Ce epha alom metric c Ma anua al

For the t J. K. K Eco onomid des Orth hodon ntic Co ollectio on

Shamsi Daneshvari M.S. M Chief Orthodontic Project Assistant C Dr. Heather H Edgar r Princip pal Investigat tor Dr. Edward E Harris s Co-Princ cipal Investig gator Dr. Philip Kroth Co-Princ cipal Investig gator With contributions fr rom: Corey y Ragsdale B.A A. Research Assistan nt Anna Rautman B.S S. Research Assistan nt

http p://hsc.unm m.edu/prog grams/ocfs/ /

Ju uly 13, 2010 Thi is work is licen nsed under a Cr reative Commo ons Attribution n-NonCommer rcial-NoDerivs 3.0 Unp ported License e.

Table of Contents
References.....................................................................................................................................................1 Landmark (Point) Definitions....................................................................................................................... 2 Variables as Defined by Other Analyses and Atlases................................................................................... 4 Measurements.............................................................................................................................................22 Planes........................................................................................................................................................112

References
Note: Atlases differ from analyses. Atlases are books for which each measurement is given with a description and a drawing. In comparison, analyses are journal publications which may or may not contain drawings for each measurement.

Downs Analysis
Downs WB (1948). Variations in Facial Relationships: Their Significance in Treatment and Prognosis. American Journal of Orthodontics, 34:812-840.

Frontal Analysis
Grummons DC, Kappeneye van de Coppelo MA (1987). A Frontal Asymmetrical Analysis. The Journal of Clinical Orthodontics, 21: 448-465. Grummons DC, Ricketts RM (2004). Frontal Cephalometrics: Practical Application. World Journal of Orthodontics, 5: 99-119. Epker BN, Fish LC(1986). Dentofacial Deformities: Integrated Orthodontic and Surgical Corrections Volume I. Saint Louis: C. V. Mosby Co.

Jarabak-Bjork Analysis
Jarabak JR, Fizzell JA (1972). Technique and treatment with light-wire edgewise appliances. Saint Louis: C. V. Mosby Co.

London Atlas
Bhatia SN, Leighton BC (1993). A Manual of Facial Growth: A Computer Analysis of Longitudinal Cephalometric Growth Data. Oxford: Oxford university Press.

McNamara Analysis
McNamara JA Jr, Brundon WL (2001). Orthodontic and Dentofacial Orthopedics. Ann Arbor: Needham Press.

Ricketts Analysis
Ricketts RM, Roth RH, Chaconas SJ, Schnlhof RJ, Engel A (1982). Orthodontic Diagnosis and Planning, Volumes I and II. Denver: Rocky Mountain Orthodontics.

Michigan / Riolo Atlas

Riolo ML, Moyers RE, McNamara JA, Hunter WS (1974). An Atlas of Craniofacial Growth: Cephalometric Standards from the University School Growth Study, The University of Michigan. Ann Arbor: The University of Michigan.

Holdaway Soft Tissue Analysis

Holdaway RA (1983). A Soft Tissue Cephalometric Analysis and its Use in Orthodontic Planning, Part I. American Journal of Orthodontics, 84: 1-28. Holdaway RA (1984). A Soft Tissue Cephalometric Analysis and its Use in Orthodontic Planning, Part II. American Journal of Orthodontics, 85: 279-293.

Steiner Analysis
Steiner CC (1953). Cephalometrics for You and Me. American Journal of Orthodontics, 39: 729-755.

Tweed Analysis
Tweed CH (1954). The Frankfort Mandibular Incisal Angle (FMIA) in Orthodontic Diagnosis, Treatment Planning, and Prognosis. The Angle Orthodontics, 24: 121-169.

July13,20101

Landmark (Point) Definitions

Variable Abbreviation Variable Name

1L, LIE 1U, UIE A point, A A point, A Lower Central Incisor Upper Central Incisor A point Soft tissue A point

Definition
The occlusal tip of the lower central insicor The occlusal tip of the upper central incisor The deepest point of the curve of the maxilla between the anterior nasal spine and the dental alveolus The soft tissue point that is horizontally projected, parallel to Frankfort Horizontal, from the deepest point of the curve of the maxilla between the anterior nasal spine and the dental alveolus tip of the anterior nasal spine the point of intersection between the posterior border of the mandibular condyle and the lower border of the cranial base the deepest point on the bony curvature between the crest of the alveolus and pogonion cephalometric landmark formed by the intersection of the two lines BA-NA and PT-GN the most superior point on the condyles of the mandible a center on the Frankfort horizontal plane at a perpendicular dropped at the anterior border of pterygoid plates near the union with the body of the sphenoid the height of curvature of the bone overlying the frontal sinus the most prominent or anterior point in the midsagittal plane of the forehead at the level of the superior orbital ridges The most posterior-inferior point on the outline of the mandible, lies on the contour of the chin at the point of intersection of the facial axis Lies at the intersection of the mandibular plane (Go-Me)and the facial plane ( Na-Pog) the midpoint at the angle of the mandible the intersection of the mandibular plane with a plane through Articulare, Posterior and along the portion of the mandibular ramus inferior to it a point on the occlusal plane perpendicular to the distal surface of the crown of the lower first molar the median point on the lower margin of the lower membranous lip the root tip of the mandibular central incisor the tip of the nose a point indicating the mucocutaneous border of the upper lip, usually the most anterior point of the upper lip the most inferior point on the symphyseal outline

ANS Ar B point, B CC Cd CF

Anterior Nasal Spine Articulare B point Center of Cranium Condyle Center of Face, Polar Center

Gl Gl Gn Gn, constructed Go Go, constructed L6 Li LIA Lnt Ls Me

Glabella Soft tissue Glabella Gnathion Gnathion, constructed Gonion Gonion, constructed Lower first molar Labrale Inferius Lower central incisor root apex Lower nasal tangent Labrale Superius Menton

July13,20102

Variable Abbreviation Variable Name

Me Na, N Na, N Pg Pg Pm PNS Po Pt Sd Se Sls Sn Sts Sti U6 UIA Xi Soft tissue Menton Nasion Soft tissue Nasion Pogonion Soft tissue Pogonion Protruberance menti/supragonion Posterior nasal spine Porion Pterygoid Supradentale Sella Turcica Superior Labial Sulcus Subnasale Stomion Superious Stomion Inferious Upper first molar Upper central incisor root apex Xi Point

Definition
the most inferior point on the soft-tissue chin the most anterior point on the frontonasal suture the deepest point on the concavity overlying the area of the frontonasal suture the most anterior point on the mandibular symphysis the most prominent or anterior point on the softtissue chin in the midsagittal plane a point selected where the curveature of the anterior border of the symphysis changes from concave to convex the tip of the posterior nasal spine The most superior point on the outline of the external auditory meatus the posterior-superior border of the ptrygomaxillary fissures the most anterior inferior point on the maxilla at its labial contact with the maxillary central incisor the center of sella turcica the point of greatest concavity in the midline of the upper lip between Sn and Ls a point located at the junction between lower border of the nose and beginning of the upper lip at the midsagittal plane the lowermost point on the vermilion of the upper lip the uppermost point on the vermilion of the lower lip a point on the occlusal plane perpendicular to the distal surface of the crown of the upper first molar the root tip of the maxillary central incisor a point located at the geographic center of the ramus, location of XI is keyed geometrically to PROR and a perpendicular through PT

July13,20103

Variables as Defined by Other Analyses and Atlases

Name
Angle of Convexity Anterior Downs Point Anterior Nasal Spine

Point
Angle of convexity Anterior Downs Point-ADP Anterior Nasal Spine-ANS Anterior Nasal Spine-ANS ANS ANS Maxilla Anterior Nasal Spine-ANS

Description
formed by the intersection of a line from nasion to point A with a line from point A to pogonion the midpoint of the line connecting landmarks LIE and UIE the tip of the anterior nasal spine The tip of the bony anterior nasal spine at the inferior margin of the piriform apeture tip of the anterior nasal spine tip of the anterior nasal spine just below the nasal cavity and above the hard palate the tip of the median, sharp bony process of the maxilla at the lower margin of the anterior nasal opening the point of intersection anterior ramus vertically, with an extension posteriorly of the occlusal plane this is defined as the intersection of the FOP with the anterior border of the ramus a point approximately (?) centimere above ARM1 along the anterior border of ARM1 and ARM2 the point of intersection between the posterior border of the mandibular condyle and the lower border of the cranial base the point of intersection of the inferior surface of the cranial base and the averaged anterior surfaces of the mandibular condyles the point of intersection of the inferior cranial base surface and the averaged posterior surfaces of the mandibular condyles

Reference
Downs 1948

Riolo et al. 1974 Bhatia and Leighton 1993 McNamara 2001 Rickets et al. 1982 Rickets et al. 1982 Riolo et al. 1974 Bhatia and Leighton 1993 Riolo et al. 1974 Bhatia and Leighton 1993 Bhatia and Leighton 1993 Riolo et al. 1974

