How to Inspect Flash Rust Training Manual

Presented to National Shipbuilding Research Program SPSP -3 September 30, 2008 B L By Lydia di M M. F Frenzel, l Ph Ph.D. D On behalf of Project Members And Pete Judt Judt, Todd Pacific Shipyard

Since last NSRP meeting in Virginia Put together modules Presentation to 12 people at Megarust 4 hours Rewrite Presentation to NSRP in Johnstown ReRe -writewrite- reduce, get to cd deliverable by December.

Project Goals
It takes about 3 hours to get through all of the material. In its present form form, it is more than originally promised.
Reduce the number of examples examples. Include the optional chapters?
(discussion ( with NASSCO and Cogswell) g )

Produce Final electronic version.

Final Deliverable is due in December.

Flash Rust
Flash Rust is the rust that occurs from the time the waterjetting (WJ) process starts to the time the water used for the waterjetting process dries. Typically, NO rustrust-back is allowed in dry blast cleaning, but it is accepted to paint over Flash Rust in waterjetting. How much Flash Rust is formed is directly related to time of wetness.

Experienced p Inspector p New to Waterjetting

Get NACE No No. 5 /SSPC SPSP-12 and VISVIS-4 Compare VISVIS-4 to SSPC VIS VIS-1 and VIS VIS-3 Read Introduction Read Standard Language. Go out and look. Look at Videos for orientation. Compare p btb_short.mpg with clean blasting.mpg to remind our selves of our public responsibility. (Optional) Go G to t Chapters Ch t on Wiping Wi i and dT Tape Peruse Chapters on Field Examples

New Inspector p New to Abrasive Blast and Waterjet

Get NACE No. 5 /SSPC SPSP-12 and VIS VIS-4 Get one of the NACE or SSPC SP abrasive documentsdocuments- I suggest SSPC SPSP-10 or SSPC SP SP-6 VIS-4 to SSPC VISVIS-1 and VIS VIS-3 Compare VIS Read Introduction and Standards. Go out and look. Look at Videos for orientation. Compare btb_short.mpg with clean blasting blasting.mpg mpg to remind our selves of our public responsibility. (Optional) Read remaining chapters in sequence. Get out into the Yard and look around. around Get a pressure washer or a hose and wet down some steelsteel- horizontal and vertical. Try the wipe tests. Peruse Chapters on Field Examples

Chapter 1 Introduction
Chapter 1

Introduction

Objective Beginning Definition of flash rust Common terms for waterjetting Reader Background Limitations of this Training Manual Use of Manual History Comparison of Dry and Wet Blasting Brief Introduction to Evaluation of Flash Rust
Subjective versus Objective Evaluation in Dry and Wet Blasting

Chapter 2 Standard Standard Rust

Chapter 2 Standard Language
Standard Language
Flash Rust Rust Back Rust Bloom

Standard St d d D Documents t
Abrasive WaterJetting g

Examples of Decision Trees Trees- Can I Paint this surface? (optional)

Chapter 3 Standard Photos

Chapter p 3 Standard Photos
ISO, SSPC, NACE Coatings Manufacturer
International Paint Hempel Jotun

Examples of None, Light, Moderate, and Heavy Introduction to Field Methods of Evaluation

ALL DOCUMENTS CONVERGE ON None Light Li ht Moderate Moderate- Medium Heavyy- Considerable Heavy

Chapter 4 Use of Guides and Illumination

Chapter 4 Use of Guides All Guides are used the same. All guides lead to same answer answer.
Distance from Steel Select initial condition Evaluate Cleanliness before flash rust forms Evaluate Flash Rust before coating g Mitigate Flash Rust, if necessary

Illumination

Chapter 55- Field Experience Videos

Cleaning with closed looploop- vacuum Cleaning with hand gungun- no vacuum Cleaning with hand gun gun- defect placing more water on surface and leading to heavy flash rust Field Experiences
Water BreakBreak- Oil and Grease Hand Held without Vacuum Vs. Robotic with Vacuum Flash Rust from Different Methods

Chapter 66- Field Evaluation Wiping with Cloth

Wipe with Hand Wipe with Cloth
Hand Swatch Brush

Examples l of f Light, h Moderate, d Heavy Comparison Examples Pressure P W Wash h to t reduce d Moderate M d t or Heavy H to t Light Be consistent in materials and methodology

Chapter 77- Field Evaluation Pressure Sensitive Tape

Hempel Defined test for Quantitative Evaluation
ISO 85028502-3 Assessment of Dust with Tape p Hempel Description Standard Hempel Photos
D and d C St Steel l

Moderate, Heavy Rust Rust- Field Barge No flash rustrust- Field Barge g

Scanned fullfull-size copies of Tape pages are included in pdf notes.

