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    Introduction To Turbomachinery

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    Jeff Simpson
    The document discusses pumping machinery and turbomachinery. It provides an overview of different types of pumps and turbines, including classifications. Key aspects covered include: - Turbomachines like pumps and compressors are used to boost output by increasing or decreasing fluid pressure using machinery. - Pumps can be classified based on geometry (axial, mixed, radial flow), number of stages, type (pump, compressor), and impulse vs reaction design. - Centrifugal pumps work by accelerating fluid using a rotor and further increasing pressure in a stator. Main components include impellers, diffusers, casings, and volutes. - Performance is influenced by variables like flow, head, efficiency,

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    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
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    Introduction To Turbomachinery

    Uploaded by

    Jeff Simpson
    717 views66 pages
    The document discusses pumping machinery and turbomachinery. It provides an overview of different types of pumps and turbines, including classifications. Key aspects covered include: - Turbomachines like pumps and compressors are used to boost output by increasing or decreasing fluid pressure using machinery. - Pumps can be classified based on geometry (axial, mixed, radial flow), number of stages, type (pump, compressor), and impulse vs reaction design. - Centrifugal pumps work by accelerating fluid using a rotor and further increasing pressure in a stator. Main components include impellers, diffusers, casings, and volutes. - Performance is influenced by variables like flow, head, efficiency,

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    Introduction to Turbomachinery

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    The document discusses pumping machinery and turbomachinery. It provides an overview of different types of pumps and turbines, including classifications. Key aspects covered include: - Turbomachines like pumps and compressors are used to boost output by increasing or decreasing fluid pressure using machinery. - Pumps can be classified based on geometry (axial, mixed, radial flow), number of stages, type (pump, compressor), and impulse vs reaction design. - Centrifugal pumps work by accelerating fluid using a rotor and further increasing pressure in a stator. Main components include impellers, diffusers, casings, and volutes. - Performance is influenced by variables like flow, head, efficiency,

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    717 views66 pages

    Introduction To Turbomachinery

    Uploaded by

    Jeff Simpson
    The document discusses pumping machinery and turbomachinery. It provides an overview of different types of pumps and turbines, including classifications. Key aspects covered include: - Turbomachines like pumps and compressors are used to boost output by increasing or decreasing fluid pressure using machinery. - Pumps can be classified based on geometry (axial, mixed, radial flow), number of stages, type (pump, compressor), and impulse vs reaction design. - Centrifugal pumps work by accelerating fluid using a rotor and further increasing pressure in a stator. Main components include impellers, diffusers, casings, and volutes. - Performance is influenced by variables like flow, head, efficiency,

