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2005 2005 2005 2005 2005 2005 2005 2005 2005 2005 2005 2005 2005 2005 2005 2005 2005 2005 2005 2005 2005 2005 2005 2005 2005 2005 2005 2005 2005 2005 2005 2005 2005 2005 2005 2005 2005 2005 2005 2005 2005 2005 2005 2005 2005 2005 2005 2005 2005 2005 2005 2005 2005 2005 2005 2005 2005 2005 2005 2005 2005 2005 2005 2005 2005

LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY Two distortion mechanisms when interfacing with a condenser mic capsule LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY Some keys issues for good condenser mic design LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY by Dan Lavry, www.lavry engineeing.com LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY A. Resistive load distortion LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY 12 Let us start with some initial capsule capacitance 50pf: LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY say ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY Cinitial := 50 10 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY LAVRY 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT LAVRY Next letENGINEERING us assume that COPYRIGHT the capsule reacts to sound with capacitance change of2005 +/-5pF LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY 12 n := 0 ..ENGINEERING 10 Cn := ( n 5 ) 10 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY LAVRY COPYRIGHT LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY Ccapsule := Cinitial + Cn LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY n LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY We now have a capacitance change 2005 between 45 and 55 pf. LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY Presenting a resistive load will effect the bandwidth as follows: LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY Lets call the input resistance of a tube, FET or anyENGINEERING other active device R in: LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY Say we have a fixed 100Meg resistance: 6 Rin1 := 100 10 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY Given the variation in C COPYRIGHT capsule, the 2005 extension of the mic towards low frequencies varies as LAVRY ENGINEERING LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY LAVRY follows:ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY low100Meg n := Rin1 Ccapsulen LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY 6 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY 5.75 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY 5.5 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY 5.25 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY 3 5 low100Megn 10 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY 4.75 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY 4.5 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY 4.25 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY 4 44 COPYRIGHT 46 2005 LAVRY 48 50 52COPYRIGHT 54 2005 LAVRY 56 LAVRY ENGINEERING ENGINEERING 12 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY Ccapsulen 10 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY capacitance in pF LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY

ENGINEERING ENGINEERING ENGINEERING ENGINEERING ENGINEERING ENGINEERING ENGINEERING ENGINEERING ENGINEERING ENGINEERING ENGINEERING ENGINEERING ENGINEERING ENGINEERING ENGINEERING ENGINEERING ENGINEERING ENGINEERING ENGINEERING ENGINEERING ENGINEERING ENGINEERING ENGINEERING ENGINEERING ENGINEERING ENGINEERING ENGINEERING ENGINEERING ENGINEERING ENGINEERING ENGINEERING ENGINEERING ENGINEERING ENGINEERING ENGINEERING ENGINEERING ENGINEERING ENGINEERING ENGINEERING ENGINEERING ENGINEERING ENGINEERING ENGINEERING ENGINEERING ENGINEERING ENGINEERING ENGINEERING ENGINEERING ENGINEERING ENGINEERING ENGINEERING ENGINEERING ENGINEERING ENGINEERING ENGINEERING ENGINEERING ENGINEERING ENGINEERING ENGINEERING ENGINEERING ENGINEERING ENGINEERING ENGINEERING ENGINEERING ENGINEERING