Chapter 8 Summary
Chapter 8 Summary Standards Guides Illustrations of Light, g , Moderate, , Heavy y

Optional Chapters
Chapter p Field Experience p ( (optional) p ) Todd Pacific InIn-House Training g
How Todd Pacific Shipyard does inin-house training
Standards of Cleanliness VISVIS -4 Definition of Obscure Light, Moderate, Heavy Microscopic Views Brush Wipe Procedure

Chapter Field Experience (optional)(optional)- Control and Mitigation of Flash Rust ( Cogswell and Ault felt this was most important) Chapter Field Experience (optional)(optional)- Use of Digital Camera for evaluation Chapter Field Experience (optional)(optional)- series of formation of flash rust with time stamp on themthem- use the area of light moderate, heavy flash rust on barge

Published Papers (Optional)

There are many published papers. These papers deal with Flash Rust. and d are included i l d d in i the th electronic l t i file. fil Gilbert, Doug, New Hydroblasting and Slurryblasting Standards Issued, JPCL, Jan., 1995, p. 6464-69 This article is the basis for International Paints i -house inin h training t i i for f their th i technical t h i l representatives. t ti Kelly, John, There's More than One Kind Of Rust, Marine Log, May, 1996, p. 18 Swearingen, Mark, UHP Water Jetting Offers Advantages, Marine Log, May, 1996, p. 20 Tanner, John, Flash Rust, A Primer, CleanerTimes, April, 2001, p. 20,22,23 Frenzel, Lydia, Flash Rust: Color, CleanerTimes, May 2001, p. 26 & 27 Frenzel, Lydia, Flash Rust: Amount, CleanerTimes, June 2001, p.32 & 33 Frenzel, Lydia, Remote Waterjetting Offers Inconspicuous Coatings removal on LNG tank, JPCL, Dec., 2002, p. 57 57-65 Frenzel, Lydia M, Flash Rust, CleanerTimes, Sept, 2004 p 24 24-27

Contact Information
Lydia Frenzel, Ph.D. lydiafrenzel@advisorycouncil.org TelTel -Fax:+1 800800-308308-7416 Tel: +1 512512-392392-2210

On On-Site training is available available.

How to Inspect Flash Rust chapter h t 01 I Introduction t d ti

Training Manual National Shipbuilding Research Program 2008

Flash Rust
Flash Rust is the rust that occurs from the time the waterjetting (WJ) process starts to the time the water used for the waterjetting process dries. Typically, NO rustrust-back is allowed in dry blast cleaning, but it is accepted to paint over Flash Rust in waterjetting. How much Flash Rust is formed is directly related to time of wetness.

Common Terms
water jetting jetting, or waterjetting water blast cleaning, or water blasting hydrojetting, or hydroblasting aquajetting, q j g, or aquablasting, q g, and cleaning by directing a jet of pressurized water onto the surface to be cleaned.

Background of Reader
Inspectors Have attended NACE or SSPC Certified Inspector Courses Familiar with Standard photos and language Might not be as familiar with Water Jetting (WJ), (WJ)

Wet Abrasive Blasting (WAB) as compared to Dry Abrasive Blasting (AB). (AB)

What this Manual IS IS NOT NOT

This is not a comprehensive Inspection Manual. Many factors in addition to Flash Rust The manual does not address in detail
Visual Cleanliness (ie SSPC SPSP-5, 5 SSPC SPSP10, ISO 3, ISO 2 , WJWJ-1, WJ WJ-2) Profile Requirements Oil and Grease Non Non-Visible Contaminants

How To Use This Manual

Make use of What you know know. Go to sections that make sense. Have on handhand- one of the written Standards Have on handhand- one or more of the Visual Guides All standards and Guides lead to the Same Definitions. Concentrate on Areas that you are inin-experienced with. ith Inspection of Flash Rust is deceptively simple.

How To Use This Manual (cont)

Read a little! Go out in the field and look at Rust Bloom Have a Visual Guide in Hand Try y the p physical y measurements Be Consistent ! Think a lot!

