COMMON WETLAND BIRDS

COMMON, ENDEMIC & THREATENED BIRDS IN SRI LANKA

2 0
1. LESSER WHISTLING-DUCK Dendrocygna javanica
Hin Tamba-seruva
40cm. Brownish body. Darker wings with chestnut-maroon patch on
forewing in flight. Brown cap. Most active at dusk and night. Marshes,
tanks, paddy-fields and other wetlands. Very common. BrR. LC.
2. COTTON PYGMY-GOOSE Nettapus coromandelianus
Mal-seruva
33cm. Male: white head and neck, black cap, broad white wing bar, black
breast band. Female: Brown-black upper parts, dark mottles on breast, dark
eye strip. Thin white trailing edge in flight. Marshes, paddy-fields, tanks
and other wetlands. Common. BrR. LC. Less common in WZ.
3. GARGANEY Anas querquedula
Gagani Seruva
38cm. Male: curved white supercilium, brown breast and grey flanks.
Female: Pale supercillium, whitish loreal area. Marshes, tanks, lagoons,
coastal waters. Very common. Migrant. LCDZ.
4. NORTHERN PINTAIL Anas acuta
Uturu Ulpenda Seruva _ _
78cm.(Male); 56cm. (Female). Male: white streak on side of neck and long
tail. Female: mottled brown, slender, pointed tail. Marshes, tanks, lagoons,
coast. Very common. Migrant. LC.
5 . LITTLE GREBE Tachybaptus ruficollis
Punchi Gembituruva
25cm. Reddish brown body. NBr: brownish cheeks and flanks. Br: yellow
patch at base of the bill. Fresh or slightly saline stagnant water, usually
with weeds. Common. BrR. LC.
6. SPOT-BILLED PELICAN Pelecanus philippensis
Tit-hota Pestuduva
140cm. Dirty white body, pouch attached to the lower mandible and black
spots on the upper mandible. When swimming 3/4 of the body above the
water mark. Tanks, lagoons. Very common. BrR. LCDZ (Birds originally
released from the Dehiwala Zoo, have established a breeding colony around
Colombo).
PLATE 1
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COMMON, ENDEMIC & THREATENED BIRDS IN SRI LANKA
2 2
1. SLATY-LEGGED CRAKE Rallina eurizonoides
Alupa Kereliya
25cm. Grey-black bill, white chin and throat, rufous breast and brown upper
parts. Black and white barring on under parts. Swamp forests, thickets. Re
Loc. Migrant. All zones. More common in HC.
2. WHITE-BREASTED WATERHEN Amaurornis phoenicurus
Layasudu Koravakka
33cm. White breast, throat and face. Twitching upturned tail. Immature:
complete black. Marshes, paddy-fields, mangroves. Very common. BrR.
All zones.
3. PURPLE SWAMPHEN Porphyrio porphyrio
Dam Medi-kitala
43cm. Purplish blue body; large red bill and red frontal shield. Red long
legs. Juv: dull in colour. Marshes, paddy-fields, reed-beds. Very common.
BrR. LC. More common in WZ.
4. COMMON COOT Fulica atra
Podu Kitala
38cm. Blackish plumage. Darker neck and head. White bill and frontal
shield. Legs and feet green. Marshes, tanks with emergent vegetation.
Re Loc. BrR. LCDZ.
5. COMMON MOORHEN Gallinula chloropus
Podu Gelinuva
33cm. Red bill with yellow tip. Red frontal shield. Black head and neck.
Dark grey and brown body. Marshes, paddy-fields. Common. BrR. LCDZ.
Presently extending its range into the WZ.
6. BLACK-WINGED STILT Himantopus himantopus
Kalupiya Ipalpava _
38cm. Long red legs, black bill. Black and white body. Juv. and female:
brownish upper parts. Marshes, mud-flats, paddy-fields, lagoons. Very
Common. BrR. LC.
7. PHEASANT-TAILED JACANA Hydrophasianus chirurgus
Sevulpenda Diyasena
30cm. (breeding 50cm). White head and foreneck, yellowish hindneck.
White wing and dark brown body. Long curved tail in breeding season.
Marshes, aquatic plant-covered tanks. Very common. BrR. LC.