Anterior Ramus

Anterior Ramus Point 1-ARM1 Anterior Border of the Ramus-AB

Anterior Ramus (2) Articulare

Anterior Ramus Point 2-ARM2 Articulare-ART

Articulare, Anterior-AA

Articulare-AR

Riolo et al. 1974

July13,20104

Name
Basion

Point
Basion-BA Basion-Ba BA Basion

Description
the lowest point on the anterior border of the foramen magnum The most anterior-inferior point on the margin of the foramen magnum most inferiro posteriro point of the occipital bone at the anterior margin of the occipital foramen the most inferior, posterior point on the posterior margin of the foramen magnum

Reference
Bhatia and Leighton 1993 McNamara 2001 Rickets et al. 1982 Riolo et al. 1974

Basion-BA Bolton Plane Bolton Point Bolton plane Bolton Point-BO Bolton Point Center of Cranium CC point

represented by a line from nasion to Bolton Downs 1948 point the highest point in the notch behind the occipital condyle the highest point of concavity behind the occipital condyles a line connecting Pt point with cephalometric gnathion, crossing the basion-nasion plane. CC truly is located perpendicular to basion-nasion from pterygoid point, but for practical purposes it can be used as the point of intersection of the facial axis with basion-nasion because this varies around a true right angle center of cranium, cephalometric landmark formed by the intersection of the two lines BA-NA and PT-GN the most anterior-superior point on the soft-tissue chin, where the concavity of the soft-tissue changes in convexity the most superior point on the condyles of the mandible The most posterior-superior point on the head of the manibular condyle the most posterior superior point on the curvature of the average of the right and left outlines of the condylar head, determined as the point of tangency to a perpendicular construction line to the anterior and posterior borders of the condylar head Bhatia and Leighton 1993 Downs 1948 Rickets et al. 1972

CC Point

Rickets et al. 1982 Bhatia and Leighton 1993 Bhatia and Leighton 1993 McNamara 2001 Riolo et al. 1974

Chin Tangent

Chin Tangent Point-CT Condylion-CD Condylion-Co Condylion-CO

Condylion

July13,20105

Name
DC Point

Point
DC Point

Description
cephalometric landmark representing the center of the neck of the condyle on the Basion Nasion line the point on the anterior curve of the soft tssue chin a point where the upper and lower lips meet the inside inferior angle formed by the intersection of the Frankfort horizontal and facial plane by connection of Pt point with cepholometric gnathion, this line forms almost exactly the central axis of the face a line from nasion to pogonion bisection of right and left first molar occlusal relation the posterior location of the functional occlusal plane and consequently its value is related to the presence or absence of TP, (1) if TP is present and the individual is <9 yrs old FPP takes the same value as TP, (2) in all other cases FPP takes on the value of UDT the most prominent point on the outline of the frontal bone, in the supraorbital and frontal sinus region the most prominent anterior point in the midsagittal plane of the forehead

Reference
Rickets et al. 1982 Rickets et al. 1982 Rickets et al. 1982 Downs 1948

DT Chin Embrasure Facial Angle

DT Chin EM Embrasure Facial angle

Facial Axis

Facial axis

Rickets et al. 1972 Downs 1948 Rickets et al. 1972 Riolo et al. 1974

Facial Plane Frontal Occlusal Plane Functional Occlusal Plane

Facial plane Frontal occlusal plane Functional Occlusal Plane Point-FPP

Glabella

Glabella-GLB

Bhatia and Leighton 1993 Jacobson and Jacobson 2006/ Holdaway Soft Tissue Riolo et al. 1974 Bhatia and Leighton 1993 Bhatia and Leighton 1993 Downs 1948

Glabella-G

Glabella-GB Glabella (Soft Tissue) Gnathion Soft Tissue Glabella-SGLB Gnathion-GN Gnathion

the height of curvature of the bone overlying the frontal sinus the most prominent or anterior point in the midsagittal plane of the forehead at the level of the superior orbital ridges the most antero-inferior point on the mandibular symphysis a point on the chin deterined by bisecting the angle formed by the facial and mandibular planes

July13,20106

Name
Gnathion continued

Point
Gnathion-Gn

Description
The most posterior-inferior point on the outline of the mandible, lies on the contour of the chin at the point of intersection of the facial axis (PTM-constructed Gn) Lies at the intersection of the mandibular plane (Go-Me)and the facial plane ( NaPog) cephalometric landmark formed by the intersection of the tangent to the most inferior point on the inferior border of the symphysis and the most inferior point of the gonial region, and the line connecting NA and PO the most anterior-inferior point on the contour of the bony chin symphysis, determined by bisecting the angle formed by the madibular plane and line through Pogonion and Nasion the midpoint between soft-tissue pogonion and soft-tissue menton the midpoint at the angle of the mandible intersection of the line connecting the most distal aspect of the condyle to the distal border of the ramus, and the line at the base of the mandible the intersection of the mandibular plane with a plane through Articulare, Posterior and along the portion of the mandibular ramus inferior to it the midpoint of the angle of the mandible, found by bisecting the angle formed by the mandibular plane and a plane through Articulare, Posterior and along the portion of the mandibular ramus inferior to it the point of greatest concavity in the midline of the lower lip between between Li and soft tissue pogonion, also known as Labiomental Sulcus Si the most antero-superior point on the labial crest of the mandibular alveolar process

Reference
McNamara 2001

Gnathion-Gn, constructed GN Gnathion

McNamara 2001 Rickets et al. 1982

Gnathion-GN

Riolo et al. 1974

Gnathion (Soft Tissue) Gonion

Soft Tissue Gnathion-GN' Gonion-GO GO Gonion

Bhatia and Leighton 1993 Bhatia and Leighton 1993 Rickets et al. 1982

Gonial Intersection-GOI

Riolo et al. 1974

Gonion-GO

Riolo et al. 1974

Inferior Labial Sulcus

Inferior Labial Sulcus-Lls

Jacobson and Jacobson 2006/ Holdaway Soft Tissue Bhatia and Leighton 1993

Infradentale

Infradentale-ID

July13,20107

Name
Infradentale continued Laberale Inferius

Point
Infradentale-ID

Description
the anterior superior point on the mandible at its labial contact with the mandibular central incisor the most prominent point on the on the vermillion border of the lower lip in the midsagittal plane the median point on the lower margin of the lower membranous lip

Reference
Riolo et al. 1974 Bhatia and Leighton 1993 Jacobson and Jacobson 2006/ Holdaway Soft Tissue Bhatia and Leighton 1993 Jacobson and Jacobson 2006/ Holdaway Soft Tissue Bhatia and Leighton 1993 Rickets et al. 1972 Bhatia and Leighton 1993 Riolo et al. 1974 Rickets et al. 1982 Rickets et al. 1982 Bhatia and Leighton 1993 Riolo et al. 1974 Riolo et al. 1974

Laberale InferiusLI Labrale InferiusLi

Laberale Superius

Laberale Superius-LS Labrale SuperiusLs

a point located at the maximum convexity of the vermillion border most prominent in the midsagittal plane a point indicating the mucocutaneous border of the upper lip, usually the most anterior point of the upper lip the most antero-superior point on the mesial border of the crown of the lower first molar incisal tip of lower canines, respectively the root apex of the most prominent lower incisor crown the root tip of the mandibular central incisor incisal tip of the lower incisor a point selected at the interdental papilla of the lower incisors at the junction of the crowns and gingiva the tip of the most prominent lower incisor crown the incisal tip of the mandibular central incisor the lingual contact of alveolar bone with the mandibular central incisor

LM1

LM1

Lower Canine Apex Lower Incisor Apex

3R-3L Lower Incisor Apex-LIA Lower Incisor Apex-LIA

Lower Incisor Cusp Tip

B1 Incisor B1 Point

Lower Incisor Edge

Lower Incisor Edge-LIE Lower Incisor Incisal Edge-LIE

Lower Incisor Lingual Bony Contact

Lower Incisor Lingual Bony Contact PointLIB

July13,20108

Name
Lower Incisor Root Tip Lower Lip

Point
BR Incisor Lower Lip Stomion-LLS LL Lower Lip

Description
root tip of the lower incisor the most superior point located on the lower lip most anterior point on the lower lip buccal surfaces of lower molar, respectively, in frontal lower molar, most distal surface a point on the occlusal plane perpendicular to the distal surface of the crown of the lower first molar the posterior cemento-enamel junction of the mandibular first molar the posterior contact point of the mandibular first molar the posterior cusp tip of the mandibular first molar the anterior cemento-enamel junction of the mandibular first molar the mesial contact of the mandibular first molar relative to the FOP the anterior cusp tip of the mandibular first molar a line at the lower border of the mandibular tangent to the gonion angle and the profile image of the symphysis the lowest point on the lower border of the mandibular symphysis The most inferior point of the mandibular symphysis