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    of 66

    Pumping Machinery

    2001 ASME Fluids Engineering Division Summer Meeting


    Dr. Adiel Guinzburg
    What is Turbomachinery?
    Using working fluids to Boost
    output,
    either increase or decrease pressure
    by using Machinery
    Fluids Engineering Division Annual Summer Meeting, New Orleans, LA, 29 May 2001
    High Pressure Fuel Turbopump
    Fluids Engineering Division Annual Summer Meeting, New Orleans, LA, 29 May 2001
    High Pressure Oxygen Turbopump
    Fluids Engineering Division Annual Summer Meeting, New Orleans, LA, 29 May 2001
    Turbomachine Classification
    Turbines. Pumps and Compressors
    Incompressible. Compressible
    Axial-flow, Mixed-flow, Radial-flow geometry
    Single stage. Multi-stage
    Turbo-pump. Turbo-compressor. Torque-converter
    Impulse. Reaction
    Fluids Engineering Division Annual Summer Meeting, New Orleans, LA, 29 May 2001
    From Customer Requirements to
    Final Product
    Specification
    Preliminary Design, Conceptual design, ...
    Component Design
    Component Test, Analysis
    Acceptance Test
    .....
    Fluids Engineering Division Annual Summer Meeting, New Orleans, LA, 29 May 2001
    Design Trade-offs
    Performance
    Weight
    Cost
    Life
    Reliability
    Structural Strength
    Maintainability
    Envelope
    Fluids Engineering Division Annual Summer Meeting, New Orleans, LA, 29 May 2001
    Design Process
    In-house design database - scale
    Detail design
    (2D, Quasi 3D, CFD <=> stress analysis
    Test Data Evaluation
    Fluids Engineering Division Annual Summer Meeting, New Orleans, LA, 29 May 2001
    Turbomachine
    ] gz)
    2
    v
    (h gz)
    2
    v
    [(h m Ps
    in
    2
    out
    2
    + + + + =
    &
    Fluids Engineering Division Annual Summer Meeting, New Orleans, LA, 29 May 2001
    Turbines
    Impart Kinetic Energy to rotor as
    Mechanical Energy of rotation
    Impulse
    high Pressure, low Flow
    Reaction
    low Pressure, high Flow
    Fluids Engineering Division Annual Summer Meeting, New Orleans, LA, 29 May 2001
    Pump Classification
    Fluids Engineering Division Annual Summer Meeting, New Orleans, LA, 29 May 2001
    Centrifugal Pump
    rotor, stator
    accelerate flow by imparting kinetic energy
    decelerate (diffuse) in stator
    results in increase in fluid pressure
    Fluids Engineering Division Annual Summer Meeting, New Orleans, LA, 29 May 2001
    Elements of a Centrifugal Flow
    Pump
    From Huzel, D. K. and Huang, D. H.
    Fluids Engineering Division Annual Summer Meeting, New Orleans, LA, 29 May 2001
    Rotor
    Inducer
    Impeller
    Bearings
    Shaft
    Fluids Engineering Division Annual Summer Meeting, New Orleans, LA, 29 May 2001
    Inducer
    Axial flow
    Increase total pressure
    permits non cavitating operation in impeller
    used as boost pump, permits main pump to
    operate at higher speeds
    e.g. LPOTP is only inducer
    Fluids Engineering Division Annual Summer Meeting, New Orleans, LA, 29 May 2001
    Inducer
    Fluids Engineering Division Annual Summer Meeting, New Orleans, LA, 29 May 2001
    Stator
    Casing
    Diffuser vanes
    Volute
    Seals
    Fluids Engineering Division Annual Summer Meeting, New Orleans, LA, 29 May 2001
    Vane Island Diffuser
    (shown without shroud)
    Fluids Engineering Division Annual Summer Meeting, New Orleans, LA, 29 May 2001
    Impeller Profiles

    Axial Flow Mixed Flow


    Radial Flow
    From BWIP pump pocket book
    N
    s
    Fluids Engineering Division Annual Summer Meeting, New Orleans, LA, 29 May 2001
    Pump Configurations
    From Huzel, D. K. and Huang, D. H.
    Fluids Engineering Division Annual Summer Meeting, New Orleans, LA, 29 May 2001
    Velocity Triangle
    From Huzel, D. K. and Huang, D. H.
    Fluids Engineering Division Annual Summer Meeting, New Orleans, LA, 29 May 2001
    Velocity Triangle
    From Huzel, D. K. and Huang, D. H.
    Fluids Engineering Division Annual Summer Meeting, New Orleans, LA, 29 May 2001
    Impeller Loss Components
    Skin Friction
    Blade Loading
    Incidence
    Wake Mixing
    Impeller-shroud Clearance Leakage
    Disk Friction
    Recirculation
    Fluids Engineering Division Annual Summer Meeting, New Orleans, LA, 29 May 2001
    Flow Variables
    P
    T
    = P + v
    2
    P
    T
    = P + (v

    2
    +v
    m
    2
    )
    h
    T
    = h + v
    2
    + gz
    2
    2
    1
    2
    1
    1
    Fluids Engineering Division Annual Summer Meeting, New Orleans, LA, 29 May 2001
    Dimensionless Quantities
    Head coefficient
    Flow Coefficient
    2 2
    R
    gH

    =
    R A
    Q

    =
    Fluids Engineering Division Annual Summer Meeting, New Orleans, LA, 29 May 2001
    Head rise
    ) v (v
    g
    u
    H
    1 2
    =
    Fluids Engineering Division Annual Summer Meeting, New Orleans, LA, 29 May 2001
    Isentropic Enthalpy Rise
    H=144.p/
    P (psi)
    H (ft)
    (lb/ft
    3
    )
    Fluids Engineering Division Annual Summer Meeting, New Orleans, LA, 29 May 2001
    Affinity Laws
    Q ~ D
    3
    H ~
    2
    D
    2
    T ~
    2
    D
    5
    P ~
    3
    D
    5
    Fluids Engineering Division Annual Summer Meeting, New Orleans, LA, 29 May 2001
    Engine System Resistance and
    Pump Characteristics
    From Huzel, D. K. and Huang, D. H.
    Fluids Engineering Division Annual Summer Meeting, New Orleans, LA, 29 May 2001
    Specific speed
    4
    3
    2
    1
    (gH)
    Q
    s