History of WaterJetting and Wet Abrasive Blasting

1940 1940s s strip slag from steel steel, Wet abrasive blasting Go From CLEANING TO REMOVAL 1980s 1980 s start removal of coatings coatings- surface preparation 1985 1985- SSPC starts standards on WAB and WJ 1994 1994- US Navy introduces UHP WJ robotic control and closed closed loop with vacuum International Paint issues photographsphotographs-

Abrasive Cleaning and Pressurized Water Cleaning are DIFFERENT!

Dry or Wet Abrasive WaterJet New and Repair Repair Exposes profile Makes new profile under paint or corrosion Erases from the Top Shears at interface Looks Uniform Exposes all problems Cleans top, leave Gets into crevices, crevices alone can leave top material NO Rust Allowed Flash Rust allowed

Surface Preparation
Even though though, Abrasive cleaning and Pressurized Water Cleaning are different, the Objective is the SAMESAME-

Create a Situation so that the Coatings Will Perform as Expected. Expected

Why Bother with WaterJetting and Flash Rust

Waterjet Cleaning is typically used on heavily contaminated steel, or in areas where rubber linings linings, barnacles barnacles, or heavy rust is to be removed. Coatings C ti ti tightly htl adhere dh t to th the surface f and their performance is equal to, or better, than dry blast cleaning.

How to Inspect Flash Rust Ch t 2 Chapter 2- Standards St d d

Training Manual National Shipbuilding Research Program 2008

Approach
The Biggest Key is to understand: Waterjet is done in repair or maintenance. What you do to the Surface Initially will influence the performance through the rest of the structures life life.
Think Process Management g Systems y Human Failing Weather

Standard Language
Standard Definitions
Flash Rust Rust Back Rust Bloom

Three Basic terms of rust found in standards

Flash Rust is an oxidation of the steel that occurs as wetted carbon
steel dries OR rusting that occurs when a thin coat of waterborne paint is applied over blast cleaned steel. Often looks like rust bloom.

Rust R Rustt-Back B k (rerusting) ( ti ) is rusting that occurs when freshly exposed,

dry, bare steel is exposed to conditions of high humidity, moisture, or a corrosive atmosphere. It is the term used when steel cleaned by dry abrasive blasting power tools blasting, tools, or wet abrasive blasting begins to rust after the steel surface has completely dried.

Rust Bloom is somewhat uniform rust spread evenly over a large

section ti of f the th surface. f

Long term corrosion is not flash rusting.

Standard Documents WaterJet Cleaning

WaterJet Cleaning
NACE No. 5 or SSPC SPSP-12 Surface Preparation and Cleaning of Metals by Waterjet SSPC SSPC-VIS No. 4 NACE VIS 7 Guide and Reference Photographs for Steel Surfaces Prepared by Waterjetting ISO 85018501-4 Initial I iti l S Surface f C Conditions, diti preparation ti grades d and d fl flash h rust grades in connection with highhigh-pressure water jetting

Waterjetting or Hydroblasting
Shipyards and contractors utilize pressure washers for cleaning. Shipyards and contractors use both high pressure and ultra high pressure waterjetting for surface preparation p p and stripping pp g coatings g or liners. Waterjetting does not produce a profile; it exposes an existing profile. Waterjet blasted surfaces look very different from abrasive blasted surfaces.

Waterjet Blast Doesnt Look Like Dry Blast. 3 examples of Commercial or Thorough Cleaning Standard Photos. SSPC NACE D SPSP-6 Dry

ISO D Sa 2 Dry SSPC/NACE D WJ WJ-3 WJ

Combination of Flash Rust and RustRust -Back

If the substrate is cleaned with water and then allowed to sit for several hours or days, Y will You ill likely lik l have h a combination bi ti of f Flash Fl h Rust which occurs as the water is drying and d R Rust Rustt-Back B k which hi h occurs over a period i d of days. This is what people mean when they say The surface keeps changing from dayday-toto-day.

