Wireless Engineering and Technology, 2013, 4, 117-123

doi:10.4236/wet.2013.420018 Published Online April 2013 (http://www.scirp.org/journal/wet)

117
UWB System Based on the Modified Gegenbauer Function
in MISO Channel
A. Okassa Mfoubat, C. Tatkeu, F. Elbahhar

Universit Lille Nord de France, Lille, France.
Email: fouzia.boukour@ifsttar.fr

Received August 31
st
, 2012; revised November 12
th
, 2012; accepted November 27
th
, 2012

Copyright 2013 A. Okassa Mfoubat et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution Li-
cense, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
ABSTRACT
In this paper, we propose a new multi-user Rake receiver, based on the interference mutualization with a matrix repre-
sentation for Multiple Input Single Output MISO channel. The proposed system used the Modified Gegenbauer func-
tions in order to generate the signal and to ensure the multi users transmission system. The new proposed receiver al-
lows, using the temporal and special diversity, to avoid the interferences between symbols and to improve the system
performances in terms of Bit Error Rate BER and interferences between users with a low algorithm complexity. The
proposed solution is based on the classical Rake receiver associated with the equalizer receiver. In order to adapt the
Rake approach, in single detection case and in multi users Ultra Wide Band environment, we propose a multi-user Rake
receiver using the matrix form. Our proposed system is evaluated in terms of channel effects and multi users interfer-
ences.

Keywords: UWB; MISO Channel; Rake Receiver; LMMSE; Modified Gegenbauer Function
1. Introduction
In recent years a considerable interest arose in ultra-
wideband (UWB) communication systems, due to their
appealing features and release of the spectral mask from
the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) [1].
This technology has many potential advantages such as
high data rate, low probability of interception and detec-
tion, low complexity, low cost, reduced average power
consumption, weak sensitivity to the near-far problem
and immunity to interferences [2-4]. The UWB system
communicates using short-duration pulses lower than
nanosecond. Several waveforms can be used, like Gaus-
sian pulses, monocycle pulses or waveforms based on
orthogonal polynomials like Hermite and Gegenbauer
functions [5-7]. The orthogonal functions allow, without
orthognals code used in classical multi users systems, to
share the channel propagation between the users. The
previous works have shown that the Modified Gegen-
bauer functions or MGF give good results in terms of
BER in the case of Additive White Gaussian Noise
(AWGN) channel [8]. In order to introduce the multi
channel effects, the modified Saleh-Valenzuela (S-V)
model was adopted in 2003 as UWB channel reference
model by the IEEE 802.15.3a [9]. The modelling of
UWB channels is based on the measurement of indoor
propagation environment, as the main commercial appli-
cations will be indoor communications. The main distin-
guishing features of UWB channel propagation are its
extremely multipath-rich profile and non-Rayleigh fading
amplitude characteristics. The UWB channel is charac-
terised by the impluse response with high path number
and delays between 50 to 150 ns [10].
For high data rate, the superposition of symbols in the
receiver destroys the signal and generates intersymbol
interferences. However, the Rake receivers, using the
spatial diversity (antenna) and temporal diversity im-
prove the receiver performance and maximise the signal
to noise ratio at the receiver output.
Several type of Rake receivers have been proposed
such as the Arake receiver that combines all the signal
paths [11-13]. This receiver is not easy to implement
because UWB channel is characterised by a large number
of multipath.
However a feasible implementation can be obtained
using a selective Rake (Srake), which combines the mul-
tipath components with a higher power. Maximal Ratio
Combining MRC receiver Rake uses the path with higher
signal noise ratio SNR [14]. This receiver is optimal in
Copyright 2013 SciRes. WET
UWB System Based on the Modified Gegenbauer Function in MISO Channel 118
the AWGN channel, without multi users interference and
without interference symbols. For multi users interfer-
ences and symbol interferences cases, others receivers
are proposed to improve the BER values but with higher
algorithm complexity [15,16].
In our approach, in order to have a low cost solution,
we propose a multi-user Rake receiver in Multiple input
Single Output MISO channel based on the matrix repre-
sentation. The new receiver has a computational com-
plexity equal to the product of the user numbers M and
the symbol numbers Q transmitted in a packet of data
frame. In this case, the complexity is lower compared to
the others receivers cases.
The results obtained and compared to different receiv-
ers show that our approach improves the performances in
terms of BER, gives better performances with a lower
complexity algorithm.
This paper is organized as follows. In the first section,
we describe the UWB system and structure of the MISO
channel. The second section highlights the main draw-
backs of using single detection receivers based on Rake
receivers MRC in a multi user. The third section presents
our approach proposed and in the fourth section we give
simulation results and discussions. At the end, a conclu-
sion is drawn with prospects.
2. The Proposed UWB System
In order to exploit the diversity benefits, the receiver
must be able to combine different transmitted signals.
The presented methods assume that different signals to
be combined are received through different branches [17].
In case, the generated signals are the packets Q, with
equiprobility bits modulated using the Binary Phase Shift
Keying modulation (BPSK). If we consider Q packet of
data frame, the transmitted signal for user k is given by
the following Equation:
( )
( )
(
1
0
Q
k
k b q k s
q
x t E b G t qT )
k
t

