MFGE 404

Computer Integrated Manufacturing

CIM

ATILIM

UNIVERSITY

Manufacturing Engineering Department

Lecture 5 Computer Aided Manufacturing - CAM

Fall 2005/2006 Dr. Saleh AMAITIK

CNC Milling Programming

G00 Positioning in Rapid N_

G00 X_

Y_

Z_

The G00 command is a rapid tool move. A rapid tool move is used to move the toll linearly from position to position without cutting any material. This command is not to be used for cutting any material

On most CNC machine tools, it is standard to program a G00 rapid for XY move only and the Z moves separately

G00 Positioning in Rapid

Depending on where the tool is located, there are two basic rules to follow for safety

1. If the Z value represents a cutting move in the negative direction, the X and Y axes should be executed first 2. If the Z value represents a move in the positive direction, the X and Y should be executed last. Example N25 N30 G00 Z0.1 X2.5 Y4.75
Rapid to X2.5 Y4.75 Rapid down to Z0.1

G01 Linear Interpolation N_

G01 X_

Y_

Z_

F_

G01 command is specifically for the linear removal of material from a workpiece, in any combination of the X, Y, or Z axes. This G code provides for straight line point to point. Motion can occur in 1, specified will start at the same time destination and arrive simultaneously rate. (linear) motion from 2 or 3 axes. All axis and proceed to their at the specified feed

Because there is contact between the cutting tool and the workpiece, it is imperative that the proper spindle speeds and feed rates be used.

G01 Linear Interpolation

Example N30 N35 G01 X3 Z-0.125 Y2 F10 F5
feed Down to Z-0.125 at ipm feed diagonally to X3, Y2 at 10 ipm

G02 Circular Interpolation (CW)

The G02 command requires an endpoint and a radius
I, J, K specify the radius

N_ N_

G02 X_ G02 X_

Y_ Y_

Z_ Z_

I_ R_

J_ F_

K_

F_

R specifies the radius

The G02 command is used specifically for all clockwise radial moves, whether they are quadratic arcs, partial arcs, or complete circles, as long as long they lie in any one plane

Example
N35 N45 G02 G02 X2 X3 Y2 Y0.5 I1 R2 J0 F20 F20

G02 Circular Interpolation (CW)

Circular interpolation commands are used to move a tool along a circular arc to the commanded end position. Five pieces of information are required for executing a circular interpolation command:

G02 Circular Interpolation (CW)

An easy way to determine the radius values (I and J values) is by making a small chart: Center Point Start Point Radius Result
G02 X2 Y1 I0 J-1 F5

X1 X1 I0

Y1 Y2 J-1

__________________________

G02 Circular Interpolation (CW) Example

G02 CW CIRCULAR INTERPOLATION USING "I", &"J" FOR THE X & Y AXIS

G02 CW CIRCULAR INTERPOLATION USING R

G03 Circular Interpolation (CCW)

The G03 command requires an endpoint and a radius
I, J, K specify the radius

N_ N_

G03 X_ G03 X_

Y_ Y_

Z_ Z_

I_ R_

J_ F_

K_

F_

R specifies the radius

The G03 command is specifically for all counterclockwise radial feed moves, whether they are quadratic arcs, partial arcs, or complete circles, as long as they lie in any plane.

Example
N40 N60 G03 G03 X3 X3.5 Y3.5 Y1 I-0.5 R0.5 J0 F20 F20

G03 Circular Interpolation (CCW)

An easy way to determine the radius values (I and J values) is by making a small chart: Center Point Start Point Radius Result
G03 X1 Y1 I0 J-1 F5

X2 X2 I0

Y1 Y2 J-1

__________________________

G03 Circular Interpolation (CCW) Example

G03 CCW CIRCULAR INTERPOLATION USING "I", &"J" FOR THE X & Y AXIS

G03 CCW CIRCULAR INTERPOLATION USING R

G04 Dwell N_

G04 P_

The G04 command is a Dwell command that halts all axis movement for a specified time, while the spindle continuous revolving at the specified rpm.