    = Consistent units
    (rad/s)
    Q (m
    3
    /s)
    H (m)
    US
    2734.6
    Ns
    s =
    4
    3
    2
    1
    (ft.)
    RPM.(GPM)
    Ns =
    Fluids Engineering Division Annual Summer Meeting, New Orleans, LA, 29 May 2001
    Impeller Profiles

    Axial Flow Mixed Flow


    Radial Flow
    From BWIP pump pocket book
    N
    s
    Fluids Engineering Division Annual Summer Meeting, New Orleans, LA, 29 May 2001
    Effect of Ns on H-Q curve
    From Cameron Hydraulic Data
    Fluids Engineering Division Annual Summer Meeting, New Orleans, LA, 29 May 2001
    Profiles and Efficiencies Based
    on Specific Speed
    Fluids Engineering Division Annual Summer Meeting, New Orleans, LA, 29 May 2001
    Issues
    H-Q instability
    Stall
    Cavitation induced dynamic pressure
    Radial loads
    Discharge and suction recirculation
    Fluids Engineering Division Annual Summer Meeting, New Orleans, LA, 29 May 2001
    Separation and Stall
    Jet and wake observed in each impeller passage. The eddying
    wake is seen on the suction side of the channel from
    Fischer and Thoma, 1932
    Fluids Engineering Division Annual Summer Meeting, New Orleans, LA, 29 May 2001
    Recirculation
    Secondary flows in a centrifugal pump from Brennen (1994)
    Fluids Engineering Division Annual Summer Meeting, New Orleans, LA, 29 May 2001
    Recirculation
    Sudden increase in pressure pulsation from Fraser (1981)
    Fluids Engineering Division Annual Summer Meeting, New Orleans, LA, 29 May 2001
    Stator Effect on Head
    Characteristics
    (steepens H-Q curve)
    reduce impeller inlet Cu at low flow
    increase impeller inlet Cu at high flow
    provide stability over wide operating range
    increase stator and impeller incidence angle
    at off design
    reduces inception of stall with negative
    incidence
    Fluids Engineering Division Annual Summer Meeting, New Orleans, LA, 29 May 2001
    Vaned Diffuser Effect on Head
    Characteristics
    (flattens H-Q curve)
    convert kinetic energy of fluid leaving the
    impeller into static pressure rise
    flow incidence sensitive
    leading edge stall phenomenon believed to
    be cause of loss of diffuser performance
    rapid head falloff at low flow
    Fluids Engineering Division Annual Summer Meeting, New Orleans, LA, 29 May 2001
    0
    0.2
    0.4
    0.6
    0.8
    1
    1.2
    1.4
    0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1 1.1 1.2 1.3
    Flow/Flow des
    P
    u
    m
    p