=
=

(1)
where is the bit energy and
b
E
s
T
( ) k
is the symbol period.
The zero mean i.i.d data symbol are passed through
{ } q
b
a unit energy pulse shaping includes the effects
of transmit antenna. In this equation, each Gegenbauer
order is assigned to each active user. The used pulses
are defined by the recurrence relation:
( )
k
G t
( ) G t
( ) ( )
( )
, 1
2,
1
2 1
2 2
1
k k
k
k
G x xG x
k
k
G x
k
| |
|
|
|

+ | |
= +
|
\ .
+ | |
+
|
\ .
,
(2)
where | | 1,1 x e is the time in nanosecond, the
order of the Gegenbauer function and
1 k >
| is the parame-
ter defining the Gegenbauer polynomials family. The
results in [17] show that 1 | = gives the best perform-
ance of UWB system. The orthogonality condition is
satisfied for all m n =
( ) ( ) ( ) d 0 x w x x
1
1
G x

, , n m
G
| |

}
= (3)
The Gegenbauer polynomials may be used in UWB
systems to construct MGF pulses with narrow widths.
For this purpose, they are multiplied by the square root
the weight function ( ) , w x | . These functions, that sat-
isfy the Equation (3), are given by the following formula:
( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
2
d
n
b
a
=
}
u
n
G x w x
G x
w x G x x
(4)
We consider a MISO channel with each transmitted
(antenna) is composed of a MGF pulse as shown in Fig-
ure 1, the signal ( )
k
x t
( ) r t
through the channel propagation.
In the output receiver, the signal received by the station
is the sum of signal of all users can be written:
(
1
0
x t

) ( ) ( ) ( )
M
k k
k
h t t q
=
= - +

(5)
where ( ) t q is the Additive White Gaussian Noise
AWGN with zero mean and variance
2
n
o ; ( )
k
h t is the
impulse response associated with the k
th
user.
The stochastic channel models, used to evaluate the
physical layer of UWB, are adopted by the committee
802.15.3a especially for the intra-building environment,
short-range (up to 10 m) for high date speed communica-
tions (>100 Mbit/s). These models are defined by an im-
pulse response and given in the following equation:
( )
k k
h t X
( )
,
0 0
p
l i
o o
= =
=

( ) ( )
( )
, i l
L
k k
i l l
t T t
k
(6)
where
( )
,
k
i l
o is the gain coefficient of the i
th
ray within
the l
th
cluster. is the delay of l
th
cluster for desired
( ) k
l
T
user.
( ) k
, i l
t is the delay of the ray relative to the cluster
arrival time
l
of the desired users.
k
( ) k
T X represents
the log-normal shadowing; L and P indicate respectively
the number of resolvable path and the number of rays of
each cluster. To simplify the analysis, we can write the
impulse response in another form as:


Figure 1. Illustration of model.
Copyright 2013 SciRes. WET
UWB System Based on the Modified Gegenbauer Function in MISO Channel
119
( )
( ) ( )
(
1
0
p
L
k
k l
l
h t h t o t

=
=
)
k
l
(7)
where
p
L is the total number of rays, and
( ) k
l
h
( ) k
l
t
are the gain and delay introduced by the l
th
ray. As the
number of signal sample ( )
k
x t
)
is QN is the
sample of pulse ; then the convolution operation
between the signal
k
Q = N
( )
k
G t
( x t and the impulse response
, therefore the number of signal ( )
k
h t ( ) r t , signal sam-
ple is : assuming that j is the desired 1
p
L F QN = +
( )
user and
0
j
b is the symbol of the j desired user. The
received signal given by 5 can be written by the follow-
ing equation:
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( ) ( )
1
0
0
1 1 1
0
0
Q
j j
j j q j s j
q
Q M M
k j
j k q k s k
k j k j q
r t b h t t b h t qT t
b h t t b h t qT t w t

