Topics Covered

1.Line Integral
2.Surface Integral
3.Volume Integral
4.Green’s theorem
5.Stoke’s theorem
6.Gauss’s theorem of divergence
  dr
Line

Integral
Line integral is give by 
C
ds  
 F .  ds = F . dr
C

Work: If F represents the variable force acting on a particle along arc AB, the
total work done is given by
Circulation: If V represents the velocity of a liquid then  V .dr is called the
circulation of 𝑉 round the closed curve 𝑐. C

If the circulation of 𝑉 round every closed curve is zero then 𝑉 is said to be

Irrotational.
When the path of integration is a closed curve then notation of integration is
∮ in place of ∫ .
B
Note: If  F . dr
A
is to be proved to be independent of path, then F = 
here 𝐹 is called Conservative (irrotational) vector field and ∅ is called the
Scalar potential. And ∇ ×𝐹 ̅ = ∇ × ∇∅ = 0
 Examples on Line Integral
 F. dr where F = x i + xyj
2
Example 1: Evaluate and C is the boundary of the square in
C

the plane 𝑧 = 0 and bounded by the lines 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = 0, 𝑥 = 𝑎 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 = 𝑎.

Solution:  F . dr =  F . dr +  F . dr +  F . dr +  F . dr
C OA AB BC CO

Here r =xi + yj and dr = dxi + dyj where F = x 2

i + xyj
F.dr =x2 dx + xydy
a
a3
 F .dr =x dx 2   
F . dr = x dx = 2
on OA, 𝑦 = 0 3
OA 0

a
a3
on AB, 𝑥 = 𝑎, d𝑥 = 0  F.dr =aydy   
F . dr = aydy =
2
AB 0
0
a3
 F .dr =x dx   
F . dr = x dx = −
2 2
on BC, 𝑦 = 𝑎, dy = 0 3
BC a

on CO, 𝑥 = 0, d𝑥 = 0  F .dr = 0   F . dr =0
CO
 Examples on Line Integral
a3 a3 a3 a3
Then  F. dr =  F. dr +  F. dr +  F. dr + 
C OA AB BC CO
F . dr = + − +0=
3 2 3 2

Example 2: A vector field is given by F = (2 y + 3)i + ( xz) j + ( yz − x)k. Evaluate

 F . dr along the path C is x = 2t, y = t and z = t from t=0 to t=1.
3

Solution:  F. dr =  (2 y + 3)dx + ( xz)dy + ( yz − x)dz

C C
x = 2t , y = t and z = t 3
dx dy dz
= 2, = 1 and = 3t 2
dt 1 dt dt

C

F . dr = (2t + 3)2dt + (2t.t 3 ) dt + (t.t 3 − 2t )3t 2 dt
0
=7.32857
 Surface Integral
Let F be a vector function and 𝑆 be the given surface.
Surface integral of a vector function F over the surface 𝑆 is defined as the
integral of the components of F along the normal to the surface f.

Components of F along the normal = F.nˆ

where n̂ = unit normal vector to an element ds and

grad f dxdy
nˆ = and ds=
| grad f | nˆ.k

Flux =
 F .nˆ ds
S
where F represents the velocity of a liquid.

If  F .nˆ ds = 0,
S
then F is said to be a Solenoidal vector point function.
 Examples on Surface Integral
Example 1: Evaluate  ( yxi + zxj + xyk ) .ds where S is the surface of the sphere
S

x2 + y 2 + z 2 = a2 in the first quadrant.

Solution : Here,  = x2 + y 2 + z 2 − a2

Vector normal to the surface = 

      
=i
x
+j
y
+k
z
=  i + j + k  x2 + y 2 + z 2 − a2
 x y z 
( )
= 2 xi + 2 yj + 2 zk
xi + yj + zk  3xyz
nˆ =

=
2 xi + 2 yj + 2 zk
=
xi + yj + zk and F .nˆ = ( yxi + zxj + xyk ) . =
|  |  a  a
4 x2 + 4 y 2 + 4 z 2 a
a a2 − x2
3a 4
 F .nˆ ds =   
dxdy
And ( F .nˆ ) = 3 xydxdy =
| nˆ.k | 8
S S 0 0
 Volume Integrals
Let F be a vector point function and volume V enclosed by a closed surface.

The Volume Integral =  Fdv

V

Example 1: If F = 2zi − xj + yk , evaluate  Fdv

V
where V is the region bounded

by the surfaces 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = 0, 𝑥 = 2, 𝑦 = 4, z = x , 𝑧 = 2.
2

Solution : Here,  Fdv =  ( 2 zi − xj + yk )dxdydz

V
2 4 2

   ( 2zi − xj + yk ) dz
= dx dy
0 0 x2

32i 32k
= +
5 3
 Volume Integrals
Example 2: If F = ( x2 − yz ) i + ( y 2 − zx ) j + ( z 2 − xy ) k then evaluate  divFdv
V

taken over the rectangular parallelepiped 0  x  a, 0  y  b, 0  z  c.