Examples of Rust Bloom

WJWJ - hand held

WJWJ - Days Later

Dry Abrasive Blast

WJWJ - hand held

RustRust -Back
Dry Blast Blast- If rust is visible before painting (i.e., rust back), the surface must be rerecleaned to meet contract cleaning requirements

D Ab Dry Abrasive i Bl Blast t

Keel block area of manual p paint removal

Rust Bloom Flash Rust

Manual cut in area around keel blocks

Fast RustRust-Back Not Flash Rust Not Rust Bloom

Test PanelsPanelsSalt Exposure Salt

Rail Car Side

Black Localized Cells

Flow Diagrams in Handout

IS It Flash Rust or Rust Back? Is it Rust Bloom? What is the sequence in Dry Blast Clean if rust occurs after initial surface preparation? What is the sequence in Waterjet Clean if rust occurs after initial surface p preparation? p

Very Important Summary Note

Flash Rust is the rust that occurs from the time the waterjetting process starts to the time the water used for the waterjetting process dries. Rust Back is rust that occurs as a reaction of the (bare) ferrous substrate with the atmosphere, especially espec a y relative e at e humidity u d ty o or rain. a If you finish waterjetting a surface, the time to evaluate l t fl flash h rust ti is j just t after ft th the surface f dries di If you wait a period of time time, such as overnight or a day later, continuing rust is not Flash Rust and youve just complicated the issue to the point of large potential that your surface will not be in compliance with the L standard.

How to Inspect Flash Rust Ch t 3 Standard Chapter St d d Ph Photos t

Training Manual National Shipbuilding Research Program 2008

ALL OF THESE DESCRIPTIONS CONVERGE on NO FLASH RUST and THREE LEVELS OF FLASH RUST. ALL of the VISUAL GUIDES are used in the SAME WAY!

Field Examples of Flash Flash Rust Rust

SSPC SSPC-NACE
Light Moderate Heavy

ISO
Light Medium Heavy

No flash rust
A steel surface which which, when viewed without magnification, exhibits no visible flash rust.

Light Flash Rust L (FR(FR-1)

When viewed without magnification magnification, small quantities of light tan-brown rust will partially discolour the original metallic surface surface. This discoloration may be evenly distributed, or in patches but it will be tightly adherent and patches, will not be heavy enough to easily mark objects brushed against it it. International Paint (1994)

Light Flash Rust

C WJ 3 L or Wa 2 L

D WJ 3 L or Wa 2 L
Crater or Pits are the light areas.

How to Inspect Flash Rust Chapter 4 USE of Guides Illumination

Training Manual National Shipbuilding Research Program 2008

Very Important Note

Flash Rust is the rust that occurs from the time the waterjetting process starts to the time the water used for the waterjetting process dries. Rust Back is rust that occurs as a reaction of the (bare) ferrous substrate with the atmosphere, especially espec a y relative e at e humidity u d ty o or rain. a If you finish waterjetting a surface, the time to evaluate l t fl flash h rust ti is j just t after ft th the surface f dries di If you wait a period of time time, such as overnight or a day later, continuing rust is not Flash Rust and youve just complicated the issue to the point of large potential that your surface will not be in compliance with the L standard.

Very Important Note

Illumination is a very important factor in making any quantitative evaluation. Low light conditions will prevent your ability to see..and the chore is to determine if you can see clean steel through and along with the flash rust. The point here is to observe and determine if the steel substrate is or is NOT obscured by the quantity of flash rust.

How to Use the Visual Guides

All of the visual Guides are used in the same manner is the visual guides for dry abrasive blasting. Determine the initial condition of the steel before the flash rust forms. Initial condition is illustrated as painted or unpainted steel. Select a photograph that is similar to the initial t a co condition d t o (G (Grade ade C o or G Grade ade D) )

Use of Guides (cont)

Immediately after the cleaning cleaning, before the surface has flash rusted, (it might still be wet) evaluate the degree of Visual wet), Cleaning.

Use of Guides (cont)

Prior to painting painting, compare the flash flash-rusted surface with the flash rust photographs. Wipe Wi or use t tape as a further f th determination. d t i ti Prior to painting, the degree of flash rust must be in accordance with the contract specifications.

Distance from the surface will affect judgment.

If you youre re to far away away, you wont won t be able to see through the flash rust in order to determine the difference between steel substrate may y be observed [Light flash rust] and obscures the original steel surface [Medium flash rust]. Heavy flash rust simply hides the initial surface condition completely and the determination of Heavy is not as critical due to rarity that Heavy flash rust is an acceptable condition for coating.

