Histology

Histology defined: histo: ___________ ology: _____________

>50 trillion cells and thousands of organs with >200 different cell types

An organ is composed of ________ or more tissue types

4 types of tissue: _______________, ________________, _______________, ______________

1. Epithelial tissue or _____________: composed of layers of closely spaced cells that cover _______
surfaces and form glands.

a. Covers body surface, forms ____________ & _____________ linings of many organs, lines
_________ _____________, and constitutes most gland tissue.

b. Primary functions of epithelium are:

1. _______________________ 3. ____________________

2. _______________________ 4.____________________

c. Each epithelial cell consists of an __________ and an ___________ surface.

1. The apical surface faces ____________________.

2. The _________________ faces the basement membrane.

a. The _____________________ connects the epithelium to underlying connective

tissue.

i. Components of the basement membrane include_________________ &

____________________

d. Two categories of epithelium: _____________ and _______________

1. Simple Epithelium have only _________ layer of cells.

a. Simple ________________ epithelium

i. Squamous defined:_______________

ii. Appearance:

A. ___________ nuclei with thin cytoplasm ‘a fried egg-like shape’.

iii. Location:

A. Alveoli of lungs, inner lining of heart and blood vessels, serous

membranes of GI organs, mesothelium,
mesenteries, pericardium and endothelium.

iv. Function:

A. ___________ or rapid ___________ of substances through

membrane; serous membrane secretions.
 b. Simple _______________ epithelium

i. Appearance:

A.Single layer of __________ or _____________ cells with centrally

located ________________________

ii. Location:

A. Liver, thyroid, mammary, salivary and other glands, kidney

tubules, bronchioles.

iii. Function:

A. Absorption and _______________, movement of mucus

c. Simple __________________ epithelium

i. Appearance:

A. _________, _____________ cells with oval-shaped nuclei closer to

______________surface

ii. Location:

A. lining of stomach, intestines, gallbladder, uterus, kidney

tubules

iii. Function:

A. __________________, _____________________, _____________

d. _________________ Columnar epithelium

i. Appearance:

A. Seemingly _____________________, but all cells are in contact

with ____________________________. Nuclei appear in
several layers.

ii. Location:

A. Respiratory tract and sections of male urethra.

iii. Function:

A. ________________(if ciliated) and _________________

2. ________________ Epithelium have ______________ layers of cells.

a. Type of epithelium is named for cell type found on ________________ surface.

b. Stratified ___________________ epithelium

i. ____________ widespread epithelium in the body.

ii. Deepest layers are ____________ or ______________ stem cells.

 A. Basal cells are __________ active.

1. Separation of dead cells is known as exfoliation or

___________

iii. two types of stratified squamous epithelium

A. _____________ stratified squamous

1. Appearance: covered with a layer of ________ __________

a. basal cells are ____________ or _______________

2. Location: Epidermis, heavily keratinized at soles and

palms

3. Function: Resist ______________, retard water loss,

_____________

B. _________________ stratified squamous

1. Appearance: lack layer of _______ cells

2. Location: tongue, oral cavity, esophagus, anal canal,

vagina

3. Function: resist abrasion, protection

c. Stratified ________________ epithelium

i. Appearance: ___________ layers, apical cells are___________ or

_________.

ii. Location: Sweat gland ducts, follicle of ovaries, seminiferous tubules

of testis.

iii. Function: _____________

3. Transitional Epithelium resemble _________________ squamous epithelium with

apical cells that are ______________.

a. Located in ____________ ___________

b. Are able to ______________ to allow filling of bladder

2. Connective tissue is the most ____________, widely distributed, and _______________ variable of
our basic tissues.

a. Functions of connective tissue

1. _________________________ 5. ___________________________

2. _________________________ 6. ___________________________

3. _________________________ 7. ___________________________
 4. _________________________ 8. ___________________________

b. Fibrous connective tissue is a collection of ______________, ______________, and ground

substance.

1. Cells in fibrous connective tissue:

a. ______________ are large, flat cells that produce the fibers and ground
substance.

b. Macrophages (_______ __________) are phagocytic cells in connective tissue

that _________ & __________ foreign particles and cellular debris.

c._________________ , or white blood cells, are produced in bone marrow, and

travel through the bloodstream to tissues.

d. Plasma cells are ________________ that are differentiated to plasma cells in

response to inflammation.

e. ____________________ secrete inflammatory & clotting factors in response to

tissue injury.

f. ___________________ are rounded cells composed of a lipid droplet and a

nucleus.

2. Fibers in fibrous connective tissue:

a. ____________________________ are made of collagen and are flexible and

resistant to __________________.

1. These fibers account for _______ of the body’s total protein.

2. These fibers form ______________________ bundles

3. Collagenous fibers are the main component in ____________,

___________, and the dermis of the skin.

b. Reticular fibers are ________ _____________ fibers coated with glycoproteins.

c. ____________ fibers are made of the coiled protein __________.