8 . RED-NECKED PHALAROPE Phalaropus lobatus
Ratgela Diyavatuva
19cm. NBr: whitish plumage. Thin needle like black bill. Blackish eye patch.
Distinct from other waders by floating (swimming) when feeding. Lagoons.
Migrant. Coastal belt of DZ.
PLATE 2
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COMMON, ENDEMIC & THREATENED BIRDS IN SRI LANKA
2 4
1. BLACK-TAILED GODWIT Limosa limosa
Kalupenda Gohoduvitta
40cm. Gently sloping forehead. Long straight black bill. Grey-brown upper
parts. Black band at tip of tail. In flight: white wing bar, legs projected
beyond tail. Marshes, mud- flats, lagoons, paddy-fields. Common. Migrant.
LCDZ.
2. COMMON REDSHANK Tringa totanus
Podu Ratpa Silibilla
28cm.Yellowish red, long legs. In flight: broad white bar on trailing edge
of wing. Marshes, coast, lagoons. Very Common. Migrant. LC.
3. MARSH SANDPIPER Tringa stagnatilis
Vaguru Silibilla
25cm. Small head with long greenish legs. Straight, pointed black bill. Mars-
hes, mud-flats, lagoons, coast. Very common. Migrant. LC. More common
in DZ.
4. COMMON GREENSHANK Tringa nebularia
Podu Palapa Silibilla
35cm. Slightly upcurved grey bill with long greenish legs. Marshes,
mud-flats, coast, lagoons. Common. Migrant. LC. More common in the
coastal DZ.
5. WOOD SANDPIPER Tringa glareola
Vana Silibilla
23cm. Eye brow extends beyond eye. Legs greenish yellow. Marshes, paddy-
fields, mud-flats, lagoons. Common. Migrant. LC. More common in coastal
areas.
6. COMMON SANDPIPER Actitis hypoleucos
Podu Silitta
20cm. Continuous bobbing action when feeding. In flight: prominent white
wing bar. Marshes, ponds, coast, mud-flats, paddy-fields, lagoons. Very
common. Migrant. Also summer loiterer. All zones.
7. CURLEW SANDPIPER Calidris ferruginea
Kalika Hinna
21cm. Long down-curved black bill. Marshes, mud-flats, lagoons. Very
common. Migrant. Coastal areas of LCDZ.
8 . LITTLE STINT Calidris minuta
Punchi Hinna
14cm. Straight, short black bill and dark legs. Often present in large
numbers. Marshes, mud-flats, lagoons, paddy-fields. Very common.
Migrant. LC. More common in coastal DZ.
9 . RUDDY TURNSTONE Arenaria interpres
Rat Galperaliya
20cm. Upturned black bill, Short yellowish red legs. Marshes, coast, mud-
flats, lagoons.Very common. Migrant. LCDZ.
PLATE 3
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COMMON, ENDEMIC & THREATENED BIRDS IN SRI LANKA
2 6
1. PINTAIL SNIPE Gallinago stenura
Ulpenda Kesvatuva _
25cm. Dark brown upper parts highly marked by black, rufous, buff scales.
White belly. Blunt tipped long bill. Prominant mantle and scapular stripes.
Marshes, paddy-fields. Common. Migrant. All zones.
2. GREATER PAINTED-SNIPE Rostratula benghalensis
Raja Ulu-kesvatuva __
25cm. Whitish spectacle with white to buff behind eye. White under parts.
Female: maroon head and neck, more blackish on breast; pale crown stripe.
Male: dull in colour. Marshes, mud-flats, paddy-fields, lagoons. Re Loc.
BrR. All zones. More common in DZ.
3. RED-WATTLED LAPWING Vanellus indicus
Rat Yatimal Kirala
30cm. Red bill with black tip. Red wattle and irides, long yellow legs. White
cheeks. Black head, neck and upper breast. Call: did-he-do-it. Open
country, dry mud-flats, grasslands. Very common. BrR. LC. Recent records
from HC.
4. YELLOW-WATTLED LAPWING Vanellus malarbaricus
Kaha Yatimal kirala
28cm. Yellow wattle, long yellow legs. Black cap and white supercillium.
Sandy brown upper parts and white belly. Thin black breast band. Dry
open areas with very short grass. Common. BrR. LCDZ.