A Dwell is used largely in drilling operations, which allows for the clearance of chips

This command requires a specified duration, denoted by the letter P, and followed by the time in seconds.

Example
N30 G04 P2
(Dwell for 2 seconds)

Machine Tool Planes

A typical CNC machining center has three axes. Any two axes form a plane. A machine plane may be defined by looking at the machine from standard operating position. For a vertical machining center, there are three standard views

The top view (XY Plane) is selected by G17. The front view (XZ plane) is selected by G18. The right side vide (YZ plane) is selected by G19.

Machine Tool Planes

For machining applications using the circular interpolation mode, with G02 or G03 commands, cutter radius offset with G41 or G42 commands and fixed cycles mode with G81 to G89 The plane selection is very critical. commands. For all rapid motions (programmed with G00) and all linear the plane selection motions (programmed with G01),

command is not needed.

Any plane selection change is programmed as desired, prior to actual tool path change. Plane can be changed as often as necessary in a program, but only one plane can be active at any time. Selection of one plane cancels any other plane, so the G17/G18/G19 commands cancel each other.

G17 XY Plane

N_

G17

G17 commands sets the system to default to the XY plane as the main machining plane for specifying circular interpolation moves and/or cutter compensation. Here the Z-axis is secondary and works perpendicular to the XY plane

G18 XZ Plane

N_

G18

G18 command sets the system to the XZ plane as the main machining plane for specifying circular interpolation moves and/or cutter compensation. This command changes the default machining plane to the XZ plane, where the Y axis is secondary, and works perpendicular to the XZ plane. In this plane, it is possible to cut convex and concave arcs using G02 and G03 circular interpolation commands.

G19 YZ Plane

N_

G19

G19 command sets the system to the YZ plane as the main machining plane for specifying circular interpolation moves and/or cutter compensation. This command changes the default machining plane to the YZ plane, where the X axis is secondary, and works perpendicular to the YZ plane. In this plane, it is possible to cut convex and concave arcs using G02 and G03 circular interpolation commands.

G20 English Units (Inch Units) N_

G20

G20 command defaults the system to inch data units. When you are running a program and encounter the G20 command, all coordinates are stated in inch units

G21 SI Units (Metric Units) N_

G21

G21 command defaults the system to metric data units (Millimeters). When you are running a program and encounter the G21 command, all coordinates are stated in metric (mm) units

G90 Absolute Positioning N_

G90

The G90 command defaults the system to accept all coordinates as absolute coordinates. Remember that absolute coordinates are those measured from a fixed origin (X0, Y0, Z0) and are expressed in terms of X, Y, and Z distances. This command is found at the beginning of most programs to default the system to absolute coordinates. On some machines it is possible to change between absolute and incremental coordinates within a program

Example N5 G90 G21

Set to absolute mode and metric units

G91 Incremental Positioning N_

G91

The G91 command defaults the system to accept all coordinates as incremental coordinates. Remember that incremental coordinates are those measured from the previous point and are expressed in terms of X, Y, and Z distances. This command is found at the beginning of some programs to default the system to incremental coordinates. On some machines it is possible to change between incremental and absolute coordinates within a program

Example N5 G91 G21

Set to incremental mode and metric units

Cutter Compensation
Cutter compensation is used to offset the center of the cutter, and shift it the distance of the radius, to the specified side of the programmed path. Complex part geometries having angled lines, lines tangent to arcs, and lines intersecting arcs involve substantial trigonometric computations to determine the center of the cutter. Cutter compensation involves programming the part geometry directly instead of the tool center. The cutter compensation commands are:
Cutter Compensation Left (G41), Cutter Compensation Right (G42), and Cutter Compensation Cancel (G40).

G41 Cutter Compensation Left N_ G41 D_

G41 will select cutter compensation left; that is the tool is moved to the left of the programmed path to compensate for the radius of the tool. A Dnn must also be programmed to select the correct tool size from the DIAMETER/RADIUS offset display register.