discharge time constant in msec

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2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING The plot shows the discharge rate variations DURING A CYCLE due to variation in 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING capacitance with sound (mic action). This is not a calculation for a 3dB point due to a fixed 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING capacitance and resistance. In our case the capacitance is changing. 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING It is very important to realize that it is wrong to view the change in capacitance as a 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING modulation of the low passCOPYRIGHT frequency, because the variations happenCOPYRIGHT WITHIN the 2005 cycle. 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING LAVRY ENGINEERING 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING There is a ENGINEERING distortion mechanism here at2005 play: LAVRY the capsule discharge rate is higher when the 2005 LAVRY COPYRIGHT ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING capacitance is lower. The discharge rate is lower when the capacitance is higher. That is a 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING cause for a non linear response near the mic LAVRY low frequency range. COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 ENGINEERING 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING One may argue that in my example, the non linearity comes in at extremely low frequencies 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING below hearing. Let us estimate the range 2005 of theLAVRY mic low frequency: 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING With 100Meg and around 50pF: 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING 1 f := LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT f = 2005 31.831 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING 6 12 COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING 2 100 10 50 10 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING Indeed 30Hz is pretty low. Let us see what happen if the input resistance Rin is lowered to 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING 25Meg: 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING 1 f := f = 127.324 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING 6 12 COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING 10 50 10 2 25 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING With 25Meg, we have a low frequency cutoff at around 127Hz with the capsule at rest (50pF) 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING A fixed 127Hz cutoff would mean that at 127Hz we lose about 30% of the signal amplitude (-3dB 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING point). It also means that we would lose more amplitude at lower frequencies. 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING But again, loss is not a fixed percentage loss, It changes with the signals, making the LAVRY peaks ENGINEERING 2005 LAVRYour ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 different then the deeps, because the capacitance changes with the signal itself. 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING A. Capacitative load distortion 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING The LAVRY theory of condenser mic is based on 2005 having a fixed charge Q on a COPYRIGHT signal dependent 2005 ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT LAVRY ENGINEERING 2005 variable LAVRY ENGINEERING capacitance Capsule. Say we have 10V on a fixed 50pF then: 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING 12 COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 10 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING VDC := 10 C := 50 10 Q := C VDC Q = 5 10 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING We calculated a 0.5 nano coulomb of charge for a microphone at restCOPYRIGHT (C:50pf) 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING Q At LAVRY 45pf the voltage would be: V45pf 2005 := LAVRY ENGINEERING V45pf = 11.111 2005 ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING 12 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING 10 45LAVRY 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING Q 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING At 55pf the voltage would be: V55pf := V55pf = 9.091 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY 12 ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING 55 10 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING

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2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY Our peak to peak voltage is Vpp := V45pf V55pf Vpp = 2.02 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY Vpp 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY In terms of rms Vrms := .707 Vrms = 0.714 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY 2 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT Q2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY The output voltage is := 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING Vout COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY n Ccapsule n LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY Vmin := Vout Vmin COPYRIGHT = 9.091 Vmax := Vout Vmax = 11.111 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY 10 0 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY Let us draw a straight line (Vlinear) between and Vmax: 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 Vmin LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ( Vmax COPYRIGHT Vmin) 2005 LAVRY Vlinear :=ENGINEERING Vmax n 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY n 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING 10 COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY Below is ENGINEERING a plot showing 2COPYRIGHT curves. The 2005 Red line is the mic output voltage. The Blue curve is a 2005 LAVRY LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY perfectly straight line. Clearly we have 2005 distortions coming out of the mic. 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY 11.5 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY 11 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY 10.5 Vout 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY n 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY Vlinear 2005 LAVRY n ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY 10 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY 9.5 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY 9 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY 44 46 482005 LAVRY 50 ENGINEERING 52 54 56 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY 12 CcapsuleENGINEERING n 10 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY The condenser mic does have the advantage of yielding a lot of voltage amplitude, but the 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY concept itself has a hidden compromise. The transfer capacitance to voltage is non linear. 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY of ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY

ENGINEERING ENGINEERING ENGINEERING ENGINEERING ENGINEERING ENGINEERING ENGINEERING ENGINEERING ENGINEERING ENGINEERING ENGINEERING ENGINEERING ENGINEERING ENGINEERING ENGINEERING ENGINEERING ENGINEERING ENGINEERING ENGINEERING ENGINEERING ENGINEERING ENGINEERING ENGINEERING ENGINEERING ENGINEERING ENGINEERING ENGINEERING ENGINEERING ENGINEERING ENGINEERING ENGINEERING ENGINEERING ENGINEERING ENGINEERING ENGINEERING ENGINEERING ENGINEERING ENGINEERING ENGINEERING ENGINEERING ENGINEERING ENGINEERING ENGINEERING ENGINEERING ENGINEERING ENGINEERING ENGINEERING ENGINEERING ENGINEERING ENGINEERING ENGINEERING ENGINEERING ENGINEERING ENGINEERING ENGINEERING ENGINEERING ENGINEERING ENGINEERING ENGINEERING ENGINEERING ENGINEERING ENGINEERING ENGINEERING ENGINEERING ENGINEERING

