CHAPTER 11 MACLAURIN

SERIES

Focus on Exam 11
1 Let f(x) = e x sin x
f(0) = e0
=1
f (x) = (x cos x + sin x)e xsin x
= (x cos x + sin x)f(x)
f (0) =
 (0 cos 0 + sin 0)(1)
= 0
f(x) = (x cos x + sin x) f (x) + f(x)(-x sin x + cos x + cos x)
= (x cos x + sin x)f (x) + f(x)(-x sin x + 2 cos x)
f(x) = 0 + 1(2)

=2
2
Hence, f(x) = 1 + f(0)x + f (0) x +
2!
2x2
x sin x

e
=1+
+G
2

= 1 + x2 + G [Shown]
2 y = ln (cos x)
dy sin x
=
= -tan x
dx cos x
d 2y

= -sec2 x = -(1 + tan2 x)
dx2
d 3y

= -2 tan x(sec2 x)
dx3

= -2(-tan x)(-sec2 x)

dy
dx

d 2y
dx2

dy d 2y
= -2 2 [Shown]
dx dx
4
d 2y
dy
dy d 3y d 2y
4 = -2 3 + 2 -2 2
dx
dx
dx
dx dx
3
2 2
dy d y
dy
= -2 3 - 2 2
dx dx
dx

1 2

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Chap-11-FWS.indd 1

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ACE AHEAD Mathematics (T) Second Term

When x = 0,

y = ln (cos 0)

= ln 1

=0
When x = 0,
dy

= -tan 0
dx

=0
When x = 0,
d2y

= -(1 + tan2 0)
dx2

= -1
When x = 0,
d 3y
dy d 2y

=
-2

dx3
dx dx2

= -2(0)(-1)

=0
When x = 0,
d 2y
d4y
dy d 3y

=
-2

2
dx2
dx4
dx dx3

= -2(0)(0) - 2(-1)2

= -2

1 2

2
3
4
Hence, ln (cos x) = f(0) + f(0)x + f(0)x + f(0)x + fIVx + G
2!
3!
4!
2
4

= 0 + 0x - x + 0x3 - 2 x + G
2
24
2
4

= -x - x + G
2 12
2
3 y = 1 + sin x

dy
2y = cos x

dx
d 2y dy
dy
2y 2 +
2 = -sin x
dx
dx
dx

1 2

2y

dy
d 2y
+2
2
dx
dx

1 2

= 1 - y2

d 2y
dy 2
2y 2 + 2
+ y2 - 1 = 0
dx
dx

1 2

[Shown]

d 3y d 2y
dy
dy d 2y
dy
2y 3 + 2 2 + 4
+ 2y = 0
dx
dx
dx
dx dx2
dx

1 21 2

d 3y dy d 2y
dy d 2y
dy
y 3 + 2 + 2
+ y = 0
dx
dx dx
dx dx2
dx

1 21 2

d 3y
dy d 2y
dy
y 3 + 3
+ y = 0
dx
dx dx2
dx

1 21 2

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Fully Worked Solution

When x = 0,

y = 1 + sin 0

=1
When x = 0,
dy
2(1) = cos 0
dx
dy = 1

dx 2
When x = 0,
d 2y
1
2(1) 2 + 2
2
dx

12

+ 12 - 1 = 0
d 2y
1
= -
4
dx2

When x = 0,
d 3y
1
1 1
(1) 3 + 3
- + (1) = 0
2
dx
2 4
3
dy
1

= -
3
dx
8

1 21 2

2
3
Hence, 1 + sin x = f(0) + f(0)x + f(0) x + f(0) x + G
2!
3!

1
1 x2
1 x3
= 1 + x -
+G
2
4 2!
8 3!