Reference
Rickets et al. 1982 Bhatia and Leighton 1993 Rickets et al. 1982 Rickets et al. 1972 Rickets et al. 1972 Rickets et al. 1982 Riolo et al. 1974 Riolo et al. 1974 Riolo et al. 1974 Riolo et al. 1974 Riolo et al. 1974 Riolo et al. 1974 Downs 1948

Lower Molar Buccal Surface Lower Molar Cusp Tip

6R-6L B6 B6 Lower Molar

Lower Molar Distal CEJ Lower Molar Distal Contact Lower Molar Distal Cusp Tip Lower Molar Mesial CEJ Lower Molar Mesial Contact Lower Molar Mesial Cusp Tip Mandibular Plane

Lower Molar Distal CEJ-LDJ Lower Molar Distal Contact Point-LDC Lower Molar Distal Cusp TipLDT Lower Molar Mesial CEJ-LMJ Lower Molar Mesial ContactLMC Lower Molar Mesial Cusp TipLMT Mandibular plane

Menton

Menton-Me Menton-Me

Bhatia and Leighton 1993 McNamara 2001

July13,20109

Name
Menton continued

Point
ME Menton

Description
point of the inferior border of the symphysis directly inferior to mental protruberance and inferior to the center of trigonium mentali the most inferior point on the symphyseal outline the most inferior point on the soft-tissue chin lowest point on the contour of the soft tissue chin, found by dropping a perpendicular from horizontal plane through skeletal menton the most anterior point on the frontonasal suture the most anterior point of the nasofrontal suture in the midsaggital plane the suture between the frontal and nasal bones The intersection of the internasal and frontonasal sutures a point at the anterior limit of the nasofrontal suture the junction of the frontonasal suture at the most posterior point on the curve at the bridge of the nose a point constructed from its use as a softtissue reference point the deepest point on the concavity overlying the area of the frontonasal suture the point of greatest concavity in the midline between the forehead and the nose

Reference
Rickets et al. 1982

Menton-ME Menton (Soft Tissue) Soft Tissue Menton-ME' Soft Tissue Menton-Me'

Riolo et al. 1974 Bhatia and Leighton 1993 Jacobson and Jacobson 2006/ Holdaway Soft Tissue Bhatia and Leighton 1993 Burstone et al. 1978 Downs 1948 McNamara 2001 Rickets et al. 1982 Riolo et al. 1974 Bhatia and Leighton 1993 Bhatia and Leighton 1993 Jacobson and Jacobson 2006/ Holdaway Soft Tissue Bhatia and Leighton 1993

Nasion

Nasion-N Nasion-N Nasion Nasion-Na NA Nasion Nasion-N

Nasion (Soft Tissue)

Projected Soft Tissue NasionPSN Soft Tissue Nasion-SFN Soft Tissue Nasion-N'

OC1

OC1

the midpoint in the occlusal space between the upper and lower canines and the first premolars to provide an anterior point on the functional occlusal plane

July13,201010

Name
OC2

Point
OC2

Description
the midpoint on the occlusal space distal to the upper and lower first molarsto provide a posterior point for the functional occlusal plane a line bisecting the occlusion of the first molars and central incisors occlusal plane of buccal teeth, not overbite bisection the most inferior point on the lower border of the bony orbit the lowest point on the left infraorbital margin Lowermost point on the inferior orbital margin a point located at the lowest point on the external border of the orbital cavity the lowest point of the average of the right and left borders of the bony orbit the most anterior point on the mandibular symphysis the most anterior point on the mandible in the midline Most anterior point of the bony chin. Formed at the point of contact of the facial plane with the chin contour most anterior point on the mid-sagittal symphysis the most anterior point on the contour of the bony chin, determined by tangent through Nasion the most prominent or anterior point on the soft-tissue chin in the midsagittal plane the most prominent or anterior point on the chin in the midsagittal plane

Reference
Bhatia and Leighton 1993

Occlusal Plane

Occlusal plane True occlusal plane

Downs 1948 Rickets et al. 1972 Bhatia and Leighton 1993 Downs 1948 McNamara 2001 Rickets et al. 1982 Riolo et al. 1974 Bhatia and Leighton 1993 Downs 1948 McNamara 2001 Rickets et al. 1982 Riolo et al. 1974 Bhatia and Leighton 1993 Jacobson and Jacobson 2006/ Holdaway Soft Tissue

Orbitale

Orbitale-ORB Orbitale Orbitale-Or OR Orbitale Orbitale-OR

Pogonion

Pogonion-PG Pogonion Pogonion-Pog

PO Pogonion Pogonion-PG

Pogonion (Soft Tissue)

Soft Tissue Pogonion-PG' Soft Tissue Pogonion-Pog'

July13,201011

Name
Polar Center

Point
CF-Polar center

Description
a center on the Frankfort horizontal plane at a perpendicular dropped at the anterior border of pterygoid plates near the union with the body of the sphenoid center of face, cephalometric landmark formed by the intersection of the line connecting PR and OR and a perpendicular through PT the most superior point on the radiolucence external and internal auditory meati, located posteriorly to the mandibular condyle and posterior clivus the highest point on the superior surface of the soft tissue of the external auditory meati The most superior point on the outline of the external auditory meatus a point located at the most superior point of the external auditory meatus the midpoint of the line connecting the most superior point of the radiopacity generated by each of the 2 ear rods of the cephalostat the point on the vermilion border midway between lower lip stomion and laberale inferius a point located at the end of the nasal tip convexity the midpoint of the line connecting landmarks LMT and UMT the tip of the posterior nasal spine tip of the posterior nasal spine the most posterior point at the sagittal plane on the bony hard palate a point on the posterior border of the ramus at its junction with the condyle

Reference
Rickets et al. 1972

CF Point

Rickets et al. 1982

Porion

Porion-PO

Bhatia and Leighton 1993

Porion

Downs 1948

Porion-PO PR Porion Porion-PO

McNamara 2001 Rickets et al. 1982 Riolo et al. 1974

Post Laberale Superius Post Pronasale Posterior Downs Point Posterior Nasal Spine

Post Laberale Superius-PLS Post PronasalePOPRN Posterior Downs Point-PDP Posterior Nasal Spine-PNS PNS Posterior Nasal Spine-PNS

Bhatia and Leighton 1993 Bhatia and Leighton 1993 Riolo et al. 1974 Bhatia and Leighton 1993 Rickets et al. 1982 Riolo et al. 1974 Bhatia and Leighton 1993

Posterior Ramus

Posterior Ramus Point 1-PRM1

July13,201012

Name
Posterior Ramus continued

Point
Posterior Ramus Point 2-PRM2 Posterior Border of the Ramus-PB

Description
the most prominent postero-superior point at the angle of the mandible on the posterior ramus behind gonion this is defined as the intersection of the FOP with the posterior border of the mandibular a point located at the pre-convexity of the nose tip and tangent to the nasal bridge the most prominent or anterior point of the nose tip the most prominent or anterior point of the nose

Reference
Bhatia and Leighton 1993 Riolo et al. 1974 Bhatia and Leighton 1993 Bhatia and Leighton 1993 Jacobson and Jacobson 2006/ Holdaway Soft Tissue Rickets et al. 1982 Bhatia and Leighton 1993 Rickets et al. 1972

Prepronasale Pronasale

PrepronasalePPRN Pronasale-PRN Pronasale-Pn

EN Nose Prosthion Protuberance Menti Prosthion-PR PMProtruberance menti/supragonio n PM

a point on the anterior curve of the soft tissue nose the crest of the upper labial alveolar process located at the end of heavy cortex on symphysis, it is a probable reversal line, serves as an anterior point for mandibular growth are calculations a point selected where the curveature of the anterior border of the symphysis changes from concave to convex A bilateral inverted terdrop-shaped radiolucency, whose anterior border repreents the posterior surfaces of the tuberocities of the maxilla. The landmark is taken on the posterior-superior point on the contour of the pterygomaxillary fissure a point described by Ricketts, which is on the posterior-superior border of the ptrygomaxillary fissures a point in the lateral film at the lower edge of the foramen rotundum used as a center for growth reference. Used to find a central reference on the basion-nasion plane. intersection of the inferior border of the foramen rotundum with the posterior wall of the pterygomaxillary fissure

Rickets et al. 1982 McNamara 2001

Pterygoid Fissure

Pterygoid Fissure-Ptm

Pterygoid Point

Pterygoid PointPT Pt-Pterygoid point

Bhatia and Leighton 1993 Rickets et al. 1972

PT Point

Rickets et al. 1982

July13,201013

Name
Pterygomaxillary Fissure Inferior PterygoMaxillary Fissure Inferior Pterygomaxillary Fissure Superior

Point
PterygomaxillarePTM

Description
the inferior point at the junction of the anterior and posterior borders of the pterygo-maxillary fissure

Reference
Bhatia and Leighton 1993 Riolo et al. 1974 Bhatia and Leighton 1993 Riolo et al. 1974 Bhatia and Leighton 1993 Downs 1948 Riolo et al. 1974 Jacobson and Jacobson 2006/ Holdaway Soft Tissue Jacobson and Jacobson 2006/ Holdaway Soft Tissue Bhatia and Leighton 1993 Jacobson and Jacobson 2006/ Holdaway Soft Tissue Bhatia and Leighton 1993