    H
    e
    a
    d
    /
    P
    u
    m
    p

    H
    e
    a
    d

    d
    e
    s
    WFR
    no stall
    no diffuser stall
    no stator stall
    Stator stall
    Diffuser stall
    Impeller stall
    Stall Characteristics
    Fluids Engineering Division Annual Summer Meeting, New Orleans, LA, 29 May 2001
    Two-Dimensional Diffuser Map
    Flow Regimes in Straight Wall, Two-Dimensional Diffusers from Moore and Kline, 1955.
    Fluids Engineering Division Annual Summer Meeting, New Orleans, LA, 29 May 2001
    Slot Optimization
    Slot geometry configuration optimization from Gostelow and Watson, 1972.
    Fluids Engineering Division Annual Summer Meeting, New Orleans, LA, 29 May 2001
    Blade Loading
    From Guinzburg et al. (1997)
    Fluids Engineering Division Annual Summer Meeting, New Orleans, LA, 29 May 2001
    CFD as a Tool
    Before using a particular CFD code in a
    rotating machinery component design
    process, it is important to bracket the
    accuracy of the code results for that
    particular type of component.
    Fluids Engineering Division Annual Summer Meeting, New Orleans, LA, 29 May 2001
    Interpretation of CFD
    Another important issue is how accurately
    the component inlet flow boundary
    conditions have to be known (pre-
    computation) to get results that are
    consistent with test data.
    Fluids Engineering Division Annual Summer Meeting, New Orleans, LA, 29 May 2001
    CFD Process
    Validate a computational fluid dynamic
    code for integration into the impeller design
    process.
    The validation process consists of
    computing the impeller flow for a range of
    inlet conditions.
    Fluids Engineering Division Annual Summer Meeting, New Orleans, LA, 29 May 2001
    Accuracy of the CFD Results
    number of nodes used to discretize the flow
    domain
    accuracy of the numerical discretization
    scheme
    type of turbulence model used.
    Fluids Engineering Division Annual Summer Meeting, New Orleans, LA, 29 May 2001
    CFD Capabilities
    Transient Analysis
    Two Phase Flow
    Heat Transfer
    Temperature Dependent Properties
    Moving Mesh
    Non-inertial Reference Frames
    Selection of Turbulence Models
    Wall Function Models
    Fluids Engineering Division Annual Summer Meeting, New Orleans, LA, 29 May 2001
    Diffusion
    The diffusion factor D, can be adapted for pumps from
    Lieblein (1965) as follows:
    1
    1
    2
    1
    2
    1
    2
    W 2
    V
    r
    r
    V
    +
    W
    W
    - 1 = D

    |
    |
    .
    |

    \
    |
    Duncombe (1964) explicitly examined the diffusion on both
    the suction (s) and pressure (p) sides of the blade and
    expressed the result as follows:

    W
    W
    - 1 +
    W
    W
    - 1 = D
    1
    min p,
    max s,
    2
    |
    |
    .
    |

    \
    |
    |
    |
    .
    |

    \
    |
    Fluids Engineering Division Annual Summer Meeting, New Orleans, LA, 29 May 2001
    Cavitation
    Typical cavity configuration within an impeller. Flowrate is half that of
    BEP; so, the cavity is broken up by recirculating flow. From Sloteman
    et al (1995).
    Fluids Engineering Division Annual Summer Meeting, New Orleans, LA, 29 May 2001
    Cavitation
    Thoma number, cavitation number
    2
    2
    1
    v
    v
    p - p

    =
    Fluids Engineering Division Annual Summer Meeting, New Orleans, LA, 29 May 2001
    Suction Specific speed
    4
    3
    2
    1
    (gNPSH)
    Q
    ss

    = Consistent units
    (rad/s)
    Q (m
    3
    /s)
    NPSH (m)
    US
    2734.6
    Nss
    ss =
    4
    3
    2
    1
    (ft.)
    RPM.(GPM)
    Nss =
    Fluids Engineering Division Annual Summer Meeting, New Orleans, LA, 29 May 2001
    Pump Suction Performance
    From Huzel, D. K. and Huang, D. H.
    Fluids Engineering Division Annual Summer Meeting, New Orleans, LA, 29 May 2001
    Bucket Curve
    0
    1
    2
    3
    4
    5
    6
    7
    8
    9
    10
    0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6
    /d
    N
    P
    S
    H
    /
    N
    P
    S
    H

