New Advancements In Teraohmmeter Measurements

Speaker: (B&P International) Guildline Instruments Limited

Guildline Instruments Limited

Presentation Overview

Teraohmmeter Description. Direct Measurement. The Meter-Bridge Technique. Teraohmmeter Improvements. High Resistance Automation. Scanner Effect Analysis. Results And Conclusions.

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Teraohmmeter Description

This paper focuses on Teraohmmeter technology. Measures current through measuring of the charge rate of a known capacitor.

This charge rate is determined by the measured time for a voltage ramp to pass through two voltage thresholds.

The internal calibrated voltage source allows resistance measurement .

Supply known voltage to an unknown resistor. Measure current. Calculate resistance from known voltage and measured current.

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Teraohmmeter Description
UNKNOWN RESISTANCE OR CURRENT INTEGRATOR THRESHOLD VOLTAGE DETECTOR 10V THRESHOLD COMPARATOR LOGIC TIME MEASUREMENT

+
2700 pF 270 pF

x1
1V THRESHOLD

x 10
0.1V THRESHOLD

CONTROL

27 pF

x 100
CONTROL

x -1

CONTROL

TEST VOLTAGE POWER SUPPLY MICROPROCESSOR AND MEMORY

+/- 10 VOLT REFERENCE

CONTROL

CONTROL

DISPLAY

PANEL SWITCHES

GPIB INTERFACE

RS232 INTERFACE

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Direct Measurement

The direct measurement requires that voltage and the capacitor value are known. This technique is the easiest to perform and in many cases offers suitable uncertainty. The single LARGEST caveat in this measurement method is the drift in the capacitor value over time.

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The Meter-Bridge Technique

The meter-bridge technique also known as transfer or substitution has been used to give a more accurate short term measurement to meters of all makes. This method is accepted for use on a 1:1 basis as well as ranging or laddering up within certain limitations. The caveats that primarily affect this measurement method is the voltage source and capacitor short term stability.
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The Meter-Bridge Technique

This technique is accomplished by measuring a known resistor on the Teraohmmeter.

The Teraohmmeter will determine a value.

Then Teraohmmeter is used to measure an unknown resistor.

The Teraohmmeter will determine a value.

The ratio of the two measured values is then multiplied by the known value to derive the unknown value in ohms. This allows the use of the meter as a transfer device to bridge from the known to the unknown resistance.
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TeraOhm Bridge-Meter Improvements

The obvious place to yield improvement is where there are the largest caveats defined.

The drift in the capacitor value over time. The voltage source and capacitor short term stability.

Through research, Guildline has a new improved electrometer circuitry featuring a new capacitor made from a low TC material. This change has yielded a better performance for both short term and long term stability.
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TeraOhm Bridge-Meter Improvements

The voltage divider source was also upgraded in its design reducing noise and long term drift. The end result is an overall dramatic improvement of the TeraOhm Bridge-Meter operation.

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Testing And Data Analysis

Test results confirm improvement of short and long term stability.

NOMINA L VALUE AVERAGE MEAN DEV 6530 BRIDGE MODE SPEC NOMINA L VALUE 3 MONTH DRIFT 6530 METER MODE SPEC

100M 1G 10G 100G 1T 10T 100T 1P 10P

0.76 ppm 0.50 ppm 0.82 ppm 1.8 ppm

8 ppm
8 ppm 10 ppm 15 ppm

100M 1G 10G 100G 1T 10T

3.9 ppm

80 ppm 150 ppm 400 ppm

3.6 ppm
4.2 ppm 11 ppm 10 ppm 110 ppm 50 ppm 0.055 % 0.3640 %

600 ppm
1000 ppm 2500 ppm 4000 ppm 1.5 % 20 %

4.5 ppm
79.2 ppm 25.5 ppm 585 ppm

50 ppm
120 ppm 200 ppm 800 ppm

100T
1P 10P

922 ppm

2000 ppm

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Comparison of Specifications
Range 90k 200k 6530 Bridge (ppm) 40 8 8 6520 Transfer (ppm) 60 Commercial DSB (ppm) 10