Pterygothe most inferior point on the average of Maxillary Fissure, the right and left outlines of the pterygoInferior-PTM maxillary fissure Pterygomaxillare Superior-PTMS the most superior point on the on the pterygomaxillary fissure

Pterygothe most superior point on the average of Maxillary Fissure, the right and left outlines of the pterygoSuperior-PTMS maxillary fissure Sella Turcica Sella-S The center of sella turcica Sella Turcica-S the center of sella turcica located by inspection of the profile image of the fossa the center of the pituitary fossa of the sphenoidal plane with the averaged greater sphenoid wing the uppermost point on the vermilion of the lower lip

Stomion Inferius

Stomion Inferious-Sti

Stomion Superius

Stomion Superius-Sts

the lowermost point on the vermilion of the upper lip

Subnasale

Subnasale-SN

a point located at the junction between lower border of the nose and beginning of the upper lip at the midsagittal plane the point at which the columella merges with the upper lip in the midsagittal plane

Subnasale-Sn

Subspinale

A Point-A

the deepest point on the concave outline of the upper labial alveolar process extending from from the anterior nasal spine to prosthion the deepest midline point on the premaxilla between the anterior nasal spine and prosthion

Point Asubspinale

Downs 1948

July13,201014

Name
Subspinale continued

Point
Point A

Description
The deepest point in the curved bony outline from the base to the alveolar process of the maxilla. Usually found adjacent to the maxillary incisor root apex the deepest point of the curve of the maxilla between the anterior nasal spine and the dental alveolus the most posterior point on the curve of the maxilla between the anterior nasal spine and supradentale the deepest point on the upper lip determined by an imaginary line joining subnasale with the laberale superius the point of greatest concavity in the midline of the upper lip between Sn and Ls

Reference
McNamara 2001

A-Point

Rickets et al. 1982 Riolo et al. 1974 Bhatia and Leighton 1993 Jacobson and Jacobson 2006/ Holdaway Soft Tissue Riolo et al. 1974 Bhatia and Leighton 1993 Downs 1948 Riolo et al. 1974

A Point-A

Subspinale (Soft Tissue) Superior Labial Sulcus

Soft Tissue A Point-A' Superior Labial Sulcus-Sls

Supradentale

Supradentale-SD

the most anterior inferior point on the maxilla at its labial contact with the maxillary central incisor the deepest point on the bony curvature between the crest of the alveolus and pogonion the deepest midline point on the mandible between infradentale and pogonion the point most posterior to a line from Infradentale to Pogonion on the anterior surface of the symphyseal outline of the mandible, lies within the apical third of the incisor roots the point at the deepest concavity between laberale inferius and soft tissue pogonion the most antero-inferior point on the mesial border of the crown of the upper first molar the most postero-inferior point on the distal border of the crown of the upper first molar the root apex of the most prominent upper incisor crown

B Point-B

Point Bsupramentale B Point-B

Supramentali (Soft Tissue) UM1

Soft Tissue B Point-B' UM1

Bhatia and Leighton 1993 Bhatia and Leighton 1993 Bhatia and Leighton 1993 Bhatia and Leighton 1993

UM2

UM2

Upper Incisor Apex

Upper Incisor Apex-UIA

July13,201015

Name
Upper Incisor Apex - continued Upper Incisor CEJ Upper Incisor Cusp Tip Upper Incisor Edge

Point
Upper Incisor Apex-UIA A1 Point

Description
the root tip of the maxillary central incisor a point selected at the interdental papilla of the upper incisors at the junction of the crowns and gingiva incisal tip of the upper incisor the tip of the most prominent upper incisor crown the incisal tip of the maxillary central incisor the lingual contact of alveolar bone with the maxillary central incisor

Reference
Riolo et al. 1974 Rickets et al. 1982 Rickets et al. 1982 Bhatia and Leighton 1993 Riolo et al. 1974 Riolo et al. 1974

A1 Incisor Upper Incisor Edge-UIE Upper Incisor Incisal Edge-UIE

Upper Incisor Lingual Bony Contact Upper Incisor Root Tip Upper Lip

Upper Incisor Lingual Bony Contact PointUIB AR Incisor Upper Lip Stomion-ULS UL Upper Lip

root tip of the upper incisor

Rickets et al. 1982

the most inferior point located on the upper Bhatia and lip Leighton 1993 most anterior point on the upper lip upper molar , most distal surface a point on the occlusal plane perpendicular to the distal surface of the crown of the upper first molar the posterior cemento-enamel junction of the maxillary first molar the posterior contact of the maxillary first molar the posterior cusp tip of the maxillary first molar the anterior cemento-enamel junction of the maxillary first molar the mesial contact of the maxillary first molar relative to the FOP Rickets et al. 1982 Rickets et al. 1972 Rickets et al. 1982 Riolo et al. 1974 Riolo et al. 1974 Riolo et al. 1974 Riolo et al. 1974 Riolo et al. 1974

Upper Molar Cusp Tip

A6 A6 Upper Molar

Upper Molar Distal CEJ Upper Molar Distal Contact Upper Molar Distal Cusp Tip Upper Molar Mesial CEJ Upper Molar Mesial Contact

Upper Molar Distal CEJ-UDJ Upper Molar Distal Contact Point-UDC Upper Molar Distal Cusp TipUDT Upper Molar Mesial CEJ-UMJ Upper Molar Mesial ContactUMC

July13,201016

Name
Upper Molar Mesial Cusp Tip XI Point

Point
Upper Molar Mesial Cusp TipUMT Xi point

Description
the anterior cusp tip of the maxillary first molar

Reference
Riolo et al. 1974

the geographic center of ramus, selected by Rickets et al. geometric bisecting of the height and 1972 width of the ramus a point located at the geographic center of the ramus, location of XI is keyed geometrically to PR-OR and a perpendicular through PT a line from sella turcica to gnathion Rickets et al. 1982

XI Point

Y Axis

Y axis

Downs 1948

July13,201017

Variables Reference Summary

McNamara Soft Tissue Jarabak Ricketts

London

Frontal

Steiner X

Downs

LOINC Code 1L-APg U6_PtV Molar rel 1L-NB Overjet IMPA (1L-GoMe) IMPA (1L-GoMe) (constructed) 1L-NB 1U-NA 1U-ANSPNS 1U-SeNa IMPA (1L-GoGn) 1U-1L Cd-Gn Cd-ANS Cd-A UIE-A FH Go-Gn-A NaPg-FH NAP ANSPNS-GoMe ANSPNS-GoMe (constructed) SeNa-GoMe SeNa-GoMe (constructed)

X X X X

X X X

X X

X X X X X X X X X X X X X

X X X X X X X

X X

X X X

X X

X X

X X X

July13,201018

Tweed X

Riolo

McNamara

SoftTissue

Jarabak

Ricketts

London

Frontal

Steiner

Downs

LOINC Code 1U-St Pg-Pg' Ls-Sd Pg'Ls-Sls A-A' Lnt-Sn-Ls Na'-Pg'-Ls N-FH BaNa-CC BaNa-CC (constructed) FH-SeGn FH-SeGn (constructed) SeNa-SeGn Se-Go Ar-Go Ar-Go (constructed) ANS-Me Ar-Go-Me Ar-Go-Me (constructed) FMA FMA (constructed) CF-Go SeNa-NaPg SNB SNA ANB

X X X X

X X X X X X X X X

X X X X X X

X X X

X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X

July13,201019

Tweed X

Riolo

McNamara

SoftTissue

Jarabak

Ricketts

London

Frontal

Steiner

Downs

LOINC Code Face Low/All Face IncisorChin/Low Face Mid /Low Face IncisorChin/All Face Mid/All Face IncisorChin/Mid Face Upper/All Face All Face Low IncisorChin Face Low Face Mid Face Upper Gl-Sn Li-Pg' Sti-Me' Ls-Pg' Na-Me Sn-Pg' Sn-Li St-Sn ANS-Pg Adenoid Tonsil AO-BO

X X X X X X X X X X X X X

X X X X X X X X X X X

July13,201020

Tweed

Riolo

McNamara

SoftTissue

Jarabak

Ricketts

London

Frontal

Steiner

Downs

LOINC Code Co-Xi-Pm ANS-Xi-Pm SeNa-ANSPNS ANSPNS-GoMe ANSPNS-GoMe (constructed) Li-Me' Point A-McNamara 90 Sn-Me' Se-Ar CC-Na Go-Me SeNa-ANSPNS Overbite Cd-Go Sn-Ls Sn-Li

X X X X X

X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X

July13,201021

Tweed

Riolo

Measurements
Lower Incisor to A point-Pogonion Length
Reference:
London McNamara Ricketts Riolo

