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    Group 13 Elements

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    Kaaya Godfrey
    Group 13 elements include boron, aluminum, gallium, indium, and thallium. They commonly exist in oxidation states of +1, +3, though boron is a metalloid and the others are metallic. They are found in minerals like borax, bauxite, and are produced as byproducts of aluminum and lead refining. They react with oxygen to form oxides like B2O3, Al2O3, and with halogens to form compounds like BCl3, Al2Cl6. Aluminum has many applications as light but durable alloys in transportation and construction.

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    Group 13 Elements

    Uploaded by

    Kaaya Godfrey
    262 views8 pages
    Group 13 elements include boron, aluminum, gallium, indium, and thallium. They commonly exist in oxidation states of +1, +3, though boron is a metalloid and the others are metallic. They are found in minerals like borax, bauxite, and are produced as byproducts of aluminum and lead refining. They react with oxygen to form oxides like B2O3, Al2O3, and with halogens to form compounds like BCl3, Al2Cl6. Aluminum has many applications as light but durable alloys in transportation and construction.

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    inorganic chemistry

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    Group 13 elements include boron, aluminum, gallium, indium, and thallium. They commonly exist in oxidation states of +1, +3, though boron is a metalloid and the others are metallic. They are found in minerals like borax, bauxite, and are produced as byproducts of aluminum and lead refining. They react with oxygen to form oxides like B2O3, Al2O3, and with halogens to form compounds like BCl3, Al2Cl6. Aluminum has many applications as light but durable alloys in transportation and construction.

    Copyright:

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    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    262 views8 pages

    Group 13 Elements

    Uploaded by

    Kaaya Godfrey
    Group 13 elements include boron, aluminum, gallium, indium, and thallium. They commonly exist in oxidation states of +1, +3, though boron is a metalloid and the others are metallic. They are found in minerals like borax, bauxite, and are produced as byproducts of aluminum and lead refining. They react with oxygen to form oxides like B2O3, Al2O3, and with halogens to form compounds like BCl3, Al2Cl6. Aluminum has many applications as light but durable alloys in transportation and construction.

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    Properties of Group 13 Elements

    Group 13 Elements (the Boron group) ns2p1

    General comments:

    boron (metalloid); aluminum, gallium, indium, thallium (metallic) Common oxidation states: B Al Ga In Tl +3 +3 +3 (common), +1 Inert pair effect +1 (common), +3 +1

    Occurrence: B - Na2[B4O5(OH)4] @ 8H2O (borax) Al - bauxite (Al2O3) Ga - by product of aluminum refining (1/5000 Ga:Al in bauxite) In - byproduct of Pb refining Tl - byproduct of Pb refining

    Preparation: B2O3(s) + 3MS(s) 6 2B(s) + 3MgO(s) 2BCl3 + 3Zn 6 2B + 3ZnCl2 (95-98% pure)

    electrolysis 2Al2O3 % 3C x x x x x x x x x v 4Al % 3CO2 (Hall process) Na3AlF6 (crysolite)


    Reactions with O2: 4M + 3O2 6 2M2O3 (M = B, Al, Ga, In) 4 Tl + O2 6 2Tl2O

    Boron and Metal Borides

    Boron Allotropes

    MB6

    MB12

    Some Typical Boron Hydrides

    Application of Aluminum Alloys

    as anhydrides: B2O3, acidic


    xv

    Al2O3, Ga2O3, In2O3, amphoteric

    Tl2O basic

    B2O3 + 3H2O

    2B(OH)3

    boric acid

    Tl2O + H2O Note: impurities


    "-Al2O3

    xv

    2TlOH

    xv

    2Tl+ + 2OH-

    as basic as NaOH !!

    - corundum (Cr3+, Ti3+) - emerald (Cr3+) - red ruby (Fe2+, Fe3+, Ti4+) - blue sapphire (Fe3+) - topaz (Cr3+, Ti4+) - violet amethyst

    with halogens: 2B + 3X2 2M + 3X2 2Tl + X2


    xv

    2BX3 M2X6 TlX

    (X = F, Cl gas; Br 6 liquid, I - solid) (M = Al, Ga, In)

    xv

    xv

    good Lewis acids


    G BCl3 + Cl- 6 BCl4

    BF3 + CH3Cl 6 (CH+ 3 )BF3Cl


    G Al2Cl6 + 2Cl- 6 2AlCl4

    ether Al2Cl6 % 8 LiH x x x x x v2 LiAlH4 % 6 LiCl

    Hydrides 4BCl3 + 3LiAlH4 6 2B2H6 + 3LiCl + 3AlCl3

    M2X6 + 6LiH 6 M2H6 + 6LiX

    (M = Al, Ga)

    Higher boron hydrides MgB2 + HCl


    xxv

    B4H10, B5H9, B5H11, B6H10, B10H14

    volatile hydrides, pyrophoric

    cluster compounds - electron deficient bonding! B2H6 + 3O2 6 B2O3 + 3H2O highly exothermic!

    Applications Boron - control rods and neutron shields (10B) (boron and metal borides)
    1 0

    n +

    10 5

    4 B 6 7 3Li + 2He

    non-radioactive chemical inertness important metal borides - hard, high-melting, nonvolatile, and chemically inert; uses include turbine blades, rocket nozzles, polishing and grinding grits, brake and clutch linings borax (Na2[B4O5(OH)4] @ 8H2O - detergent boric acid (B(OH)3) - antiseptic, eye-wash

    Aluminum - light-weight, durable, corrosion resistant metal; high thermal and electrical conductivity Drano - removes grease deposits
    G 2Al + 6H2O + 2OH- 6 2Al(OH)4 + 3H2

    HO NH4Al(SO4)2 @ 12 H2O 2x x v Al(OH)3


    alum (purificant of water)

    reducing agent:

    2Al + Fe2O3 6 Al2O3 + 2Fe

    (thermite)

    gallium - gallium arsenide (GaAs) - semiconductor; LED's; cellular phones indium - soft metal, good thermal conductivity; glass manufacture thallium - rodent poison (Tl2SO4)

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