awt Contains classes for graphics.

Java API and Core Java classes, cont.

Java API and Core Java classes, cont.

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