LOINC 1L-APg

Distance from the incisal edge of the mandibular central incisor perpendicular to the A-Pogonion line
Variable #
261

Abbreviation
LIE/A-PG Anterior-posterior position of the lower incisor Mandibular Incisor Protrusion LIE/A-PG

Description
Lower incisal edge from A-PG line Facial surface of the lower incisor to the A-Pog line The distance from the tip of the lower incisor to the line defining the jaws, the "A-PO" plane

10 115

July13,201022

Upper Molar Position length

LOINC U6_PtV

The distance from the distal crown contact of the maxillary first molar measured back to Pterygoid-Vertical (line from Pterygoid, perpendicular to the Frankfort horizontal)
Variable #
9

Reference:
Ricketts

Abbreviation
Upper Molar Position

Description
The distance from the pterygoid vertical (the back of maxilla) to the distal of the first upper molar

July13,201023

Molar Relationship length

Reference:
Ricketts

LOINC Molar rel The distance from between the distal crown convexities of the upper and lower permanent first molars, measured along the occlusal plane

Variable #
1

Abbreviation
Molar Relation

Description
The distance between the distal surfaces of the lower and upper molars measured along the occlusal plane

July13,201024

Lower incisal edge perpendicular to Nasion-B point length

Reference:
London Riolo Steiner

LOINC 1L-NB

The distance from the incisal edge of the mandibular central incisor to the Nasion-B point line
Variable #
258 108

Abbreviation
LIE/N-B LIE/N-B Mandibnular incisor Position, 1 to NB

Description
Lower incisal edge from the N-B plane The distance from the Nasion-Point B line to the tip of the lower central incisor

July13,201025

Overjet length
Reference:
London Ricketts

LOINC Overjet The distance between the incisal edges of the upper and lower central incisors measured along the occlusal plane
Variable #
263 3

Abbreviation
UIE-LIE ON OC1-OC2 Incisor Overjet

Description
Overjet The distance between the incisal tips of the upper and lower incors measured along the occlusal plane

July13,201026

IMPA, using Menton degrees

Reference:
Downs London Tweed 254

LOINC IMPA (1LGoMe)

The posterior- superior angle between the long axis of the mandibular central incisor and the mandibular plane (Gonion to Menton)
Variable # Abbreviation
1 to mandibular plane ME-GO/LIE-LIA IMPA

Description
The angle from the manibular plane (gonion-menton) and the axis of the lower central incisor Lower Incisal Inclination to Mandibular Plane The axial inclination of the mandibular incisor in relation to the mandibular plane

July13,201027

IMPA, using constructed Menton degrees

Reference:
Riolo

LOINC IMPA (1LGoMe), constructed

The posterior- superior angle between the long axis of the mandibular central incisor and the mandibular plane (Constructed Gonion to Menton)
Variable #
71

Abbreviation
GOI-ME/LIE-LIA

Description

July13,201028

Lower Incisor to Nasion-B Point degrees

Reference:
London Riolo Steiner

LOINC 1L-NB

The inferior angle formed by the long axis of the mandibular central incisor and the Nasion-B point line
Variable #
259 73

Abbreviation
LIE-LIA/N-B B-N/LIA-LIE Mandibular incisor Position, 1 to NB

Description
Lower incisal inclination to N-B Plane The angle formed by the long axis of the lower central incisor and the Nasion-Point B line

July13,201029

Upper Incisor to Nasion-A Point degrees

Reference:
London Riolo

LOINC 1U-NA

The superior angle formed by the long axis of the maxillary central incisor and the Nasion-Subspinale (A point) line
Variable #
245 60

Abbreviation
UIE-UIA/N-A UIA-UIE/N-A

Description
Upper Incisal to N-A Plane Angle

July13,201030

Upper Incisor to Nasal Line degrees

Reference:
London

LOINC 1U-ANS PNS

The inferior angle formed between the long axis of the maxillary central incisor and the Nasal line (Anterior Nasal Spine to Posterior Nasal Spine)
Variable #
241

Abbreviation
ANS-PNS/UIE-UIA

Description
Upper Incisal inclination to Maxillary Plane

July13,201031

Upper One to S-N degrees

Reference:
Jarabak London Riolo 239 53

LOINC 1U-SeNa The posterior-inferior angle formed by the long axis of the maxillary central incisor and the Sella-Nasion line

Variable #

Abbreviation
U1 to SN S-N/UIE-UIA UIE-UIA/S-N

Description
The angle formed by the axis of the upper central incisor and the Sella-Nasion line Upper incisal inclination to S-N Plane

July13,201032

IMPA, using Gnathion degrees

Reference:
Riolo

LOINC IMPA (1LGoGn)

The posterior-superior angle between the long axis of the mandibular central incisor and the mandibular plane (Gonion to Gnathion)
Variable #
69

Abbreviation
GO-GN/LIE-LIA

Description

July13,201033

Inter Incisal Angle degrees

Reference:
Downs

LOINC U1-L1 The intercisal angle, which is the posterior angle formed at the intersection of the long axes of the maxillary and mandibular central incisors.

Variable #

Abbreviation
1 to 1

Description
A measure of the degree of procumbency of the incisor teeth; Lines are drawn representing the lower and upper incisors, with a measure of the inside angle taken Inter-incisal angle The angle formed by the long axes of the central incisors The interior angle formed by the axes of the mandibular and maxillary central incisors

London Ricketts Riolo Steiner

262 6 61

UIE-UIA/LIE-LIA Interincisal Angle LIA-LIE/UIA-UIE Interincisal Angle, 1 to 1

July13,201034

Condylion to Gnathion length

Reference:
London McNamara Riolo 45 79

LOINC Cd-Gn

The straight line distance between Condylion and Gnathion

Variable # Abbreviation
CD-GN Mandibular length CO-GN

Description
Total mandibular length from Condylion Distance from Condylion to Gnathion

July13,201035

Condylion to Anterior Nasal Spine length

Reference:
London 229

LOINC Cd-ANS

The straight line distance between Condylion and Anterior Nasal Spine
Variable # Abbreviation
CD-ANS

Description
Maxillary length

July13,201036

Maxillary Length length

Reference:
London McNamara 153

LOINC Cd-A The distance between Condylion and A point

Variable #

Abbreviation
CD-A Midfacial Length

Description
Condylion-A point The distance from condylion to Point A

July13,201037

Infradentale to Point A length

LOINC UIE-A FH

The distance of the incisal edge of the maxillary central incisor relative to the A line (Line through A point and perpendicular to the Frankfort horizontal plane)
Variable # Abbreviation
Maxillary incisor to Point A

Reference:
McNamara

Description
The linear distance measured between point A and the edge of the maxillary central incisor, perpendicular to the Frankfort Horizontal Plane

July13,201038

Facial Taper degrees

Reference:
Ricketts

LOINC Go-Gn-A The superior-posterior angle formed by the Nasion-Pogonion line and the mandibular line (Gonion to constructed Gnathion)
Variable #
18

Abbreviation
Facial Taper

Description
The mandibular plane measured to the facial plane

July13,201039

Facial Angle degrees

Reference:
Downs

LOINC NaPg-FH The posterior-inferior angle at the intersection of the Nasion-Pogonion line and the Frankfort Horizontal plane
Variable # Abbreviation
Facial Angle

Description
Expression of the degree of recession or protrusion of the chin, the inferior inside angle between frankfort horizontal and the facial plane (nasion to pogonion) Frankfort/Nasion-PG planes angle Soft-tissue facial angle, The intersection of the Frankfort Horizontal plane with a line extending from Nasion to Pogonion

London Riolo Soft Tissue

304 21 A

PO-ORB/N-PG PG-N/P-OR FH Na-Pg

July13,201040

Angle of Convexity Degrees

Reference:
Downs

LOINC NAP The superior angle between the line Nasion-Subspinale (A point) and the line A point-Pogonion

Variable #

Abbreviation
Angle of Convexity

Description
A measure of the protrusion of the maxillary part of the face to the total profile; The angle formed by two lines, one starting at nasion and the other from pogonion, meeting at A Convexity at A point (Angular) Skeletal profile convexity, Measurement from Point A to the hard tissue Na-Pg or facial plane

London Riolo Soft Tissue

222 52 E

N-A-PG N-A-PG A-Na-Pg

July13,201041

Maxillary Mandibular Planes Angle degrees

Reference:
London

LOINC ANSPNSGoMe

The angle formed by the Palatal line (ANS-PNS) and the mandibular line (Gonion-Menton)
Variable #
348

Abbreviation
ANS-PNS/ME-GO

Description
Maxillary/Mandibular Planes Angle

July13,201042

Maxillary Mandibular Planes Angle, constructed Menton degrees

Reference:
Riolo

LOINC ANS-PNSGoMe (constructed)

The angle formed by the Palatal line (ANS-PNS) and the mandibular line (Constructed Gonion-Menton)
Variable #
44

Abbreviation
ANS-PNS/ME-GOI

Description

July13,201043

Sella Nasion to Mandibular Line degrees

Reference:
London

LOINC SeNa-GoMe

The anterior angle formed by the Sella-Nasion line and the Mandibular line (Gonion-Menton)
Variable #
324

Abbreviation
N-S/ME-GO

Description
Nasion-Sella/Mandibular Planes Angle

July13,201044

Sella Nasion to Mandibular Line, constructed Menton degrees

Reference:
Riolo

LOINC SeNa-GoMe (constructed)

The anterior angle formed by the Sella-Nasion line and the Mandibular line (Constructed Gonion-Menton)
Variable #
13

Abbreviation
N-S/ME-GOI

Description

July13,201045

Upper One to Stomion length

LOINC 1U-St

The vertical distance from the tip of the maxillary central incisor to Lip Embrasure (the contact point between upper and lower lips, using superior Stomion), measured perpendicular to the palatal plane
Variable # Abbreviation Description

Reference:

July13,201046

Chin Thickness length

Reference:
London Soft Tissue

LOINC Pg-Pg' The distance from hard tissue Pogonion to soft tissue Pogonion, measured parallel with Frankfort Horizontal plane.