200k 2M
2M 20M 20M 200M 200M 2G 2G 20G 20G 200G 200G 2T 2T 20T 20T 200T 200T 2P 2P 20P

25
25 25 25 25 25 80 500 700 2000 5000

10
10 10 15 30 60 120 150 250 1000 5000

8
8 10 15 50 120 200

800
2000

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Comparison of Specifications
Range 90k 200k 200k 2M 2M 20M 20M 200M 200M 2G 2G 20G 20G 200G 200G 2T 6530 Meter (%) 0.015 0.015 0.015 0.008 0.015 0.04 0.06 0.1 6520 Direct (%) 0.025 0.025 0.025 0.015 0.02 0.06 0.08 0.12

2T 20T
20T 200T 200T 2P 2P 20P

0.25
0.4 1.5 20

0.35
0.6 2.5 30

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High Resistance Automation

Switching is The Primary Requirement To Automate Transfers.

Switching must be high isolation to not affect the measurement. The measurement path must be able to cleanly carry low currents with protection from outside influences. Any leakage must be low and repeatable so that it can be accounted for.

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High Resistance Automation

Guildline Adapted 6664C Scanner to Meet These Needs.

High Isolation > 1017. Fully Shielded, Low Thermal Switching. Ultra Low Leakage With Consistent Characteristics.

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Scanner Effect Analysis

The effect of the scanner was tested using a series of data sets where the resistor was measured both with and without the scanner in alternating groups of 5. The average of each grouping was the reported value for each configuration. K2 of each grouping determined repeatability of measurement. Each grouping was conducted on a randomly selected scanner channel.
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Scanner Effect Analysis

NOMINA L VALUE 6530 SYSTEM MEASUREMENT AVERAGE MEAN DEV 6530 DIRECT MEASUREMENT AVERAGE MEAN DEV PPM VARIATION DIFFERENCES IN METHODS 0.2 ppm 2.7 ppm 52.3 ppm 45.6 ppm 185 ppm 1.798 % PPM VARIATION BETWEEN SCANNER CHANNELS 0.04 ppm 0.11 ppm 3.9 ppm 33.6 ppm 391 ppm 3.861 %

100G 1T 10T 100T 1P 10P

1.00105414 E11 1.00013749 E12 1.00734633 E13 1.00670341 E14 0.99893560 E15 1.00580913 E16

1.8 ppm 4.5 ppm 79.2 ppm 25.5 ppm 585 ppm 922 ppm

1.00105433 E11 1.00014020 E12 1.00739903 E13 1.00674926 E14 1.00078489 E15 1.02337787 E16

1.8 ppm 4.5 ppm 90.6 ppm 33.8 ppm 809 ppm 621 ppm

Scanner Repeatability. The K2 of groupings with the scanner vs. without showed no material difference in measurement repeatability. Individual measurements showed no increase in noise or standard deviation with the use of the scanner.
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Scanner Effect Analysis

Differences Between Channels. The channels did demonstrate small differences on a per channel basis. The scanner was measured to have a typical 730 Peta Ohm isolation with a variance of +/- 3.3%. The variance was primarily from channel to channel.
RESISTANCE VALUE MEASURED 100G 1T 10T 100T 1P 10P PPM CHANNEL VARIATION 0.04 PPM 0.11 PPM 3.9 PPM 33.6 PPM 391 PPM 3.861 % 6564 SCANNER LEAKAGE SPECIFICATION 0.05 PPM 0.5 PPM 5 PPM 50 PPM 500 PPM 5.0 % PPM DIFFERENCE SYSTEM/DIRECT 0.2 PPM 2.7 PPM 52.3 PPM 45.6 PPM 0.185% 1.798% 6564 SCANNER LEAKAGE SPECIFICATION 1 PPM 10 PPM 100 PPM 1000 PPM 1.0 % 10.0 %

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Results And Conclusions

The modified units under test in Guildlines 17025 laboratory.

