A problem with many installations, particularly domestic, is that

Every man and his dog has had a hand in it

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The domestic electrical installation likely to have been originally installed

by competent electrical contractor

additions/alterations possibly undertaken

by unqualified persons.

periodic inspection and testing to ensure

continued safety is unlikely.
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To what standards should an electrical installation conform? The Institution of Electrical Engineers Wiring Regulations

First Edition of the Regulations Issued in 1882 and entitled Rules and Regulations for the Prevention of Fire Risks Arising from Electric Lighting
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What about risk of electric shock and death by electrocution?

Jointly owned by the Institution of Electrical Engineers and B.S.I. Latest edition Came into effect 1st January 2002

Are these regulations statutory? No, but they can be used as evidence of compliance with statutory regulations limited value within the domestic installation in terms of enforcement
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Very few enforceable regulations apply to domestic installations

The commercial or industrial electrical installation usually under the control of competent persons. Statutory measures in place to ensure a safe working environment. This includes the electrical installation and electrical equipment
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Failure to comply with statutory regulations within the workplace can lead to criminal prosecution

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Other Interested Parties

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Two organisations concerned with the quality and safety of all aspects of electrical installation work in including domestic

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The Electrical Contractors Association E.C.A.

National Inspection Council for Electrical Installation Contracting N.I.C.E.I.C.

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Organisations only concerned with the competence and quality of work for those electrical contractors who are members of their organisation

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What happens if an electrical contractor carries out work in an unsatisfactory manner? If the contractors are members of the ECA or NICEIC, then appropriate action can be taken If not, the trading standards office, or local authority may be able to help
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With many domestic installations there is little or no maintenance undertaken to ensure continued safety In many cases, the integrity and safety of the installation is reduced by the D.I.Y. person!

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The need for Inspection and Test

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Installations should be inspected and tested

before being put into service (initial verification) at regular intervals thereafter (periodic) on completion of any alterations or additions

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The Initial Verification

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For an initial verification BS 7671:2001 states: installed equipment to an appropriate standard, i.e. BS, BS EN etc. correctly selected and erected not visibly damaged or defective as to impair safety
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The periodic installation inspection BS 7671:2001 states Periodic inspection and testing of an electrical installation shall be carried out to determine,so far as is reasonably practicable, whether the installation is in a satisfactory condition for continued service
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Generally, the main reason for undertaking an inspection and test is to ensure that the installation is safe to use

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What are the likely reasons for an installation failing to be safe? Age Wear and tear - may be considerable in rented accommodation Botched work by incompetent persons, or unscrupulous contractors
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Periodic Inspection Report Where is it required? expiry of current certificate change of ownership or use as a result of damage - flood, fire, etc mortgage/insurance purposes
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Factors affecting the safety

some common factors will include:-

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Damage to equipment or accessories Poorly installed equipment/accessories Loose connections giving rise to shock/fire Overloaded circuits Inadequate protection of circuits against overcurrent Circuit cables inadequate to safely carry load current Inadequate earthing arrangements
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The visual Inspection

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For reasons of safety the supply should preferably be switched off prior to conducting the inspection

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Checking fixings of accessories and cabling

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Loose connections may result in

electric shock fire

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circuit connections may be dislodged by movement of the socket outlet . terminations should be checked before socket is secured
remember, loose connections may give rise to fire and shock
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circuit connections may be dislodged by movement of the joint-box .

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Thats assuming they bothered to use a joint box in the first place.

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Blimey hes even left the screwdriver bit in the terminal block

potential fire/shock risk due to mechanical damage or loose connections 36

Shock risk
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Overheating due to loose connections

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Correct connection of single-way switch

surface box secure earth wire sleeved terminations secure

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Basic one-way lighting circuit

switch
P

Lamp
N

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switch
P

lamp
N

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Switch connections for two-way lighting

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When converting one-way to two-way lighting the earth wire used as live conductor

Very dangerous practice

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When installing socket outlets

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Fuses and Circuit Breakers

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The purpose of a fuse or circuit breaker device is automatically to interrupt circuit current in the event of fault or overload conditions

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Excessive current may flow as a result of: overload (excessive connected load) short circuit between live and neutral earth fault (live or neutral to earth)

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Overload (excessive connected load)

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Under normal circumstances the fuse or circuit breaker should operate before the circuit cables reach a dangerously high temperature

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If the fuse or circuit breaker is to high for the circuit, the cables may reach a dangerously high temperature resulting in fire

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Short circuit Phase and neutral conductors touching

Phase to neutral short resultingor circuit Large fault current flows - fuse from loose connections at a socket outlet breaker should operate
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Result of electrician fitting circuit breaker to live board

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Combined main switch and r.c.d.