Variable #
381 K

Abbreviation
PG-PG' Pg-Pg'

Description
Soft tissue chin thickness Soft-tissue chin thickness, The horizontal distance between the hard tissue and soft tissue Pogonion

July13,201047

Upper Lip Thickness length

Reference:
London Soft Tissue

LOINC Ls-Sd

The distance from Labrale Superius back to the maxillary central incisor (supradentale) measured parallel with Frankfort Horizontal Plane.
Variable #
377 G

Abbreviation
PR'-LS Ls-Sd

Description
Upper lip thickness at Vermillion border Upper lip strain measurement, measured at the vermillion border

July13,201048

Subnasal Sulcus length

Reference:
Soft Tissue

LOINC Pg'Ls-Sls Distance from the H-Line (line from Soft Tissue Pogonion to Labrale Superius) to the Superior Labial Sulcus (subnasale)

Variable #
D

Abbreviation
Sn'-H line

Description
Measurement of soft tissue subnasale to H line , Line from Soft Tissue Pogonion to Labrale Superius

July13,201049

Soft Tissue Thickness at A Point length

Reference:
London Soft Tissue 376 F

LOINC A-A'

Distance from hard tissue A point to soft tissue A point

Variable # Abbreviation
A-A' A-A

Description
Upper lip thickness at base Basic upper lip thickness, Measured near the base of the alveolar process, about 3 mm below Point A

July13,201050

Naso-Labial Angle degrees

Reference:
London McNamara

LOINC Lnt-Sn-Ls The anterior angle between the base of the nose, Subnasale and Labrale superius line

Variable #
386

Abbreviation
CM-SN-LS Nasiolabial Angle, LNT/SN/L

Description
Nasiolabial angle The angle formed by the line tangfent to the base of the nose and a line tangent to the upper lip

July13,201051

Holdaway Angle degrees

LOINC Na'-Pg'-Ls The superior-posterior angle between the H line (the most anterior superior point of the soft tissue chin and Labrale superius) and the soft tissue Nasion to soft tissue Pogonion line

Reference:
Soft Tissue

Variable #
H

Abbreviation
H line-NaPg

Description
H angle, Angular measurement of the H line to the soft tissue Nasion-Pogonion line or soft tissue facial plane

July13,201052

Nasion to Frankfort Horizontal length

Reference:
McNamara

LOINC N-FH

A line from Nasion to Frankfort horizontal Plane

Variable # Abbreviation
NA-perp

Description
A vertical line drawn perpendicular to Frankfort Horizontal through Nasion

July13,201053

Facial Axis degrees

Reference:
London McNamara

LOINC BaNa-CC The inferior angle between the Basion-Nasion line and CC (PterygoidGnathion line)
Variable #
282

Abbreviation
N-BA/PT-GN Facial axis

Description
Nasion-Basion/Facial Axis Angle A line constructed from the posterosuperior aspect of the pterygomaxillary fissure to anatomic Gnathion and a line perpendicular to the cranial base (a line joining basion and nasion)

July13,201054

Facial Axis, constructed Gnathion degrees

Reference:
Ricketts

LOINC BaNa-CC (constructed)

The inferior angle between the Basion-Nasion line and CC (PterygoidContructed Gnathion line)
Variable #
17a

Abbreviation
Facial Axis

Description
The angle between the facial axis(using constructed Gnathion) and Basion-Nasion

July13,201055

Y axis to Frankfort Horizontal degrees

Reference:
London Riolo

LOINC FH-SeGn

The anterior-inferior angle between the Frankfort Horizontal line and the Sella-Gnathion line
Variable #
228 28

Abbreviation
S-GN/PO-ORB OR-PO/GN-S

Description
X-Y Axis angle (Facial Angle)

July13,201056

Y axis to Frankfort Horizontal, constructed Gnathion degrees

Reference:
Downs

LOINC FH-SeGn (constructed)

The anterior-inferior angle between the Frankfort Horizontal line and the Sella-Constructed Gnathion line
Variable # Abbreviation
Y Axis

Description
The angular realtionship between a line from Sella turcica to constructed gnathion, the Y axis, and the Frankfort plane

July13,201057

Y axis to Sella Nasion degrees

Reference:
London Riolo

LOINC SeNa-SeGn

The anterior-inferior angle formed by the intersection of the Sella-Nasion line and the Sella-Gnathion line
Variable #
275 15

Abbreviation
N-S/S-GN N-S-GN

Description
Nasion-Sella/Y axis Angle

July13,201058

Posterior Facial Height length

Reference:
Jarabak London Riolo Tweed

LOINC Se-Go

Distance from Sella to Gonion

Variable #
187 173

Abbreviation
PFH, S-Go S-GO S-GO Posterior Facial Height

Description
The distance from Sella to Gonion (constructed) Posterior total face height The ramus height from articulare to the mandibular plane tangent to the posterior border of the ramus

July13,201059

Ramus Height length

Reference:
London Riolo 72 88

LOINC Ar-Go Distance from Articulare to Gonion

Variable # Abbreviation
ART-GO AR-GO

Description
Ramus Height

July13,201060

Ramus Height, constructed Gonion length

Reference:
Jarabak

LOINC Ar-Go, constructed

Distance from Articulare to constructed Gonion

Variable # Abbreviation
Ramus height, Ar-Go

Description
The distance from Articulare to Gonion (constructed)

July13,201061

Anterior Nasal Spine to Menton length

Reference:
London Riolo Tweed 176 158

LOINC ANS-Me

Distance from menton projected perpendicular to the Anterior Nasal Spine

Variable # Abbreviation
ME-ANS ME-ANS Anterior Facial Height

Description
Anterior lower face height The vertical distance between the palatal plane and menton

July13,201062

Gonial Angle degrees

Reference:
London 78

LOINC Ar-Go-Me The angle formed by Articulare, Gonion and Menton

Variable # Abbreviation
ART-GO-ME

Description
Mandibular Angle

July13,201063

Gonial Angle, constructed Gonion degrees

Reference:
Jarabak Riolo 50

LOINC Ar-Go-Me

The angle formed by Articulare, constructed Gonion and Menton

Variable # Abbreviation
Gonial Angle, Ar-Go-Me AR-GOI-ME

Description
The angle formed by Articulare, Gonion (constructed) and menton

July13,201064

FMA angle degrees

Reference:
London

LOINC FMA The anterior-inferior angle formed by the Frankfort Horizontal line and the Mandibular line (Gonion-Menton)
Variable #
345

Abbreviation
PO-ORB/ME-GO

Description

July13,201065

FMA angle, constructed Gonion degrees

Reference:
McNamara

LOINC FMA (constructed)

The anterior-inferior angle formed by the Frankfort Horizontal line and the Mandibular line (Constructed Gonion-Menton)
Variable # Abbreviation
Mandibular Plane Angle

Description
The angle between anatomical Frankfort horizontal plane and the line drawn along the lower border of the mandible (constructed Gonion and Menton) The direction of lower facial growth in the horizontal and vertical dimensions

Riolo Tweed

26

OR-PO/ME-GOI FMA

July13,201066

Posterior Facial Height using CF point length

Reference:
Ricketts

LOINC CF-Go

Distance from the CF point (where the Frankfort Horizontal line crosses the Pterygoid vertical line) to constructed Gonion
Variable #
24

Abbreviation
Posterior Facial height

Description
The distance between constructed gonion and CF point

July13,201067

Angles Describing Sella-Nasion-Pogonion degrees

Reference:
London Riolo

LOINC SeNa-NaPg

The inferior-posterior angle formed by the Sella-Nasion line and the Nasion-Pogonion line
Variable #
203 5

Abbreviation
S-N-PG PG-N-S

Description
Sella-Nasion-Pogonion Angle

July13,201068

Angles Describing Sella-Nasion-Point B degrees

Reference:
London Riolo Steiner Tweed

LOINC SNB

The inferior-posterior angle defined by Sella, Nasion and Supramentale (B point)

