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Ma1c Practical 2011-2012

This document contains solutions to 10 problems involving vector calculus concepts like Green's theorem, Stokes' theorem, and the divergence theorem. The solutions involve parametrizing curves and surfaces, evaluating line and surface integrals, and relating integrals over boundaries to integrals over enclosed regions using the fundamental theorems of calculus.

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Ramon Conpe
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41 views

Ma1c Practical 2011-2012

This document contains solutions to 10 problems involving vector calculus concepts like Green's theorem, Stokes' theorem, and the divergence theorem. The solutions involve parametrizing curves and surfaces, evaluating line and surface integrals, and relating integrals over boundaries to integrals over enclosed regions using the fundamental theorems of calculus.

Uploaded by

Ramon Conpe
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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SOLUTIONS TO HOMEWORK 8

MA1C PRACTICAL 2011-2012


(1) After parametrizing C by c(t) = cos t i+sin t j for t [0, 2], we have c

(t) = sin t i+cos t j,


so _
C
(2x
3
y
3
)dx + (x
3
+ y
3
)dy
=
_
2
0
(2 cos
3
t sin
3
t)(sin t) + (cos
3
t + sin
3
t)(cos t) dt
=
_
2
0
2 cos
3
t sin t + sin
3
t cos t dt +
_
2
0
cos
4
t + sin
4
t dt
=
_
cos
4
t
2
+
sin
4
t
4
_
t=2
t=0
+
_
2
0
_
1 + cos 2t
2
_
2
+
_
1 cos 2t
2
_
2
dt =
_
2
0
1 + cos
2
2t
2
dt
=
_
2
0
3
4
+
cos 4t
4
dt =
_
3
4
t +
sin 4t
16
_
t=2
t=0
=
3
2
.
To verify Greens Theorem for this situation, we need to check that the above integral is
equal to
__
D

x
(x
3
+ y
3
)

y
(2x
3
y
3
)dA
=
__
D
3x
2
+ 3y
2
dA
where D is the unit disk. This integral over D evaluates (using polar coordinates) to
_
2
0
_
1
0
3r
2
r dr d
=
_
2
0
_
3r
4
4
_
r=1
r=0
d =
3
2
,
as desired.
(2) Let D be the region bounded by C
+
. By Greens theorem,
_
C
+
(y
2
+ x
3
)dx + x
4
dy =
_
D
x
4
x

(y
2
+ x
3
)
y
dA
=
_
1
0
_
1
0
(4x
3
2y)dydx
=
_
1
0
(4x
3
1)dx
= x
4
x|
1
0
= 0
1
(3) By the divergence theorem (for regions in a plane),
_
D
F nds =
__
D
F.
The divergence F is equal to
(y, x) =
y
x
+
(x)
y
= 0,
so both of the above integrals must be 0.
To calculate
_
D
F nds directly, lets parametrize D (i.e. the unit circle) by
{(cos , sin ) : 0 2},
which gives the unit normal vector n = (cos , sin ). So
_
D
F nds =
_
2
0
(sin , cos ) (cos , sin ) d
=
_
2
0
sin cos sin cos d
=
_
2
0
0 d = 0.
(4) Let C be the boundary of the four-leaved rose in the rst quadrant, oriented in an anti-
clockwise direction. Then the area is
A =
1
2
_
C
(xdy ydx).
Since x = r cos , y = r sin , we have dx = cos dr r sin d, dy = sin dr + r cos d, so
A =
1
2
_
C
(r cos sin dr + r
2
cos
2
d r sin cos dr + r
2
sin
2
d)
=
1
2
_
C
r
2
d.
In our case, r = 3 sin(2), so
A =
9
2
_
2
0
sin
2
(2)d
=
9
4
_
2
0
1 cos(4)d
=
9
4
(
1
4
sin(4))|

2
0
d
=
9
8
.
(5) Let the three edges of the triangle be called A, B, and C. We can parameterize these as
A(t) = (1t, t, 0), B(t) = (0, 1t, t) and C(t) = (t, 0, 1t), and calculate A