G42 Cutter Compensation Right N_ G42 D_

G42 will select cutter compensation right; that is the tool is moved to the right of the programmed path to compensate for the radius of the tool. A Dnn must also be programmed to select the correct tool size from the DIAMETER/RADIUS offset display register.

G40 Cutter Compensation Cancel N_ G40

G40 will cancel commands. the G41 or G42 cutter compensation

A tool using cutter compensation will change compensated position to an uncompensated position.

from

Be sure to cancel cutter compensation, when you're done with each milling cut series that's using compensation.

Cutter Compensation
Understanding cutter compensation can be simplified if one has a basic understanding of manual machining. There are two common types of cutting conditions associated with milling machines. They are CLIMB and CONVENTIONAL cutting.

Two common rules for these types of cuts are:

If the programmed cutter path needs to mill CLIMB cutting, and if it's a standard right handed tool, it will then be programmed with G41 cutter LEFT of the programmed path. If the programmed cutter path needs to mill with CONVENTIONAL cutting, and it's a standard right handed tool, it will then be programmed with G42 cutter RIGHT of the programmed path.

Cutter Compensation Example

Some Restrictions with Cutter Compensation

A cutter compensation command (G41, G42 or G40) must be on the same block with an X and/or Y linear command when moving onto or off of the part using cutter compensation

You cannot turn on or off cutter compensation with a Z axis move.

You cannot turn ON or OFF cutter compensation in a G02 or G03 circular move, it must be in a linear G00 or G01 straight line move.

Tool Length Compensation

During the setup process, each tool point was touched-off to the part zero surface. From this position a TOOL LENGTH DISTANCE offset was recorded for that tool with the TOOL OFSET MESUR key. This TOOL LENGTH is referred to as the "Z" axis origin move to the part zero surface. It is important to realize that different tools will have varying lengths, and when tools are changed in a program, any variation in tool length will through the origin out of zero. To prevent this, the tools can now be compensated for the difference in length for either shorter or longer tools

G43 Tool Length Compensation (Plus) N_

G43 H_

This code selects tool length compensation in a positive direction. That is; the tool length offsets are added to the commanded axis positions. An Hnn must be programmed to select the correct offset register from the offset display for that tool being used.

G44 Tool Length Compensation (Minus) N_

G44 H_

This code selects tool length compensation in a negative direction. That is; the tool length offsets are subtracted from the commanded axis positions. A Hnn must be programmed to select the correct entry from offsets memory.

G49 Tool Length Compensation Cancels N_

G49

This G code cancels tool length compensation.

M-Codes
M-codes are miscellaneous functions that include actions necessary for machining but not those that are actual tool movements. That is, they are auxiliary functions Only one M code may be programmed per block of a program. All M codes are effective or cause an action to occur at the end of the block.

M00 Program Stop N_

M00

The M00 code is used to stop a program. It also stops the spindle and turns off the coolant and stops interpretation lookahead processing. The program pointer will advance to the next block and stop. A cycle start will continue program operation from the next block.

M01 Optional Program Stop N_

M01

The M01 code is identical to M00 except that it only stops if OPTIONAL STOP is turned on from the front panel. A cycle start will continue program operation from the next block.

M02 Program End N_

M02

The M01 code is identical to M00 except that it only stops if OPTIONAL STOP is turned on from the front panel. A cycle start will continue program operation from the next block. This command appears on the last line of the program.

M03 Spindle On Clockwise N_

M03

The M03 code will start the spindle moving is a clockwise direction at whatever speed was previously set.

M04 Spindle On Counterclockwise N_

M04

The M04 code will start the spindle moving is a counterclockwise direction at whatever speed was previously set.