Variable #
202 3

Abbreviation
S-N-B B-N-S SNB SNB

Description
Sella-Nasion-B Point Angle The angle between Sella, Nasion and Point B The horizontal relationship of the mandible to the cranial base

July13,201069

Angles Describing Sella-Nasion-Point A degrees

Reference:
London Riolo Steiner Tweed

LOINC SNA

The posterior-inferior angle formed by Sella, Nasion, and Subspinale (A point)

Variable #
201 2

Abbreviation
S-N-A A-N-S SNA SNA

Description
Sella-Nasion-A Point Angle The angle between Sella, Nasion and Point A The relative horizontal position of the maxilla to the cranial base

July13,201070

Angles Describing Point A-Nasion-Point B degrees

Reference:
London Riolo Steiner Tweed 217 4

LOINC ANB

Angle defined by Subspinale (A point), Nasion, and Supramentale (B point)

Variable # Abbreviation
A-N-B A-N-B ANB ANB

Description
A Point- Nasion-B Point Angle The angle between Point A, Nasion and Point B The horizontal relationship of the maxilla to the mandible

July13,201071

Face Low / All Ratio ratio

Reference:
Frontal

LOINC Face Low/All

The ratio of the distance from Subnasale to soft tissue Menton to the distance from the most anterior portion of the forehead to soft tissue Menton
Variable # Abbreviation
Face Low/ Face All

Description
The ratio of Face low to Face All

July13,201072

Face Incisor to Chin / Low Ratio ratio

Reference:
Frontal

LOINC Face IncisorChin/Low

The ratio of the distance from the embrasure of the lower central incisor to the Chin Tangent to the distance from Subnasale to soft tissue Menton
Variable # Abbreviation
Face Lower Incisor/ Face Low

Description
The ratio of the Face Lower Incisor to Face Low

July13,201073

Face Mid / Low Ratio ratio

Reference:
Frontal London

LOINC Face Mid/Low

The ratio of the distance from soft tissue Glabella to Subnasale to the distance from Subnasale to soft tissue Menton
Variable #
367

Abbreviation
Face Mid/Face Low SGLB-SN/ ME-SN

Description
The ratio of the Face Middle to the Face Lower Upper and lower face height ratio

July13,201074

Face Incisor to Chin / All Ratio ratio

LOINC Face IncisorChin/All

The ratio of the distance from the embrasure of the lower central incisor to the Chin Tangent to the distance from the most anterior portion of the forehead to soft tissue Menton
Variable # Abbreviation
Face Lower Incisor/ Face All

Reference:
Frontal

Description
The ratio of the Face lower Incisor to the Face All

July13,201075

Face Mid / All Ratio ratio

Reference:
Frontal

LOINC Face Mid/All The ratio of the distance from soft tissue Glabella to Subnasale to the distance from the most anterior portion of the forehead to soft tissue Menton

Variable #

Abbreviation
Face Mid/Face All

Description
The ratio of the Face middle to the Face All

July13,201076

Face Incisor to Chin / Mid Ratio ratio

Reference:
Frontal

LOINC Face IncisorChin/Mid

The ratio of the distance from the embrasure of the lower central incisor to the Chin Tangent to the distance from soft tissue glabella to subnasale
Variable # Abbreviation
Face Lower Incisor/ Face Mid

Description
The ratio of the Face Lower Incisor to Face Middle

July13,201077

Face Upper/ All Ratio ratio

LOINC Face Upper/All

The ratio of the distance from the most anterior portion of the frontal bone to soft tissue Glabella to the distance from the most anterior portion of the forehead to soft tissue Menton
Variable # Abbreviation
Face Upper/Face All

Reference:
Frontal

Description
The ratio of the Face Upper to the Face All

July13,201078

Face All length

Reference:
Frontal

LOINC Face All The distance from the most anterior portion of the forehead to Menton (soft tissue)
Variable # Abbreviation
Face All, HAIRLINE-ME

Description
Hairline (the most anterior portion of the forehead) to Menton

July13,201079

Face Low Incisor to Chin length

Reference:
Frontal

LOINC Face Low Incisor-Chin

The distance from the embrasure of the lower central incisor to the Chin Tangent
Variable # Abbreviation
Face Lower Incisor to chin, LI-CT

Description
Embrasure of the lower incisor to the Chin Tangent

July13,201080

Face Low length

Reference:
Frontal

LOINC Face Low The distance from soft tissue Subnasale to soft tissue Menton
Variable # Abbreviation
FACE LOW, SN-ME

Description
Subnasale to Menton

July13,201081

Face Mid length

Reference:
Frontal

LOINC Face Mid The distance from soft tissue Glabella to Subnasale
Variable # Abbreviation
FACE MID, G-SN

Description
Eyebrows (Glabella) to Subnasale

July13,201082

Face Upper length

Reference:
Frontal

LOINC Face Upper The distance from the most anterior portion of the forehead to soft tissue Glabella
Variable # Abbreviation
FACE UP, HAIRLINE-G

Description
Hairline (most anterior portion of forehead) to eyebrows (Glabella)

July13,201083

Glabella to Subnasale length

Reference:
Frontal London

LOINC Gl-Sn

Distance from Soft tissue Glabella to Subnasale (Parallel to Frankfort Horizontal Plane)
Variable #
362

Abbreviation
FACE MID, G-SN SGLB-SN

Description
Eyebrows (Glabella) to Subnasale Soft tissue Glabella to Subnasale

July13,201084

Lower Lip to Pogonion length

Reference:

LOINC Li-Pg

Distance from Labrale Inferius to Soft tissue Pogonion(Perpendicular to the Frankfort Horizontal Plane)
Variable # Abbreviation Description

July13,201085

Stomion to Menton length

Reference:
London

LOINC Sti-Me' Distance from the Stomion inferius to the Soft Tissue Menton (Perpendicular to the Frankfort Horizontal Plane)

Variable #
364

Abbreviation
LLS-ME'

Description
Lower lip length from soft tissue Menton

July13,201086

Upper Lip to Pogonion length

Reference:

LOINC Ls-Pg'

Distance from Labrale superius to soft tissue Pogonion (Perpendicular to the Frankfort Horizontal Plane)
Variable # Abbreviation Description

July13,201087

Anterior Facial Height length

Reference:
London Riolo 178 160

LOINC Na-Me

Distance between Nasion and Menton

Variable # Abbreviation
N-ME ME-N

Description
Anterior total face height

July13,201088

Subnasale to Pogonion length

Reference:
London

LOINC Sn-Pg'

The distance from Subnasale to soft tissue Pogonion, projected onto the Frankfort Horizontal Plane
Variable #
371

Abbreviation
Pg-SN

Description
Chin (pogonion) to Subnasale

July13,201089

Subnasale to Lower Lip length

Reference:
London

LOINC Sn-Li

Distance from the Labius inferius to Subnasale projected onto the Frankfort Horizontal Plane
Variable #
370

Abbreviation
LI-SN

Description
Lower Vermillion border to Subnasale

July13,201090

Subnasale to Stomion length

Reference:
London Soft Tissue 369 C

LOINC St-Sn

Distance from superior Stomion to Subnasale

Variable # Abbreviation
LS-SN \

Description
Upper Vermillion Border to Subnasale Superior sulcus depth measured perpendicular to Frankfort and tangent to the vermillion border to the upper lip, The distance from soft tissue subnasale to the vermillion border of the upper lip, reflected on the Frankfort Horizontal Planeane

July13,201091

Anterior Nasal Spine to Pogonion length

Reference:

LOINC ANS-Pg

Distance from the Anterior Nasal Spine to Pogonion

Variable # Abbreviation Description

July13,201092

Adenoid Width length

Reference:
McNamara

LOINC Adenoid Measured from a point on the posterior outline of the soft palate to the closest point on the Pharyngeal wall

Variable #

Abbreviation
Upper Pharynx

Description
A point on the posterior outline of the soft palate to the closest point on the posterior pharyngeal wall

July13,201093

Tonsilar Width length

LOINC Tonsil Measured from the intersection of the posterior border on the tongue and the inferior border of the mandible to the closest point on the posterior pharyngeal wall

Reference:
McNamara

Variable #

Abbreviation
Lower Pharynx

Description
Width measured from the intersection of the posterior border of the tongue and the inferior border of the mandible to the closest point on the posterior pharyngeal wall

July13,201094

Wits Analysis length

LOINC AO-BO Distance between A point and B point, each projected to the Functional Occlusal Plane (line passing through posterior cusp of the maxillary first molar and a line along the occlusion of the maxillary and mandibular premolars and a line perpendicular to it through the averaged anterior contact of the first maxillary premolars with the maxillary canine (cuspid)
Variable #
218

Reference:
London Tweed

Abbreviation
A-B ON OC1-OC2 Plane AO-BO

Description
WITS analysis The horizontal relationship of the maxilla to the mandible