    d
    design point
    Predicted
    Fluids Engineering Division Annual Summer Meeting, New Orleans, LA, 29 May 2001
    Experimental Inducer Cavitation
    Fluids Engineering Division Annual Summer Meeting, New Orleans, LA, 29 May 2001
    Leading Edge Cavitation Damage
    Fluids Engineering Division Annual Summer Meeting, New Orleans, LA, 29 May 2001
    Typical Pump performance curve, showing NPSH required a)
    to maintain hydraulic performance or pump head (NPSH
    R
    ), b)
    to limit cavitation damage and therefore maintain pump life
    (NPSH
    d
    ), c) to prevent bubble formation entirely (NPSH
    i
    )
    from Cooper and Antunes(1983)
    Fluids Engineering Division Annual Summer Meeting, New Orleans, LA, 29 May 2001
    Pump Losses
    mechanical
    hydraulic
    disk friction
    leakage
    Fluids Engineering Division Annual Summer Meeting, New Orleans, LA, 29 May 2001
    Radial Load
    Fluids Engineering Division Annual Summer Meeting, New Orleans, LA, 29 May 2001
    Radial Load Profiles for Volutes
    of Different Specific Speed
    Pumps
    Fluids Engineering Division Annual Summer Meeting, New Orleans, LA, 29 May 2001
    Axial Calculation
    Fluids Engineering Division Annual Summer Meeting, New Orleans, LA, 29 May 2001
    Axial Load Balancing Schemes
    Seal Leakage Return Path
    Pump out ribs or vanes
    Balance Drum
    Balance Disk
    Fluids Engineering Division Annual Summer Meeting, New Orleans, LA, 29 May 2001
    Pump Balance Piston
    Fluids Engineering Division Annual Summer Meeting, New Orleans, LA, 29 May 2001
    Rotordynamics
    Relationship between the forces in the pump frame and the
    rotordynamic forces from Brennen (1994)
    Fluids Engineering Division Annual Summer Meeting, New Orleans, LA, 29 May 2001
    Impact Testing
    Fluids Engineering Division Annual Summer Meeting, New Orleans, LA, 29 May 2001
    References
    Anderson, H. H. Centrifugal pumps. The Trade and Technical Press Ltd., England
    Balje, O. E. (1981). Turbomachines. A guide to selection and theory. John Wiley and Sons, New York.
    BWIP Pump Pocket Book.
    Brennen, C. E. 1994. Hydrodynamics of Pumps. Concepts ETI, Inc. and Oxford University Press. New York.
    Brennen, C. E. 1995. Cavitation and Bubble Dynamics. Oxford University Press. New York.
    Cameron Hydraulic Data. (1988) Ingersoll-Rand Company.
    Cooper, P. and Antunes, F. F. 1983. Cavitation damage in boiler feed pumps. Symposium Proceedings on: Power Plant Feed Pumps - The
    State of the Art, EPRI CS-3158, Cherry Hill, New Jersey, pp. 2.24-2.29.
    Csanady, G. T. (1964) Theory of turbomachines. McGraw-Hill, New York.
    Duncombe, E., 1964, Aerodynamic Design of Axial Flow Turbines, in Aerodynamics of Turbines and Compressors, W. R. Hawthorne, Ed.,
    Princeton University Press, p. 512.
    Fraser, W. H. 1981. Recirculation in Centrifugal Pumps, Materials of Construction of Fluid Machinery and Their Relationship to Design
    and Performance, ASME Nov. 15-20. Pp. 65-86.
    Fischer, K. and Thoma, D. 1932. Investigation of flow conditions in a centrifugal pump, Transactions of the ASME, Vol. 54, pp. 141-155.
    Furst, R B. (1973) Liquid Rocket Engine Centrifugal Flow Turbopumps. NASA SP-8109.
    Karassik, I. J. And Carter, R. (1960) Centrifugal pumps. F. W. Dodge Corporation, New York
    Huzel, D. K. and Huang, D. H. Modern Engineering for Design of Liquid-Propellant Rocket Engines. AIAA, Washington D. C.
    Katsanis, T., and McNally, W. D., 1969, Revised Fortran Program for Calculating Velocities and Streamlines on a Blade-to-Blade Stream
    Surface of a Turbomachine, NASA TM X-1764.
    Katsanis, T., and McNally, W. D., 1977, Revised Fortran Program for Calculating Velocities and Streamlines on the Hub-Shroud Stream
    Surface of an Axial-, Radial-, or Mixed-Flow Turbomachine or Annular Duct, NASA TN D-8430.
    Lazarkiewicz, S. And Troskolanski, A. T. (1965) Impeller pumps. Pergamon Press, New York
    Leiblein, S., Experimental Flow in Two-Dimensional Cascades, in Aerodynamic Design of Axial-Flow Compressors, NASA SP-36, p. 203.
    Macaluso, S B. (1974) Liquid Rocket Engine Centrifugal Flow Turbopumps. NASA SP-8110.
    Sloteman, D. P., Wotring, T. L., March, P., McBee, D, and Moody, L. 1995. Experimental evaluation of high energy pump improvements
    including effects of upstream piping, Proceedings of the 12th International Pump Users Symposium, Houston, Texas.
    Stepanoff, A. J. (1973) Centrifugal and axial flow pumps. John Wiley and Sons, New York.
    Fluids Engineering Division Annual Summer Meeting, New Orleans, LA, 29 May 2001

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