Very Important Note

For the purposes of this training training, and consistent quality, the Todd Pacific standard default rule is: To properly evaluate and inspect waterjetted surfaces with flash rust, the Inspector will be within touching [by hand] distance and no more than an arms reach from the surface being evaluated; the same as the coatings applicator.

Determine the Condition of Steel

D Degraded d dC Coating ti

WJWJ -1, 1 WJWJ-2

The initial condition of the steel is a mix of D and C

Use of Guides (cont)

Immediately after the cleaning cleaning, before the surface has flash rusted, (it might still be wet) evaluate the degree of Visual wet), Cleaning. Prior Pi t to painting, i ti th the d degree of f fl flash h rust t must be in accordance with the contract specifications. ifi ti

WJ-3 WJModerate Flash Rust

Initial 2-3 Days Later Later- just before painting

Illumination
Reference Document SSPC Guide 12
Guide G id for f Illumination Ill i ti of f Industrial I d ti l Painting Projects

Grade D Light Almost Perpendicular to surface

Ob i Obvious upper contour t has h disappeared di d

Light Source

Grade D Light from Top to Bottom at 30 Degree Angle

Light Source

Summary
Illumination MAKES A DIFFERENCE IN WHAT THE EYE WILL SEE Note N t the th color l of f th the li light ht Note the intensity of the light Note the shadows Note the angle of the light

How to Inspect Flash Rust Ch t 5 Chapter 5- Videos Vid

Training Manual National Shipbuilding Research Program 2008

Time of Wetness is Critical in formation of Flash Rust

Hand Held Head with capture of the water with vacuum. Two videos show hand held lance without vacuum No Sound Sound Focus on Ease of Use Cleanliness of Substrate Movement of Water Formation of Flash Rust

Look at the Water coming out of the defect and how it affects the substrate.

WaterJet Processes
OPEN LOOP Without Vacuum
Typical Hand Lance Jetting Systems

CLOSED LOOP With Vacuum V

Larger Robotic Jetting Systems
Cleaning on sides of ships, tanks, rail cars, large flat surfaces

Smaller handhand-held systems

Complex structures

Video of System with Vacuum

Look at Clean Blasting.mpg Blasting mpg
Note that there is no flash rust. Substrate S b t t dries d i quickly. i kl Vaccuum in this particular instance was a common shop vac vac.

Video with HandHand-Held Lance No VacuumVacuum- Open System

Look at Blast and Dry Dry.mpg mpg
Last areas to dry are the defects, and holes.

Look L k at t Drying D i Eff Effects.mpg t

Lapse time 64 seconds. Flash rust at drying edge d i interface t f No defects. Note how the water wets the surface

Effects of Contamination Source

Look at runs.mpg runs mpg Defects
Note how the water wets the surface. The surface to the left has no defects and is d i d rapidly. dried idl The area to the right has holes in the rail. C t i t d water Contaminated t continued ti d to t run down d th the side and quickly formed heavy flash rust.

Overall Video
Look at Flash_rust1.mpg Flash rust1 mpg
6 minutes long Combination C bi ti of f good d and d contaminated t i t d substrate Field evaluation by cloth wiping Demo of tape test Formation F ti of f Moderate M d t Flash Fl h Rust R t Pressure Wash

Detecting Oil and Grease

Water Break Test
Water beads up means something is on the surface su ace

Antifouling Removal on Starboard Sid Ult Side UltraSweep UltraSweep S Process P

Hand-Held Handlance

Antifouling g removal and automatic spot blasting of broken down epoxy anticorrosive

Hand-Held Lance removal of Inerta Handfrom Icebreaker Polar Star (1994).

Every plate had a different appearance appearance. Only a small area had enough flash rust to be of concern. concern

How to Inspect Flash Rust Chapter 6 Field Evaluation by Wiping with Cloth
Training Manual National Shipbuilding Research Program 2008

Field Evaluation by Wiping

International Paint Paint, Hempel Hempel, NACE NACE, SSPC SSPC, and ISO languages include:
marking of objects brushed against the surface, or sweeping of the surface with light pressure, or removal by lightly wiping with a cloth.

Jotun uses normal vision. p talk with an If there is a doubt about interpretation, experienced field representative or the technical support group of the coating to be applied.