 2  2  2
Solution : Here, div F =
x
(
x − yz +
y
)
y − zx +(z
) (
z − xy = 2 x + 2 y + 2 z )
c b a

 divFdv = 2 ( x + y + z )dxdydz

V 0 0 0
= abc( a + b + c)
 Green’s Theorem in a Plane
Statement: If ( x, y), ( x, y) with first order partial derivatives be continuous
functions over a region R bounded by simple closed curve C in x-y plane, then
   

C
( dx + dy ) = 
R
 − dxdy
 x y 

Example 1: Using green’s theorem, evaluate  (x )

ydx + x 2 dy , where C is the
2

boundary described counter clockwise of the triangle with vertices (0,0), (1,0),
(1,1).
   
Solution: From Green’s theorem,

C
( dx + dy ) = 
R
 − dxdy
 x y 
1 x

( )  ( )  ( ) 5
x ydx + x dy =
2 2
2x − x 2
dxdy = = 2 x − x 2 dydx =
12
C R 0 0
 Green’s Theorem in a Plane
 (x ) ( )
+ xy dx x 2 + y 2 dy,
2
Example 2: Using green’s theorem, evaluate
C

where C is the square formed b the lines y = 1, x = 1.

   
Solution: From Green’s theorem,  ( dx + dy ) = 
C R
 − dxdy
 x y 
1 1
   
=   (
x
x 2
+ y 2
−
y
x )
2
+ xy (
dxdy )
−1 −1  
1 1 1 1
=   ( 2 x − x )dxdy =   xdxdy = 0
−1 −1 −1 −1
 Stoke’s Theorem
Statement: The circulation of vector F around a closed curve C is equal to the
flux of the curve of the vector through the surface S bounded by the curve C.

 F.dr =  curl F .nˆ ds =  curl F .d S

C S S

Example 1: Evaluate  F .dr

C
by stoke’s theorem, where

F = y 2i + x2 j − ( x + z)k and C is the boundary of triangle with vertices at

(0,0,0), (1,0,0) and (1,1,0).

Solution: We have CurlF =  X F = j + 2( x − y)k

We observe that z- co-ordinate of each vertex is zero, The triangle lies in the xy-

plane.  n̂ = k
 Stoke’s Theorem
By Stoke’s theorem,
 F.dr =  curl F .nˆ ds =  curl F .d S
C S S

 F .dr =  curl F .nˆ ds

C S
1 x
=  2( x − y)dydx
0 0

1
 2 x2 

0

= 2  x − dx
2
1


1
= x 2 dx =
3
0
 Stoke’s Theorem
Example 2: Verify Stoke’s Theorem for the vector field F = (2x − y)i − yz 2 j − y 2 zk

over surface x2 + y 2 + z 2 = 1, bounded by its projection on the xy-plane.

Solution: The projecton of the upper half of given sphere on the xy-plane is the
circle.


C
F .dr = 
C
(2 x − y )dx − yz 2 dy − y 2 zk


= (2 x − y ) dx
C
z=0 in xy-plane
2
=  (2 cos − sin  )(− sin  )d = 
0
put x= cos  , y = sin 

Now CurlF = X F = k

 
dxdy
curl F .nˆ ds = k .nˆ =  since Area of circle is  r 2 and r = 1.
k .nˆ
S S
 Gauss Divergence Theorem
Statement : If F is a continuous differentiable vector function in the region R
bounded by the closed surface S, then

 F.nˆ ds =  divFdv
S R

Example 1: Evaluate  F.nˆ ds by

S
using Gauss divergence theorem, where

F = 4xi − 2 y 2 j + z 2 k and S is the surface bounding the region

x2 + y 2 = 4, z = 0 and z = 3.

Solution: By divergence theorem,

Gauss Divergence Theorem
 Gauss Divergence Theorem
Example 2: If F = ( x2 − yz ) i + ( y 2 − zx ) j + ( z 2 − xy ) k then evaluate  divFdv
V

taken over the rectangular parallelepiped 0  x  a, 0  y  b, 0  z  c.

 2  2  2
Solution : Here, div F =
x
(
x − yz +
y
)
y − zx +(z
) (
z − xy = 2 x + 2 y + 2 z )
c b a

 divFdv = 2 ( x + y + z )dxdydz = abc(a + b + c)

V 0 0 0
 Practice Problems
Problem 1 Apply Green’s Theorem to evaluate

Problem 2 Apply Stoke’s Theorem to find the value of

Problem3 Using Gauss Divergence theorem evaluate  F .nˆ ds

where F = 4xzi − y 2 j + yzk and S is the S