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Results And Conclusions

The use of new TeraOhm Bridge-Meter for transfers provided the caveats are well controlled, can now achieve the best commercially available specifications for high resistance. The transfer specification will hold quite well for a 24 hour period if the environment is also maintained well within that period.
Resistor 100M 1G 10G 100G Charted 18 41 106 94 DSB 10 15 30 60 Transfer 20.7 45.7 110.7 116.9 Resistor 100M 1G Charted 18 41 6530 8 8 Transfer 19.7 41.8

10G
100G

106
94

10
15

106.5
95.2

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Results And Conclusions

Using the transfer technique for ratios greater than 1:1 can dramatically improve the overall uncertainty of a calibration of higher value resistances. The 10:1 and 100:1 transfers were excellent where 1000:1 was still within the tolerance but notably not as good. Having laddering capability reduces the number of standards needed to support a given calibration range.
Charted 18 41 106 94 6530=1:1 8 8 10 15 Transfer 19.7 41.8 106.5 95.2 Resistor 100M 1G Charted 18 41 6530>1:1 8 16 Transfer 19.7 24.1

Resistor 100M 1G 10G 100G

10G
100G

106
94

18
23

25.5
29.2

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Results And Conclusions

Any leakage effect of the scanner is removed in the transfer technique and is only a consideration for direct reading. Using a scanner is achievable and simplifies the process. The use of these two advancements in an integrated system complete with a set of temperature stabilized reference resistance standards offers the best accuracy, lowest uncertainty and highest level of automation commercially available.
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KEY PRODUCT 6530 Series of HighResistance Measurement Standards

MOST COMPLETE SERIES OF HIGH RESISTANCE MEASUREMENT STANDARDS PRODUCED Bridge Mode and Direct!Measurement Mode of Operations Unique TODAY
Resistance Ranges from 100 k to 20 P

Bridge Mode Multi-Ratios up to 1000:1 with Test Voltages 1 to 1000 volts

DC Current Measurement Range from 10-5 Amps to 10-13 Amps Existing 6520s can be Upgraded to any of the four NEW 6530 Models Better Performance & More Functionality than Dual Source Bridges Surface and Volume Resistivity Measurements Environmental Monitoring with 65220 Sensors Temperature, Pressure & Humidity Logging, Graphical Display and Analysis of Measurements Sofcal for On-Board Intelligence and Front Panel Calibration TeraCal Data Acquisition Software Automates Operation

HERES WHY.

SCPI compliant IEEE-488.2 and RS232C Built-In as Standard

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6530 Series Upgrade Paths

6530 Base Model Range: 1 M to 100 T

6530 XR (eXtended Range) 100 k to 20 P

Best Bridge Mode Uncertainty: 25 ppm Best Direct Measurement Uncertainty: 150 ppm
6530 XP (eXtended PerFormance) 1M to 100T

Best Bridge Mode Uncertainty: 15 ppm Best Direct Measurement Uncertainty: 100 ppm 6530 XPR (Xtend PerFormance & Rng) 100 k to 20 P

Best Bridge Mode Uncertainty: 8 ppm Best Direct Measurement Uncertainty: 80 ppm

Best Bridge Mode Uncertainty: 8 ppm Best Direct Measurement Uncertainty: 80 Guildline Instruments Limited ppm

6535 Automated HighResistance Measurement System

Only Completely Automated HighResistance Measurement System Available Today

Easiest to Use High Resistance Measurement System Available Today!

6564 High Resistance 1kVdc Scanner Allows Multiple Standards to Be Connected for Measurement or Bridge Mode Ratios
Wide Temperature Operating Range Significantly reduces T/Cs Contributions! 6636 Temperature Stabilized Resistance Standard Provides wide temperature Operation Range 5C

Complete Logging, Graphing and Measurement Analysis with or without a Computer Interface!
Includes all 6530 Advantages

Providing Both Automatic and Manual Modes of Operation (Bridge Includes Software)! Guildline Instruments Limited

Providing Precision Measurement Solutions

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