Consistency in Method and Routine

Develop a consistent routine Use consistent materials Use a consistent viewing angle and lighting lighting. Interpretations must have clean agreement between the coatings manufacturer manufacturer, person doing the work (contractor), person accepting the work (owner), ( ), and the third party p y inspector. p Prepare a prepre-start panel and get agreement. (optional ( p but g good idea) )

Wipe or Sweep with a Cloth

Light Pressure Consistent length of path Consistent type of cloth
Keep your supply of evaluation cloth wipes separate from the bin of everyday cloth wipes. Consider using lint lint-free cloth wipes from laboratory supply

Hand Wipe with Cloth

Light Flash RustRust- Hand Wipe

15:33:56 2008-06-09 13:17:14 2008-06-09

Hand Wipe

Fingertips

Afternoon 3:30

N Noon 1 1:30 30

Hand Wipe p Test

Hand Wipe Heavy Flash Rust

Swatch Swatch Wipe Wipe

Swatch Test Came From Level 3 NACE CIPCIP- with Surface Technology Make a swatch swatch or wad of the cloth cloth. Add tape to make a handle. Lightly wipe the swatch over the surface. Be consistent in type of cloth, path length. This avoids the discussion of lightly wiping and direct placement of the fingers on the substrate.

Get cross c oss motion ot o without t out pressure. p essu e

Swatch Test 20082008 -0606-10 8:00 AM

Compare two types of cloth

I this In thi fi field ld example, l we got t th the same results. lt

Brush Wipe
If there is a doubt about interpretation, talk with an experienced field representative or the technical support group of the coating to be applied.

Sweep the surface with a Cloth wrapped around a brush

Light Pressure Consistent length of path Consistent type of cloth BE CONSISTENT!!

Todd Pacific Brush Wipe Procedure

Standard cloth is cheesecloth cheesecloth. It is available in every store. Use U a standard t d db brush. h Define the amount of pressure
Brush as if painting a door door- lightly down

Define the amount of contact.

2 inches (5 cm)

Consistent Brush

Brush as if painting a door

Brush 20082008 -0606-11

Section Wh Where Light, Li ht moderate, and heavy flash rust had formed.

Light Moderate Heavy

Brush Light Moderate Heavy

Swatch Wipe Brush 20082008 -0606-09 Light

Fi Finger Tips Ti

Heavy Swatch Brush Wipe

Summary
Wipe Swatch Brush All three methods are lead to same conclusions. l i Be Consistent
Cloth Pressure Length of wipe

How to Inspect Flash Rust Chapter 7 Tape T Test T t

Training Manual National Shipbuilding Research Program 2008

Hempel Tape Test

This is a variation of the ISO 85028502-3 assessment of dust with pressure sensitive tape. Be consistent in the type of tape. Be consistent in the pressure placed on the th t tape.

Light Moderate Heavy

TapeTape - Moderate Heavy

Moderate Area 20082008 -0606-09

Heavy Area 20082008 -06 06-09

Tape Test after Pressure Washing

Start Tape pulls 11:06:15

Heavy Area After Pressure Wash

There was no dust on the tapes

Finally the last tape

Tape Page of Heavy Rust and stained area After Pressure W hi Washing. This is No Flash Rust.

How to Inspect Flash Rust Chapter 8 Summary

Training Manual National Shipbuilding Research Program 2008

Evaluation
ALL GUIDES LEAD TO THE SAME CONCLUSIONS and EVALUATIONS. The methods to evaluate Flash Rust are Subjective.
Visual Appearance and Assessment A t of f amount t of f Loose L Dust D t
Hand Wipe Hand Swatch Brush Tape

Summary
Based on the subjective methods methods, Flash Rust is classified as
None Light Moderate Heavy

With practice, the subjective methods work well. GO OUT and GIVE it a TRY!

Summary
The subjective methods of Examining in good lighting conditions
And

Performing a wipe or brush or tape test work well in the shipyards.

Contact Information
Lydia Frenzel, Ph.D. lydiafrenzel@advisorycouncil.org TelTel -Fax:+1 800800-308308-7416 Tel: +1 512512-392392-2210

On On-Site training is available available.

How to Inspect Flash Rust Optional Chapter C t l and Control d Miti Mitigation ti of f Flash Rust
Training Manual National Shipbuilding Research Program 2008

Field Experience How Todd Pacific Approaches InInHouse Training

Training Manual National Shipbuilding Research Program 2008

How to Inspect Flash Rust Optional Chapter F t Future Determinations D t i ti Digital g Camera
Training Manual National Shipbuilding Research Program 2008