M05 Spindle Stop N_

M05

The M05 command turns the spindle off. Although other Mcods turn off all functions (for example, M00 and M01), this command is dedicated to shutting the spindle off directly. The M05 command appears at the end of a program.
Example % :1010 N5 N10 N65 G90 M06 M05 G20 T12 (Spindle stop)

M06 Tool Change

N_

M06 T_

The M06 code is used to initiate a tool change. The previously selected tool (T_) is put into the spindle. If the spindle was running, it will be stopped. The Z-axis will automatically move up to the machine zero position and the selected tool will be put into the spindle. The Zaxis is left at machine zero. The T_ must be in the same block or in a previous block. The coolant pump will be turned off during a tool change.
Example % :1010 N5 N10 N65 G90 M06 M05 G20 T12 (Tool change to tool #12)

M07/M08

Coolant On N_ M07 OR N_ M08

The M07 and M08 commands switch on the coolant flow.

M09 Coolant Off N_

M09

The M09 command shuts off the coolant flow. The coolant should be shut off prior to tool changes or when you are rapiding the tool over long distances.

M10 Clamps On

N_

M10

The M10 command turns on the automatic clamps to secure the workpiece. Not all CNC machines have automatic clamps, but the option exists and the actual code will vary by the machine tool make and model. This command is normally in the program setup section of a CNC Program.
Example % :1010 N5 N10 N15 N20 G90 M06 M10 M03 S1000 G20 T12

(clamp workpiece)

M11 Clamps Off N_

M11

The M11 command releases the automatic clamps so that the workpiece may be removed and the next blank inserted. This command is normally in the system shutdown section of a CNC Program.
Example % :1010 N5 N80 N85 N90 G90 M05 M11 M30 G20

(Unclamp workpiece)

M30 Program End, Reset to Start N_

M30

The M30 code is used to stop a program. It also stops the spindle and turns off the coolant. The program pointer will be reset to the first block of the program and stop.
Example % :1012 N5 N65 N85 N90 G90 X0 M05 M30 G20 Y0

(program end; reset to start)

M98 Call Subprogram N_

M98 P_

The M98 function is used to call a subroutine or subprogram. Execution is halted in the main program and started on the program referenced by The letter P_ address value.
For example, N15 M98 P1003 would call program:1003

M99 Return from Subprogram N_

M99

The M99 function is used to end or terminate the subprogram and return to the main calling program. Execution is continued at the line immediately following the subprogram call. It is used only at the end of the subprogram.

Block Skip /

N_

If turned on, upon execution of a CNC program and encountering a block skip /, the program will ignore and CNC code on that block.
Example % :1012 N5 /N10 /N20 N85 N90 G90 M06 G00 M05 M30 G20 T03 X0 Y0

..

Comments N_

(Comment statement)

Comments help the CNC machine operator to set up and run a job. Comments are defined by the use of round brackets. Anything between them is ignored by the controller. Remember that comments are just aids to help in reading and understanding a program. Their text is totally ignored even it contains valid CNC code.
Example N 10 G00 Z0.5 (Rapid to Z0.5)

Example

% :1087 N5 G90 G20 G40 N10 M06 T04 N15 M03 S2000 N20 G00 X2 Y-0.375 M08 N25 Z-0.25 N30 G01 Y0 F15 N35 X0.5 Y0.5 N40 Y3.0 N45 G02 X2 I0.75 J0 N50 G01 X3.5 N55 G01 Y0.5 N60 G02 X3 Y0 I-0.5 J0 N65 G01 X2 N70 G00 Z1 N75 X0 M09 N80 M05 N85 M30

(program start flag) (program number) (Absolute, Inches, and compensation canceled) (Tool change to toll #4) (Spindle on clockwise at 2000 rpm) (Rapid to X2, Y-0.375), coolant 2 on) (Rapid down to Z-0.25) (Feed move to point #1 at 15 ipm) (Feed move to point #2) (Feed move to point #3)
(Circular feed move to point #4)

(Feed move to point #5) (Feed move to point #6) (Circular feed move to point #7) (Feed move to point #1) (Rapid to Z1) (Rapid to X0, coolant off) (Spindle off) (End of program)