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2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY Let us continue our annalysis COPYRIGHT and take the 2005 next step towards a "real case". by introducing 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 an LAVRY active device as load to the capsule. Connecting an active device will necessitate an 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY introduction some additional capacitance in parallel to the capsule. Such load capacitance 2005 LAVRYof ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY may or may not be signal dependent. I will proceed with the simplification, an assumption that 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY the load capacitance (Cload) is fixed. I will 2005 analyze model of variable capacitance behavior for 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY 2005 ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY tubesLAVRY and FET's at a later date. 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY Let us choose 2 somewhat extreme cases: 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY 12 2005 COPYRIGHT ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY Case LAVRY 1: A fixENGINEERING a load capacitance of 1pF. 2005 LAVRY Cload1 := 1 10 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY 12 COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING Case 2: A fixed load capacitance of 20pF Cload2 := 20 10 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY We can now figure the output voltage variation for both cases 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY C1total := Ccapsule + Cload1 C2total := CcapsuleCOPYRIGHT + Cload2 2005 LAVRY 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING n n n n 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY 12 12 Q1 := VDC ENGINEERING 50 10 + Cload1 Q2ENGINEERING := VDC 50 10 COPYRIGHT + Cload2 2005 LAVRY 2005 LAVRY COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY 10 10 Q1 = 5.1 10 Q2 = 7 10 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY Q1 Q2 Vout1 := ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY Vout2 := 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY n n C1total C2total 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING n n COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY Vmin1 := Vout1 Vmin1 = 9.107 Vmin2 := Vout2 Vmin2 = 9.333 10 10 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT Vmax1 := Vout1 Vmax1 =COPYRIGHT 11.087 Vmax2 := Vout2 Vmax2 = 10.7692005 LAVRY 0 0 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 ( Vmax2 Vmin2 ) LAVRY ( Vmax1 Vmin1) 2005 LAVRY Vlinear2 := Vmax2 COPYRIGHT 2005LAVRY n 2005 LAVRY COPYRIGHT ENGINEERING n Vlinear1 :=ENGINEERING Vmax1 n 10 n ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 10 2005 LAVRY 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY The peak to peak voltage swing for 1pF load is: Vpp1 := Vmax1 Vmin1 Vpp1 = 1.98 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY Vpp1 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT Or in Vrms terms: V1 := .707 V1 = 0.7 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY 2 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY The peak to peak voltage swing for 20pF load is: Vpp2 ENGINEERING := Vmax2 Vmin2 Vpp2 = 1.436 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY Vpp2 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY 2005 ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT Or LAVRY in Vrms terms: V2 := .707 V2 = 0.508 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY 2 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY An active device input capacitance load of 20pf, compared to 1pf results in 2.79dB loss. 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005The LAVRY 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY popular opinion is that the lower load capacitance is desirable, and indeed less capacitance is 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY desirable from amplitude stand point. But2005 thereLAVRY is one other factor: 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY

ENGINEERING ENGINEERING ENGINEERING ENGINEERING ENGINEERING ENGINEERING ENGINEERING ENGINEERING ENGINEERING ENGINEERING ENGINEERING ENGINEERING ENGINEERING ENGINEERING ENGINEERING ENGINEERING ENGINEERING ENGINEERING ENGINEERING ENGINEERING ENGINEERING ENGINEERING ENGINEERING ENGINEERING ENGINEERING ENGINEERING ENGINEERING ENGINEERING ENGINEERING ENGINEERING ENGINEERING ENGINEERING ENGINEERING ENGINEERING ENGINEERING ENGINEERING ENGINEERING ENGINEERING ENGINEERING ENGINEERING ENGINEERING ENGINEERING ENGINEERING ENGINEERING ENGINEERING ENGINEERING ENGINEERING ENGINEERING ENGINEERING ENGINEERING ENGINEERING ENGINEERING ENGINEERING ENGINEERING ENGINEERING ENGINEERING ENGINEERING ENGINEERING ENGINEERING ENGINEERING ENGINEERING ENGINEERING ENGINEERING ENGINEERING ENGINEERING