(t) = (1, 1, 0),


B

(t) = (0, 1, 1), and C

(t) = (1, 0, 1). So, applying the formula for integration over
curves, we have
_
c
F ds =
_
A
F ds +
_
B
F ds +
_
C
F ds
=
_
1
0
(0, 0, (1 t)t) (1, 1, 0) dt +
_
1
0
(t(1 t), 0, 0) (0, 1, 1) dt +
_
1
0
(0, t(1 t), 0) (1, 0, 1) dt
= 0 + 0 + 0 = 0.
Now note that F = (x x)i + (y y)k + (z z)k = 0. So integrating F over
the triangle will give 0, which veries Stokes Theorem in this case.
(6) By Stokes Theorem,
_
S
(v r) ds =
__
S
(v r) ndS.
Let v = (a, b, c) (where a, b, and c are real numbers). Then
v r = (bz cy, cx az, ay bx)
and
(v r) = (2a, 2b, 2c) = 2v,
so _
S
(v r) ds =
__
S
(v r) ndS = 2
__
S
v ndS.
(7) Note that all of these vector elds are C
1
, so each one has a scalar potential if and only if
its curl is 0.
(a) The curl of F is
y
x

x
y
= 0, so there is a function f such that F = f. To nd f(x, y),
we rst note that its derivative with respect to x is equal to x, so f =
1
2
x
2
+ g(y),
where g(y) is a function of y. The derivative of f with respect to y is equal to y, so
f =
1
2
y
2
+ h(x), where h(x) is a function of x. Hence
f(x, y) =
1
2
x
2
+
1
2
y
2
+ C,
where C is a constant.
(b) The curl of F equals
xy
x

xy
y
= y x, which is not identically zero, so F cannot have
a scalar potential.
(c) The curl of F is
2xy
x

x
2
+y
2
y
= 2y 2y = 0, so F has a scalar potential. To nd an
f(x, y) such that f = F, note that the derivative of f with respect to x is equal to
x
2
+ y
2
, so f(x, y) =
1
3
x
3
+ xy
2
+ g(y). We also need
f
y
= 2xy, so
d
dy
g(y) must equal
0, so g(y) is a constant:
f(x, y) =
1
3
x
3
+ xy
2
+ C.
(d) The curl of F is (0, 0, x), which is not identically zero, so F cannot have a scalar
potential.
(8) Let S = {(x, y, z) : x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
}, so that S is the (surface of the) unit sphere. The ux
of F(x, y, z) = (x y, y z, z x) out of the unit sphere is expressed by
__
S
F ndS,
which by the divergence theorem is equal to
___
S
F dV.
The divergence of F is
F = 1 + 1 + 1 = 3,
so the triple integral above is equal to
3
___
S
dV = 3 vol(S) = 4.
(9) Let F = F
1
+F
2
+F
3

k, G = G
1
+G
2
+G
3

k. Now we can do the direct computation as


follows:
(F G)
=
_
(F
2
G
3
F
3
G
2
) + (F
3
G
1
F
1
G
3
) + (F
1
G
2
F
2
G
1
)

k
_
=
x
(F
2
G
3
F
3
G
2
) +
y
(F
3
G
1
F
1
G
3
) +
z
(F
1
G
2
F
2
G
1
)
= ( F
2x
G
3
F
3x
G
2
+ F
3y
G
1
F
1y
G
3
+ F
1z
G
2
F
2z
G
1
) +
( F
2
G
3x
F
3
G
2x
+ F
3
G
1y
F
1
G
3y
+ F
1
G
2z
F
2
G
1z
)
= ( G
1
(F
3y
F
2z
) + G
2
(F
1z
F
3x
) + G
3
(F
2x
F
1y
) )
( F
1
(G
3y
G
2z
) + F
2
(G
1z
G
3x
) + F
3
(G
2x
G
1y
) )
= (G
1
+ G
2
+ G
3

k)
_
(F
3y
F
2z
) + (F
1z
F
3x
) + (F
2x
F
1y
)

k
_

(F
1
+ F
2
+ F
3

k)
_
(G
3y
G
2z
) + (G
1z
G
3x
) + (G
2x
G
1y
)

k
_
= G ( F) F ( G).
(10) Let S denote the surface of the unit sphere, and B the solid unit sphere. By the divergence
theorem,
__
S
(3xy
2
, 3x
2
y, z
3
) dS =
___
B
(3xy
2
, 3x
2
y, z
3
) dV
=
___
B
3(x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
) dV.
Changing to spherical coordinates to evaluate, we get
_
1
0
_

0
_
2
0
3
2

2
sin ddd
=
_
1
0
_

0
6
4
sin dd
= 6
_
1
0

4
_
cos

0
_
d
= 6
_
1
0
2
4
d =
12
5
.

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