5. EURASIAN OYSTERCATCHER Haematopus ostralegus
Yurasiya Bolugulla _
45cm. Black head, neck, breast and upper parts. White belly. Long orange-
red bill. In flight: broad white wing bar. Sandy or rocky areas on sea-shores
and estuaries. Re Loc. Migrant. LCDZ. North Western coast.
6. GREAT THICK-KNEE Esacus recurvirostris
Maha Gal-kirala
50cm. Sandy brown body. Slightly upcurved, heavy, black and yellow bill.
White forehead with spectacles. Wetlands, dry open areas bordering tanks,
lagoons. Common. BrR. LCDZ. Mainly coastal areas.
7. EURASIAN THICK-KNEE Burhinus oedicnemus
Yurasiya Golu-kirala
40cm. Greenish brown body. Short black and yellow bill. Yellowish long
legs. Black and white bars across wing coverts. White band across the face.
Open country, wetlands, sand-banks. Common. BrR. LC. Mainly coastal
areas.
PLATE 4
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COMMON, ENDEMIC & THREATENED BIRDS IN SRI LANKA
2 8
1. PACIFIC GOLDEN PLOVER Pluvialis fulva
Setkara Ran Maha-oleviya
25cm. Golden yellow markings on upper parts. Yellowish buff supercillium,
neck and cheek. Br: black breast. Marshes, grassy areas bordering tanks,
lagoons. Common. Migrant. LC. More common in DZ.
2 . GREY PLOVER Pluvialis squatarola
Alu Maha-oleviya
28cm. Large head, black bill. Greyish upper parts. Black axillaries seen
during flight. Br: black face, throat, breast, and upper belly with broad white
edging. Marshes, mud-flats, lagoons. Common. Migrant. LC .
3. KENTISH PLOVER Charadrius alexandrinus
Kenti Oleviya
18cm. No breast band. Black patch on side of breast. Marshes, mud-flats,
sand-banks, coasts, lagoons. Common. BrR and Migrant. LC. More common
in coastal areas of the DZ.
4. LITTLE RINGED PLOVER Charadrius dubius
Punchi Mala Oleviya
16cm. Upper breast and upper back encircled by a black band. Eye ring,
legs, and sometimes base of lower mandible, yellow. Marshes, mud-flats,
sand-banks, gravel-banks, lagoons. Common. BrR and Migrant. LC. More
common in coastal areas. a: NBr; b: Br.
5. GREATER SAND PLOVER Charadrius leschenaultii
Raja Veli Oleviya
23cm. Bill longer than Lesser Sand plover. Paler legs. Marshes, mud-
flats, sand-flats, lagoons. Common. Migrant. LCDZ.
6. LESSER SAND PLOVER Charadrius mongolus
Hin Veli Oleviya
20cm. Short, slimmer and less pointed bill. More rounded head. Dark brown
or dark grey legs. Marshes, mud-flats, sand-flats, lagoons. Common.
Migrant. Coastal wetlands of LC. a: NBr; b:Br.
7. SMALL PRATINCOLE Glareola lactea
Punchi Javaseriya
18cm. Black line from eye to bill. Square-cut tail. Long wings. White wing
band in flight. Open country besides marshes, lagoons, dry river beds.
Common. BrR. LCDZ.
PLATE 5
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COMMON, ENDEMIC & THREATENED BIRDS IN SRI LANKA
3 0
1. BROWN-HEADED GULL Larus brunnicephalus
Borahis Galuviya _
45cm. Dark blackish crescent mark behind eye. In flight: white window in
black primaries. Lagoons, coastal areas. Common. Migrant. LC
2. GULL-BILLED TERN Gelochelidon nilotica
Galutudu Sayurulihiniya _
38cm. Short, stout, black bill. Br: black cap on head. Coast, marshes,
lagoons. Common. Migrant. LC. a: NBr; b:Br.
3. LITTLE TERN Sterna albifrons
Punchi Muhudulihiniya
23cm. Small. Black bill. Dusky red legs. White forehead. Br: black-tipped
reddish yellow bill and legs. Coast, estuaries, rivers, lagoons, tanks.
Common. BrR. LCDZ. Visit WZ coasts.