=1+

1 2

1 2

x x2 x3
+G
2 8 48

4 y = cos x
y 2 = cos x
dy
2y = -sin x
dx
dy
d 2y dy
2y 2 +
2 = -cos x
dx
dx
dx
d 2y
dy 2
1
y 2 +
= - cos x
2
dx
dx
2
dy
1
d 2y
y 2 +
= - y2
2
dx
dx
2
2
dy
dy
y 2 +
+ 1y2 = 0 [Shown]
dx
2
dx
2
3
dy d 2y 1
dy
d y d y dy
y 3 + 2
+ 2 2 + 2y = 0
2
dx dx
dx dx
dx
dx
d 3y
dy d 2y
dy

y 3 + 3 2 + y
=0
dx
dx dx
dx
d 4y d3y dy
dy d 3y d 2y d 2y
d 2y dy dy
y 4 + 3
+ 3 3 + 2 3 2 + y 2 +

=0
dx
dx
dx dx
dx dx
dx
dx
dx dx

1 2
1 2

1 2

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ACE AHEAD Mathematics (T) Second Term

dy d 3y
dy
d4y
d 2y 2
d 2y
y 4 + 4 3 + 3 2 + y 2 +
= 0
dx dx
dx
dx
dx
dx
When x = 0,

y = cos 0 = 1

1 2

1 2

When x = 0,
dy
2(1) = -sin 0
dx
dy

=0
dx
When x = 0,
d 2y
1
(1) 2 + 02 + (1)2 = 0
2
dx
d 2y
1

= -
2
dx2
When x = 0,
d 3y
1
(1) 3 + 3(0) - + (1)(0) = 0
dx
2
d 3y

=0
dx3

1 2

When x = 0,
2
d 4y
1
1
(1) 4 + 4(0)(0) + 3 - +(1) - + 02 = 0
2
2
dx
d 4y
1

= -
4
dx4

1 2

1 2

2
3
4
Hence, cos x = f(0) + f(0)x + f(0)x + f(0)x + fIV(0)x + G
2!
3!
4!
1 x2
1 x4

=1-
-
+G
2 2
4 24
x2 x4

=1- +G
4 96

1 2

1 2

y = sin-1 x
sin y = x
dy

(cos y)
=1
dx
dy

=1
1 - sin2 y
dx
dy
1 - x2

=1
dx
dy 2

(1 - x2)
=1
dx
dy d 2y
dy 2
(1 - x2)2
+
(-2x) = 0
dx dx2
dx
2
dy

(1 - x2)d y2 - x
= 0 [Shown]
dx
dx
5

1 2

1 2
1 2
1 2

1 2

1 2

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Fully Worked Solution

(1 - x2)

d 3y d 2y
d 2y dy
+ 2 (-2x) - x 2 =0
3
dx
dx
dx
dx

When x = 0,

y = sin-1 0 = 0
When x = 0,
1 - 02

=1
1dy
dx2
dy
=1
dx

When x = 0,
(1 - 02)

d 2y
- (0)(1) = 0
dx2
d 2y
=0
dx2

When x = 0,
(1 - 02)

d 3y
+ (0)[-2(0)] - (0)(0) - 1 = 0
dx3
d 3y
=1
dx3

2
3
Hence, sin-1 x = f(0) + f(0)x + f(0)x + f (0)x + G
2!
3!
3

=x- x +G
6

0.4
0.1

x
x
x
11 + x + 2! + 3!211 - 2! 2 dx

e2 cos x dx = 

0.4

0.1

x
11 - 2

x
11 + x - 3 2 dx

2
4
= x+ x - x
2 12

0.4
0.1

3
2
3
+ x - x + x + x dx
2 2
6

0.4

0.1

0.4
0.1

2
4
2
4
= 0.4 + 0.4 - 0.4 - 0.1 + 0.1 - 0.1
2
12
2
12

= 0.373

Oxford Fajar Sdn. Bhd. (008974-T) 2012

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ACE AHEAD Mathematics (T) Second Term

0.5
0

sin x dx =
1-x

0.5
0

(sin x)(1 - x)-1 dx

x
1x - 3 2[1 +
3

0.5

=

C1(-x) + -1C2(-x)2 + -1C3(-x)3] dx

x
1x - 3 2(1 + x + x

1x + x

3
+ x3 - x dx
3

1x + x

3
+ 2x dx
3

2
3
4
= x + x + x
2
3
6

2
3
4
= 0.5 + 0.5 + 0.5 - 0
2
3
6

= 0.177

-1

0.5

0.5

0.5

+ x3) dx

0.5

312 ln (1 - 2x)4

8 e2x ln 1 - 2x = e2x

(2x)2 (2x)3 (2x)4

(-2x)2 (-2x)3 (-2x)4
1
= 1 + 2x +
+
+
+ G -2x +
+G
2
2!
3!
4!
2
3
4

2
3
4
2
3
4
1
= 1 + 2x + 4x + 8x + 16x + G -2x - 4x - 8x - 16x + G
2
2
6
24
2
3
4