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2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING Below are the transfer plots (capacitance against output voltage). 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING The LAVRY Red curve is the transfer with 1pf loading. The blue dotted curve isCOPYRIGHT a straight line connection 2005 ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING between min and max values of the voltage for 1pF load. 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING The LAVRY Black curve is the transfer with 20pf loading. The blue dotted curve is a straight 2005 line LAVRY ENGINEERING 2005 ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT connection min and max values 2005 of the voltage for 20pF load. COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING 2005 LAVRY between ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT LAVRY ENGINEERING 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING 2005 LAVRY 11.5 ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING 11 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING Vout1 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING n 2005 LAVRY 10.5 ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING Vlinear1 n ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING 2005 LAVRY 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING Vout2 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING n 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING 10 Vlinear2 n ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING 2005 LAVRY 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING 9.5 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING 9 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT48 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING 44 46 50 52 COPYRIGHT 54 56 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING 12 Ccapsule 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING n 10 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING Hell LAVRY Clearly, the deviation between the output a straight line is lower for 2005 case LAVRY 2, the ENGINEERING 2005 ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 voltage LAVRY and ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT loading capacitance of 20pF. A measure 2005 of theLAVRY maximum deviation is an error function define 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING below (in percent): 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING Vout1 Vlinear1 Vout2 COPYRIGHT Vlinear2 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING n n n 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING n COPYRIGHT Error1 := 100 Error2 := 100 n ENGINEERING n 2005 LAVRY COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING Vout1 COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING Vout2 5 5 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING

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2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 load, LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING Red=1pf Blue=20pf load 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING 1 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING 0.9 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING 0.8 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING 0.7 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING Error1 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING n 0.6 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING Error2 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING n 0.5 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING 0.4 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING 0.3 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING 0.2 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING 0.1 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING 0 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING 12 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005Ccapsule LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING n 10 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING There is a tradeoff between the voltage level and linearity (distortions). COPYRIGHT A mic designer can 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING compensate the inherit non linearity by introducing enough fixed parallel load capacitance, at the ENGINEERING 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY 2005 LAVRY COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT LAVRY ENGINEERING expanse of ENGINEERING output voltage level. In my example, I show how a loss of less then 3dB 2005 will improve 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING the linearity error by a factorCOPYRIGHT of two. 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY Note that the distortions are COPYRIGHT always lower2005 at lower signals. The error curves above also show the ENGINEERING 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING behavior at say +/1pf. 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING What is the nature of the distortions? Let me say a few words regarding that issue: 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING We are dealing with a 1/X component, because the capsule capacitance is in the denominator 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING of the voltage equation Vout=Q/Ccapsule (Q is a constant). 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING Such a 1/(X+K) distortion yields and FFT 2005 plot where the distortions of all the harmonic (even 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING and LAVRY odd) exits, and the harmonic decay envelope is a ENGINEERING straight line (oneCOPYRIGHT can draw a straight line ENGINEERING 2005 ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY 2005 LAVRY touching the peaks of all theCOPYRIGHT fundamental2005 and all its harmonics). The slope of the decay 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING envelope depends on the ratio of the variable to the fixed capacitance. 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005capacitance LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING 2005 There are some methods available to a capable designer, for first orderCOPYRIGHT correction of the LAVRY ENGINEERING 2005 LAVRYdistortion ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY hyperbolic discussed above. I am not involved with mic design deeply enough to know ENGINEERING 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING if such corrections are being done. 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT LAVRY ENGINEERING Also, note that the above distortion mechanisms are for condenser mics. Other mics2005 (dynamic 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING and ribbon) have their own unique distortion mechanisms. 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT 2005 LAVRY ENGINEERING