4. GREAT CRESTED TERN Sterna bergii
Maha Konda Muhudulihiniya
45cm. Large greenish yellow bill. Black crest. Coastal waters, estuaries,
lagoons. Common. BrR. LC.
5. LESSER CRESTED TERN Sterna bengalensis
Hin Konda Muhudulihiniya
38cm. Crown heavily streaked with white. Yellowish red bill. Grey upper
parts. Coastal waters, lagoons, estuaries. Common. Migrant. LC.
6. CASPIAN TERN Sterna caspia
Kespiya Muhudulihiniya
52cm. Large red bill. Br: black cap. Coast, estuaries, lagoons. Migrant.
Common. LCDZ. Less common in WZ.
7 . BRIDLED TERN Sterna anaethetus
Kadiyalam Muhudulihiniya
37cm. Dark, almost blackish upper plumage. Head with blackish streaks.
Long white outer tail feathers. Bill and legs black . White forehead patch
extends beyond eye. Open ocean, coast, lagoons. Passage migrant in
Summer. LC
8 WHISKERED TERN Chlidonias hybridus
Alupiya Kagullihiniya
28cm. NBr: black cap extending on to rear crown and hind neck, but not
below eye, streaky appearance in the region of the forehead. Marshes, tanks,
padd-yfields, coast, lagoons. Very common. Migrant and loiterer. LC.
9. WHITE-WINGED TERN Chlidonias leucopterus
Sudupiya Kagullihiniya
25cm. Light grey upper plumage. Crescent shaped patch behind eye. Crown
streaked black, blackish nape. Black eye patch. White rump contrast with
grey tail and upper plumage. Open ocean, coast, lagoons. Migrant. LC.
a: NBr; b: Br.
PLATE 6
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COMMON, ENDEMIC & THREATENED BIRDS IN SRI LANKA
3 2
1. BRAHMINY KITE Haliastur indus
Bamunu Piyakussa
45cm. Brownish red upper parts; white head and breast. Juv: pale tail, dark
under-wing covert. Open country near tanks, coast. Very common. BrR.
LC.
2. GREY-HEADED FISH EAGLE Ichthyophaga ichthyaetus
Raja Aluhis Masukussa
71cm. Grey head. Lower belly, under tail coverts and basal 2/3 of tail white.
Tanks. Re Loc. Common. BrR. LCDZ.
3. WHITE-BELLIED SEA EAGLE Haliaeetus leucogaster
Kusaeli Sayurukussa
73cm. White head and under parts. Coast, large tanks, lagoons. Common.
BrR. LC. Less in mid-country.
4. EURASIAN MARSH HARRIER Circus aeruginosus
Yurasiya Vaguru Herikussa
48-56cm. Buff head with lores, black around the eye. In flight: underside
of wing grey, outer primaries black. Female and Juv: pale patch at base of
primaries; barred tail. Open marshlands, grasslands. Common. Migrant.
All zones.
5. INDIAN CORMORANT Phalacrocorax fuscicollis
Indu Diyakava _
65cm. Long slender bill. NBr: white border to gular pouch. Br: white feather
tuft behind eye, white speckles on head and neck. Juv: upper-parts dark
brown. Under parts dirty white. V-formation during flight. Tanks, rivers
with stagnant pools, lagoons. Very common. BrR. LC.
6. LITTLE CORMORANT Phalacrocorax niger
Punchi Diyakava
51cm. Short bill. Long tail. NBr: chin and upper throat white. Br: small crest
on forehead. Juv: dark brown; chin and throat dirty white. Tanks, rivers
with stagnant pools, lagoons. Very common. BrR. LC.
7 GREAT CORMORANT Phalacrocorax carbo
Maha Diyakava
91cm. White cheeks, yellow throat. large bill. Br: large white flank patch,
white feathers on nape and hindneck. In flight: neck held slightly above
the horizontal. Large tanks. Re Loc. Common. BrR. LCDZ.
8. DARTER Anhinga melanogaster
Ahikava
90cm. Long, slender, brown neck with dagger-like bill. Br: more white on
neck. Tanks, rivers with stagnant pools, lagoons. BrR. LCDZ. Occasionally
in WZ.