1
4
2
8
= 1 + 2x + 2x2 + x3 + x4 + G -2x - 2x2 - x3 - 4x4 + G
2
3
3
3

1
8
8
= -2x - 2x2 - x3 - 4x4 - 4x2 - 4x3 - 16x4 - 4x3 - 4x4 - x4 + G
2
3
3
3

43

21

21

2
2

1
-2x - 6x2 - 32x3 - 16x4 - G
2
3
= -x - 3x2 - 16x3 - 8x4 - G
3
=

When e 2x ln 1 - 2x = e 5 ln

4
,
5

4
5
x= 1
10

1 - 2x =

Hence, e5 ln

4
8
1
3
16
= - -
5
10 100 3000 10 000
= -1021 [Shown]
7500

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Fully Worked Solution

12 + x2

f(x) = -cosec 1 + x2 cot 1 + x2

2
2
9 f(x) = cosec

f(x) = -cosec

12 + x23-cosec 12 + x24 + cot 12 + x23cosec 12 + x2 cot 12 + x24

2

= c osec3

12 + x2 + cot 12 + x2 cosec 12 + x2

= c osec3

12 + x2 + 3cosec 12 + x2 - 14 cosec 12 + x2

= c osec3

12 + x2 + cosec 12 + x2 - cosec 12 + x2

= 2 cosec3

12 + x2 - cosec 12 + x2

f(x) = 2[f(x)]3 - f(x) [Shown]

f(x) = 6[f(x)]2f(x) - f(x)
fIV (x) = 6 [f(x)]2f(x) + f(x)12f(x)f(x) - f(x)
= 6[f(x)]2f(x) + 12f(x)[f(x)]2 - f(x)
When x = 0,

f(0) = cosec

12 + 02

=1
f(0) = -cosec

12 + 02 cot 12 + 02

=0

f(0) = 2(1)3 - 1
=1

f(0) = 6(1)2(0) - 0
=0

f (0) = 6(1)2(1) + 12(1)(0)2 - 1

IV

=5

2
3
4
f(x) = f(0) + f(0)x + f(0)x + f(0)x + fIV(0)x + G
2!
3!
4!
2
4

x
5x
cosec
+x =1+
+
+G
2
2
24

Hence, cosec

2
1 1
5 1
1
+
1+

+

2 12
24 12
2 12
1.00348

1 2

1 2

Oxford Fajar Sdn. Bhd. (008974-T) 2012

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ACE AHEAD Mathematics (T) Second Term

2
4
1- 1 x + x +G
1 - cos x
2! 4!
10
=
3
5
x sin x
xx x + x +G
3! 5!

x2 x4
+G
2 24
=
x4
x6
x2 +
+G
6 120

1 - x4 + G
2 24
Dividing each term by x2

=

2
4
x
x
+G
1- +
6 120
1-0+G
1
cos
x
Hence, lim
= 2
x0
x sin x
1-0+0+G
1

=
2
11 Let f(x) = ln (1 + sin x)
f(x) =

cos x
1 + sin x

f(x) =

(1 + sin x)(-sin x) - cos x (cos x)

(1 + sin x)2

-sin x - sin2 x - cos2 x

(1 + sin x)2

-sin x - (sin2 x + cos2 x)

(1 + sin x)2

-sin x - 1
(1 + sin x)2

-(sin x + 1)
(1 + sin x)2
1
= -
1 + sin x
=

= -(1 + sin x)-1
f(x) = (1 + sin x)-2 cos x
cos x

= -
(1 + sin x)2
When x = 0,
f(0) = ln (1 + sin 0)
=0
f(0) = cos 0
1 + sin 0

=1

Oxford Fajar Sdn. Bhd. (008974-T) 2012

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Fully Worked Solution

1
1 + sin 0

= -1
cos 0
f(0) =
(1 + sin 0)2
f(0) = -

=1

f(0)x2 f(0)x3
+
+G
3!
2!
x2 x3
ln (1 + sin x) = x +
+G
2
6
2
3
x x + x +G x
ln (1 + sin x) - x
2
6
lim
= lim
x0
x0
x2
x2
2
3
-x + x + G
6

= lim 2
x0
x2
1 x

= lim - + + G
x0
2 6
1

= -
2
f(x)= f(0)+ f (0)x+

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