July13,201095

Mandibular Arc degrees

LOINC Co-Xi-Pm The posterior-superior angle formed by Condylion to Xi (geometric center of the ramus) to Suprapogonion (Pm-point along curvature of symphysis which changes form convexity to concavity)

Reference:
Ricketts

Variable #
27

Abbreviation
Mandibular arc

Description
The angle between the corpus and condyle axes

July13,201096

Lower Facial Height Angle degrees

LOINC ANS-Xi-Pm

The anterior angle formed by Anterior Nasal Spine (ANS) to Xi (geometric center of the ramus) to Suprapogonion (Pm- point along curvature of symphysis which changes form convexity to concavity)
Variable #
8

Reference:
Ricketts

Abbreviation
Lower face Height

Description
The angle from the anterior nasal spine to the center of the ramus (XI) to PM

July13,201097

Sella Nasion to Palatal Plane degrees

Reference:
London Riolo 322 9

LOINC SeNaANSPNS

The angle between the Sella-Nasion line and the Palatal plane (ANS-PNS)
Variable # Abbreviation
N-S/ANS-PNS N-S/ANS-PNS

Description
Nasion-Sella/Maxillary Planes Angle

July13,201098

Palatal Plane to Mandibular Plane degrees

Reference:
London

LOINC ANSPNSGoMe

The posterior angle formed by the palatal plane (Anterior nasal spine and Posterior nasal spine) and the mandibular plane (Gonion to Menton)
Variable #
348

Abbreviation
ANS-PNS/ME-GO

Description
Maxillary/Mandibular Planes Angle

July13,201099

Palatal Plane to Mandibular Plane, constructed Gonion degrees

LOINC ANSPNSGoMe (constructed)

The posterior angle formed by the palatal plane (Anterior nasal spine and Posterior nasal spine) and the mandibular plane (constructed Gonion to Menton)
Variable #
44

Reference:
Riolo

Abbreviation
ANS-PNS/ME-GOI

Description

July13,2010100

Lower Lip to Menton length

Reference:
London 365

LOINC Li-Me'

Distance from Labrale Inferius to Soft tissue Menton

Variable # Abbreviation
LI-ME'

Description
Lower Vermillion to soft tissue Menton

July13,2010101

Point A to McNamara 90 length

Reference:
McNamara

LOINC Point AMcNamara 90

The distance between A point and McNamara 90

Variable # Abbreviation
Anterior Position of Point A

Description
The linear distance between nasion-perpendicular (to Frankfort Horizontal plane) and Point A

July13,2010102

Subnasale to Menton length

Reference:
London 366

LOINC Sn-Me'

The distance from Subnasale to Soft tissue Menton

Variable # Abbreviation
SN-ME'

Description
Soft tissue lower face height

July13,2010103

Posterior Cranial Base Length length

Reference:
Jarabak Riolo 174

LOINC Se-Ar

Distance from Sella to Articulare

Variable # Abbreviation
Posterior Cranial Base, SAr S-AR

Description
The distance from Sella to Articulare

July13,2010104

Anterior Cranial Length length

Reference:
Ricketts

LOINC CC-Na

The distance from the CC point (the point where the Basion-Nasion plane and the facial axis intersect) to Nasion
Variable #
23

Abbreviation
Cranial Length-Anterior

Description
The distance between CC point and Nasion

July13,2010105

Mandibular Body Length length

Reference:
London Riolo 64 94

LOINC Go-Me

The distance between Gonion and Menton

Variable # Abbreviation
GO-ME GO-ME

Description
Mandibular base length from Gonion

July13,2010106

Palatal Plane to Sella Nasion degrees

Reference:
London Riolo 322 9

LOINC SeNaANSPNS

The angle between the Sella-Nasion line and the Palatal plane (ANS-PNS)
Variable # Abbreviation
N-S/ANS-PNS N-S/ANS-PNS

Description
Nasion-Sella/ Maxillary Planes Angle

July13,2010107

Overbite length
Reference:
London Ricketts

LOINC Overbite The distance between the incisal edges of the upper and lower central incisors measured perpendicular to the occlusal plane
Variable #
264 4

Abbreviation
UIE-LIE ON N-ME Incisor Overbite

Description
Overbite The distance between the tips of the lower and upper incisors measured perpendicular to the occlusal plane

July13,2010108

Condylion to Gonion length

Reference:
London Riolo 69 81

LOINC Cd-Go

The distance between Condylion and Gonion

Variable # Abbreviation
CD-GO CO-GO

Description
Ramus height

July13,2010109

Subnasale to Upper Lip length

Reference:
London 363

LOINC Sn-Ls

Upper lip length from Subnasale to Labius superius

Variable # Abbreviation
ULS-SN

Description
Upper lip length from Subnasale

July13,2010110

Subnasale to Lower Lip length

Reference:

LOINC Sn-Li

Distance from the Labius inferius to Subnasale

Variable # Abbreviation Description

July13,2010111

Planes
Sample layout for each plane with column name. New Text Description Type of Measurement
Reference:
Downs Frontal Jarabak London McNamara Ricketts Riolo Soft Tissue Steiner Tweed

LOINC New Abbv

Economides Description
Variable # Abbreviation Description

July13,2010112

Frankfort Horizontal Plane plane

Reference:
Downs London McNamara Ricketts 37 1

LOINC Po-Or

The line between Porion and Orbitale

Variable # Abbreviation
FH ORB-PO FH Pr-Or

Description
A horizontal plane running thru the right and left ceph porion and the left orbitale. Orbitale-Porion A line drawn from anatomic Porion to Orbitale Basic reference, porion and orbital relate to the basic sense organs, the eyey and the ear. The plane connectiong these two points forms the basic horizontal reference line in the the lateral tracing headfilm known as the Frankfort Horizontal (FH) plane. Porion-orbital

Riolo

Ceph Plane 4

PO-OR

July13,2010113

Mandibular line plane

Reference:
London Riolo Steiner 63 93

LOINC Go-Gn The line between Gonion and Gnathion

Variable #

Abbreviation
GO-GN GO-GN Mandibular Plane

Description
Mandibular base length from Gonion Between Gonion and Gnathion

July13,2010114

Mandibular line, constructed Gnathion plane

Reference:
Jarabak Ricketts

LOINC Go-Gn

The line between Gonion and constructed Gnathion

Variable #
4

Abbreviation
Mandibular Body, Go-Gn Mandibular plane

Description
The distance from Gonion to Gnathion A tangent line to the inferior border of the mandible

July13,2010115

Mandibular line, constructed Gonion and Gonathion plane

Reference:
Downs

LOINC Go-Gn

The line between constructed Gonion and constructed Gnathion

Variable # Abbreviation
Mandibular plane

Description
A line at the lower border of the mandible tangent to the gonion angle and the profile image of the symphysis

July13,2010116

Occlusal Plane plane

LOINC Occlusal Plane The line between the midpoint of the line connecting the lower and upper incisal edge and the midpoint of the line connecting the anterior cusp tip of the maxillary and mandibular first molar and the Frankfort Horizontal Plane

Reference:
Downs

Variable #

Abbreviation
Cant of Occlusal Plane

Description
The angle formed by bisecting the first molar cusp height and incisal overbite and connecting the two with a straight line and the Frankfort horizontal plane Occlusal plane Line bisecting the overbite of the the molars, and passing just inferior to Xi point Anterior downs The relationship of the occlusal plane to the Frankfort horizontal Plane

London Ricketts Riolo Tweed

Horizontal plane 7 6 Ceph Plane 7

OC1-OC2 Occlusal plane ADP-PDP Occlusal Plane

July13,2010117

Esthetic Line plane

Reference:
Ricketts 7

LOINC Lnt-Pg' The line from the Lower Nasal Tangent to soft tissue Pogonion
Variable # Abbreviation
Esthetic plane

Description
A line connecting the tip of the nose and the most anterior point of the soft tissue chin

July13,2010118

Lower Incisal Axis plane

Reference:

LOINC 1L-Ai The line on the Lower central incisor from the incision inferius to the apex

Variable #

Abbreviation

Description

July13,2010119

Upper Incisal Axis plane

Reference:

LOINC 1U-As The line on the Upper central incisor from the Incision superius to the apex superior

Variable #

Abbreviation

Description

July13,2010120

Nasal Line plane

Reference:
London Ricketts Riolo 28 3 Ceph plane 5 116

LOINC ANS-PNS The line between the Anterior and Posterior Nasal Spine
Variable # Abbreviation
ANS-PNS Palatal plane ANS-PNS PNS-ANS

Description
Maxillary base length Defined by ANS-PNS, it is parallel to the Frankfort Horizontal Line Palatal plane

July13,2010121

Sella Nasion Line plane

Reference:
Jarabak London Riolo

LOINC Se-Na The line between Sella and Nasion

Variable #
5 Ceph plane #2 149

Abbreviation
Anterior Cranial Base N-S S-N S-N

Description
The distance from Sella to Nasion Anterior Cranial base length Sella- Nasion

July13,2010122