PLATE 7
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1
COMMON, ENDEMIC & THREATENED BIRDS IN SRI LANKA
3 4
1 EURASIAN SPOONBILL Platalea leucorodia
Yurasiya Hendialava
84cm. Flattened spoon-shaped bill. Marshes, tanks, lagoons. Common. BrR.
LCDZ. Rare vagrant to WZ.
2. PURPLE HERON Ardea purpurea
Karavel Koka
79cm. Black crown. Reddish brown neck with dark stripe. Dark under parts.
Marshes, tanks, mangroves, paddy-fields, lagoons. Common. BrR. LC. More
common in WZ.
3. GREY HERON Ardea cinerea
Alu Koka
94cm. Appears pale with grey above and white neck. Black line running
from eye, through nape to occipital region. Marshes, tanks, rivers,
mangroves, paddy-fields, lagoons. Common. BrR. LCDZ. Occasionally
occurs in WZ.
4. CATTLE EGRET Bubulcus ibis
Gava-koka
51cm. NBr: completely white. Associated with ungulates. Br: head, neck,
and back golden brown. Paddy-fields, pastures, marshes, garbage dumping
areas, Very common. BrR. LC. Occasionally visits HC. a: NBr. ; b: Br.
5. LITTLE EGRET Egretta garzetta
Punchi Eli-koka
61cm. Br: nape, breast and upper back has nuptial feathers. Marshes, paddy-
fields, tank edges, mangroves, lagoons. Very common. BrR. LC and foot-
hills along major rivers. Occasional visitor to HC.
6. INTERMEDIATE EGRET Mesophoyx intermedia
Sudu Medi-koka
71cm. NBr: dark green to black legs. Pale yellow lores. Br: black legs, yellow
bill, green lores; plumes on upper breast and lower back. Marshes, paddy-
fields, tanks, mangroves, lagoons, rivers. Common. BrR. LC.
7. GREAT EGRET Casmerodius albus
Maha Sudu-koka
94cm. NBr: dark brown to black legs; yellow bill and pale green-yellow
lores. Br: black bill and green lores; plumes on lower back only. Marshes,
paddy-fields, mangroves, tanks, rivers, lagoons. Common. BrR. LCDZ.
Sometimes visits HC and WZ. a: NBr; b: Br.
PLATE 8
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a
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COMMON, ENDEMIC & THREATENED BIRDS IN SRI LANKA
3 6
1. INDIAN POND HERON Ardeola grayii
Kana-koka
46cm. Dark body contrasting with white of wings and tail in flight. Br:
intensity of purple on back increases. NBr and Juv: streaked head and breast.
Present in most wetlands. Very common. BrR. All Zones.
2 . LITTLE HERON Butorides striatus
Palakoka
52cm. Slim. Grey-green plumage with dark upper parts. Commonly found
skulking among roots and bases of vegetation. Along shady rivers and
streams, mangroves. Common. BrR. LC coastal zones.
3 . YELLOW BITTERN Ixobrychus sinensis
Kaha Meti-koka
38cm. Slim. Cap and tail black. Female: reddish brown crown and strea-
ked. Juv: heavily streaked under parts. Confined to reed-beds, marshes with
tall grass, paddy-fields, canals. Common. BrR. LCWZ. Some areas of DZ
and HC.
4. CINNAMON BITTERN Ixobrychus cinnamomeus
Kahabora Metikoka
38cm. Slim. Very pominent white chin. Female: speckled with white on
back and wing coverts. Active during early and late hours of the day.
Marshes, reed-beds, mangroves. Common. BrR. LC and Lower HC.
5 BLACK-CROWNED NIGHT HERON Nycticorax nycticorax
Re-koka
56cm. Black crown and back. White head plumes. Br: reddish legs. Juv:
brown with whitish spots above and brown streaks below. Roost during
day in colonies. Feeds during the night. A characteristic quack call heard
on take off from roost and during flight. Marshes, mangroves, lagoons.
Common. BrR. LC and foothills.
6 . BLACK BITTERN Dupetor flavicollis
Kalu Pili-koka
58cm. Slim. Orange-brown streak from chin to upper breast. Active mostly
at dusk and dawn. Confined to shaded vegetation during daytime. Marshes,
rivers, streams, reed-beds, paddy-fields. Common. BrR. LC, occasionally
lower HC.