3. Ground substance is composed of glycosaminoglycans, proteoglycans, and

adhesive glycoproteins.

a. ______________________ (GAGs) are long polysaccharides composed of amino

sugars and uronic acid.

1. GAGs are ________________charged particles.

b. ______________________ are composed of a protein surrounded by GAGs.

1. Gel-like substance that helps bind cytoskeleton to extracellular

molecules.

2. Gel slows the spread of pathogens through tissues.

 c. ______________________ glycoproteins are protein-carbohydrate complexes
that bind plasma membrane proteins to collagen and proteoglycans.

4. Types of Fibrous Connective Tissue

a. ________________ connective tissue

1. Areolar tissue is a __________ arrangement of __________ &

____________ fibers, ground substance, blood vessels, and many
cell types.

i. Functions include binding epithelium to deeper tissues;

framework for blood vessels and nerves.

2. _____________ tissue is a loose network of reticular fibers and various

cell types.

i. This tissue provides the structure of the lymphatic organs.

3. ______________tissue is composed largely of adipocytes with blood

vessels throughout.

i. Functions include __________, ____________,___________,

protective cushioning.

b. _______________ regular connective tissue

1. Named for the close and ________________ arrangement of the

____________ fibers.

i. The only other components are _________________, ground

substance and some blood vessels.

ii. Functions to withstand stress in ____________ directions.

c. Dense_______________ connective tissue

1. Similar to dense regular connective tissue with collagen fibers, but

arranged in random directions.

i. Functions to withstand stress in ____________ directions.

c. ________________ is a supportive connective tissue with a flexible, rubbery matrix.

1. The matrix is secreted by cells called _______________________.

a. After secreting matrix to surround itself, cell is known as

___________________.

1. Chondrocyte sits in a __________________

b. Cartilage lacks__________ _____________.

c. Matrix is composed of _____________ & ____________.

d. __________________ surrounds some cartilage.

 2. 3 types of Cartilage

a. __________________

1. Appearance: smooth, glasslike matrix containing very small

_____________________; often has ____________________________.

2. Location: Found at ends of _________, costal cartilage, trachea,

bronchi.

3. Function: Ease joint movement, hold airways open.

b.___________________

1. Appearance: Chondrocytes surrounded by ____________ fibers in

matrix; always has perichondrium.

2. Location: External ear, epiglottis.

3. Function: Flexible elastic support.

c. ____________________

1. Appearance: ________________ collagen fibers with rows of

_____________.

2. Location: pubic symphysis, intervertebral discs, menisci.

3. Function: Resist _________________ and absorb ________________.

Ch 5 Review Questions (Histology)

1. What is the definition of histology?

2. How many different cell types in the human body?

3. What is the definition of an organ?

4. What are the 4 types of tissues?

5. What are the characteristics and primary functions of epithelial tissues? Is the epithelium
vascular tissue (Does it have blood vessels supplying it?) If not, how does it receive substrates
and remove waste?

6. What is the basement membrane composed of?

7. What are the two categories of epithelium?

8. What does squamous mean?

9. What are the general shape and functions of squamous cells? Cuboidal cells? Columnar cells?
Pseudostratified columnar?
10. What are the differences between keratinized and non-keratinized stratified squamous
epithelium?

11. What layer do you observe in a stratified epithelium to classify it?

12. In a stratified epithelium what are some properties of the cells lying against the basement
membrane?

13. What are the unique properties and functions of the transitional epithelium?

14. Be able to name at least 4 functions of connective tissue.

15. What are the components of fibrous connective tissue?

16. Which cells are responsible for the production of the other 2 components in fibrous
connective tissue?

17. What are the function of macrophages, and what does macrophage mean?

18. What are leukocytes and where are they produced?

19. Which of the cell types in fibrous connective tissue would you expect to increase in response
to a tissue injury?

20. What are the name of cells composed of a lipid droplet and a nucleus?

21. What are the 3 fiber types found in fibrous connective tissue?

22. What are the properties of collagenous, reticular, and elastic fibers?

23. What is the most abundant protein in the body?

24. What are the components and functions of the ground substance?

25. What are the types of loose connective tissue?

26. What are the functions of loose areolar connective tissue?

27. What are the components of areolar connective tissue?

28. Where would you find reticular connective tissue?

29. What are the components of reticular tissue?

30. What are the components of adipose tissue?

31. Name the functions (Be able to name at least 3) for adipose tissue.

32. What are the differences between dense regular and dense irregular connective tissue?

33. What is the main component of dense connective tissue?

34. What is cartilage?

35. What is the difference between a chondroblast and a chondrocyte?

36. Define lacunae and perichondrium.

37. Compare and contrast the 3 types of cartilage discussed in class. Know the appearance and
function of each of these cartilage types.