Least sensitive of the two devices and protects circuits feeding fixed equipment. 62

Earth fault a fault condition that exists between live conductors and earth

Excess current should cause fuse or circuit breaker to operate

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rewirable fuse most widely abused

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Most likely reason for device failing to operate Incorrect size of element

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fuse element too large

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a fuse failing to operate under fault conditions may well result in fire

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The Rewirable fuse is an antiquated device. even with the correct rating of fuse element it may not safely interrupt high levels of fault current

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Cartridge fuses to BS 1361 scattering of hot metal particles contained within cartridge thus reducing fire risk during operation operates much closer to its current rating when compared to the rewirable fuse

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 has the ability to interrupt high levels of fault current less likelihood of premature failure due to oxidisation when compared to the rewirable 70

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Selection of fuses used in consumer units

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Circuit-breakers to BS EN 60898
most widely used type of overcurrent protective device, particularly for domestic applications Thermal-magnetic operation thermal - overload magnetic - short circuit conditions Older miniature circuit breakers to BS 3871
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Circuit-breakers to BS EN 60898 rating (A) 3 6 16 20 32 32 45 application bell transformers lighting circuits immersion heaters 13A socket radial 13A socket rings 13A socket radial cooker/shower circuits
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The Residual Current Device (r.c.d.)

Provides protection against earth faults in terms of: electric shock, and fire of an electric origin

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Why bother with an r.c.d. when a fuse or circuit breaker can provide protection against earth fault conditions?

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an r.c.d can operate in the region of milli-amps

in fact a r.c.d. rated at 30mA can provide protection against electrocution

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fuses and circuit breakers require relatively high currents in order to operate

for example, for a 30A rewirable fuse requires approximately 200A to operate within a safe time period

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Types of r.c.d.

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Socket outlet incorporating r.c.d. protection

High level of personal protection against shock, particularly when using portable electrical equipment outdoors

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Domestic consumer unit with two r.c.d.s

Extensively used in conjunction with an earth electrode earthing system

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Providing personal protection

Second r.c.d. has greater sensitivity and is used to protect socket outlet circuits
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Combined r.c.d. circuit breaker (RCBO) single device provides protection against both overload, short circuit and earth fault currents

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Combined r.c.d. circuit breaker (RCBO) An r.c.d. is a device which can provide protection against: fire resulting from earth faults earth faults where circuit resistance is too high for protection by conventional devices, i.e. circuit breakers or fuses where greater protection against electric shock, for example socket outlet circuits likely to supply portable equipment outdoors
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fuses and circuit breakers are totally unable to provide this level of shock protection

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What rating of r.c.d. are generally available and where would they be used?

as a guide

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30mA for personal protection socket outlet circuits 100mA or above for protection against fire

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P N
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Correct polarity

Edison-screw

Correct polarity of Edison-type screw fittings essential if shock is to be avoided

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Centre contact must always be connected to the phase conductor of the supply
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neutral phase

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Phase Neutral

Phase and neutral connections reversed

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Reversed polarity A person removing an Edison-screw lamp could receive a serious electric shock if they touched the lamp thread before it had completely been removed from the fitting

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The socket tester

useful but limited in its application

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All lights green indicates correct polarity 103

red - red -green indicates P-E reversed 104

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The socket tester will INDICATE

THE PRESENCE OF SUPPLY IDNETIFY THE CORRECT POLARITY OF THE PHASE CONDUCTOR

THAT SOME FORM OF EARTH CONNECTION IS PRESENT AT THE SOCKET OUTLET

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The socket tester will NOT INDICATE

A HIGH RESISTANCE EARTH PATH

A REVERSED NEUTRAL EARTH CONNECTION

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AND ABOVE ALL

NEVER USE A SOCKET TESTER TO PROVE THAT A CIRCUIT IS ISOLATED, (dead).

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Earthing In order to prevent electric shock the exposed metalwork of electrical appliances, metal conduit etc should be earthed. In the majority of cases the earthing facility is provided by the local electricity supplier.

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Inadequate earthing arrangements may lead to electric shock or death through electrocution

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Earthing arrangements

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Typical domestic intake

meter

consumer unit

earth terminal service cutout main incoming earth

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Earth connection is obtained from suppliers sheath (main incoming cable)

This method of earthing is still widely used 113 and is reliable

Modern earthing arrangement where the earth is connected to the incoming neutral at the service head

Rapidly becoming the most widely used supply arrangement

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Widely used in agricultural/rural areas. Earthing relies on earth electrode (rod/spike)

Gradually being phased out wherever possible

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Earth rod and typical enclosure

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Problems with earth electrodes

generally

does not provide a very good earth return path

liable

to corrosion and mechanical damage

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