PLATE 9
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b
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COMMON, ENDEMIC & THREATENED BIRDS IN SRI LANKA
3 8
1. WOOLLY-NECKED STORK Ciconia episcopus
Padili Manava
91cm. Black body, wings and crown. White neck, white vent and under
tail coverts. Frequents wetlands, open grasslands and wooded areas close
to large water-bodies. Common. BrR. LCDZ.
2. BLACK-NECKED STORK Ephippiorhynchus asiaticus
Ali-manava
132cm. Neck and lower back region black. Marshes, rivers, tanks, lagoons.
Re Range. BrR. LCDZ. Presently confined to the South-eastern coast. Few
records from North-eastern coastal region.
3. GREATER FLAMINGO Phoenicopterus ruber
Raja Siyakkaraya
127cm. White plumage with a tinge of pink and scarlet. Black primaries
and outer secondaries. Upper and under wing coverts rose pink to bright
scarlet. Long pinkish red legs. Brackish water lagoons. Re Loc. Common.
Migrant. North and South-eastern regions of the LCDZ.
4. PAINTED STORK Mycteria leucocephala
Latuvekiya
102cm. Pink colour bare skin of face. White and glossy black plumage with
pink fringed wings. NBr: paler plumage. Juv: blackish grey or brown
plumage. Feeds in groups. When feeding, the beak is dipped into the water
while moving steadily forward. Legs sometimes used to churn up mud.
Breeds in colonies. Marshes, tanks, paddy-fields, lagoons. Very Common.
BrR. LCDZ.
5. LESSER ADJUTANT Leptoptilos javanicus
Hin Bahuru-manava
115 cm. Neck and head without feathers, yellowish skin and bill. In flight
neck tucked in. Marshes, drying pools and tanks in forests. Re Loc. BrR.
South-east DZ.
6. BLACK-HEADED IBIS Threskiornis melanocephalus
Hisakalu Deketta
76cm. Black head and neck. Long, black down curved bill. NBr: no back
breast plumes. Marshes, tank-fringes, paddy-fields, lagoons. Common. BrR.
LC. More common in DZ.
7. ASIAN OPENBILL Anastomus oscitans
Asiya Vivaratuduva
81cm. NBr: pale smokey grey and black plumage. Juv: darker. Marshes,
tanks, rivers, paddy-fields, lagoons. Common. BrR. LC.
PLATE 10
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1. STORK-BILLED KINGFISHER Halcyon capensis
Manatudu Medi-pilihuduva
38cm. Large red bill. Brown head with buff collar. Marshes, mangroves,
rivers, swamp forests. Common. BrR. LC and foot-hills. More common in
DZ.
2. WHITE-THROATED KINGFISHER Halcyon smyrnensis
Layasudu Medi-pilihuduva
28cm. White breast and blue upper parts; chocolate brown head. Open
areas near water, cultivations, urban gardens. Very common. BrR. All zones.
Less common in HC.
3. BLACK-CAPPED KINGFISHER Halcyon pileata
Kalu Isesi Medi-pilihuduva _
30cm. Black head. White collar on hind-neck. Mangroves, lagoons, tanks,
streams. Re Range. Migrant. Coastal areas. Occasionally inland.
4. PIED KINGFISHER Ceryle rudis
Gomara-pilihuduva
30cm. Black and white plumage. Male: two breast bands. Female: single
breast band. Frequently hovers. Marshes, rivers, mangroves, tanks and
other wetlands. Common. BrR. LC. More common in coastal areas.
5. ORIENTAL DWARF KINGFISHER Ceyx erithacus
Peradigu Ran-pilihuduva
13cm. Small. Orange-purple head, neck, rump, and tail. Humid forests.
Re Range. BrR. All zones.
6. COMMON KINGFISHER Alcedo atthis
Mal Pilihuduva
18cm. Reddish brown ear coverts. Perch and fly habit. Water bodies. Very
common. BrR. All zones.
7. BLUE-EARED KINGFISHER Alcedo meninting
Nilkan Pilihuduva
15cm. Blue ear coverts. Similar to Common Kingfisher. Water bodies in
forests. Re Range. BrR. LCDZ. Most records from the lower Uva around
Nilgala.
PLATE 11
COMMON, ENDEMIC & THREATENED BIRDS IN SRI LANKA
4 0
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