=

= = =
= +
+ + +

(8)
with
( )
( ) ( )
(
1
0
p
L
k
k b l k
l
h t E h G t t

=
=

)
k
l
(9)
In this equation there are three different terms. The
first term corresponds to the useful signal of the desired
user, the second term is the symbol interference. This
second term interact with the useful signal when the total
duration of the response channel denoted
m
is higher
than the symbol duration
T
s
T . The third term corresponds
to the multi-user interference.
3. Single Detector Receivers: Case of Rake
Receivers
Due to the fact that impulse responses have a large num-
ber of multiple paths, using Rake receiver [18] method
used in several studies to exploit the diversity of impulse
and to maximize the energy available for the receiver. By
identifying
i
the correlation output of branch i, the
output of the receiver, after single-user combination in
the case of Rake, is given by the following formula:
z
( ) ( ) ( )
1
r
L
k k
i i
i
Y y o
=
=

k

where
r
is the number of receiver branch and
i
L o is
the weight assigned to the branch i, regardless the com-
bination method. For the branch i, with the delay
( ) k
i
t ,
the output of the correlator or conventional receiver is
given by :
( )
( )
( )
( )
d
i S
i
T
k k
i k
y r t G t
t
t
t
+
=
} i
t (10)
In the multi user case, where each user transmits in a
channel different from its neighbor as expressed by
Equation (8), the choice of weights assigned
i
o for the
branch i, as proposed in several studies, cannot be effi-
cient for estimating the symbols, even though no actual
interference between symbols occurs. If we adopt the all
Rake (Arake) with MRC and when the channel is known,
the gains combinations
( ) ( ) ( )
0 1 1
r
k k k
k L
o o o o

(
=

are identical to the channel gain with

( ) ( ) ( )
0 1 1
k k k
k Q
h h h o
N
(
=

. In this case
( )
0
k
i i
h o = =
for and 1
p
i L >
r
L QN = .
4. Novel Approach Proposed
In this section, to improve the reception performances,
we propose a multi-user Rake receiver matrix representa-
tion using MGF functions. The idea of this approach is to
mutualise different interferences as seen in Equation (8),
to constitute only a single type of interference. In this
case, interference cancellation can be combined easily.
So, the signal received from the user k illustrated by
Figure 1 can be formulated as following:
( )
0
1
k
k QN
F
r
r
r

(
(
= =
(
(

H x (11)
where
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
T
0 1 1
k k k k
QN QN
x x x x

(
=

is the transmitted
waveform;
k
H is a channel matrix of dimension
F QN ;
( ) k
QN
x represents spread data and therefore, can
be expressed as:
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( )
( )
T
k k
QN k Q Q k Q
x vec = = G b G b 1
k
Q
(12)
Here
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
T
1 2
k k k k
Q
b b b
(
=

b is a column vec-
tor which represents the symbols transmitted by the user
with the dimension ;
k
denotes a column
vector of the modified Gegenbauer function sampled by
factor;
Q
is the identity matrix of size
k
N
1 Q G
1 Q Q ; the
operand means the Kronecker product and the operand
is a column vector which allows the concatenation
of the column vectors of a matrix. The channel matrix
vec
k
H is expressed by:
0
1 0
1 2
0 0
0
k
k k
k
k k k
F F F QN
h
h h
h h h

(
(
(
=
(
(
(

H

(13)
We can note that, in
k
H element 0
k
n
h = for
. The matrix channel
k
1
p
n L > H is lower triangular
due to the causal nature of . For the purposes of
Arake receiver, the channel gain vector must be
( )
(
k
h ) t
Copyright 2013 SciRes. WET
UWB System Based on the Modified Gegenbauer Function in MISO Channel 120
( ) ( ) ( )
0 1 1
k k k
k Q
h h h

=

o
N

. Assuming
(
M active us-
ers, the received signal is given by this formula:
( )
1
M
k
k Q
r H x
=
=

k
+q (14)
where
1 F
is a column vector cor-
responding to the Gaussian noise with zero mean and
variance
|
0 1
q q q

= q
2
|
T
q
o . Similarly to the Rake receiver single de-
tection, here we choose gains of each branch as vector
( ) ( ) ( )
0 1 1
k k k
k
h h h

=

o
QN
(

. Thus the channel matrix

Arake
k
o can be decomposed into a sum of the various
paths as following:
(
1
QN k
N
z
) 1
2
k
Q
z h

+ +
2
0 1
1
k k
k QN
h h z h = + + o (15)
where z is a shift matrix expressed by
0 0
0
0
1 0
QN QN
(
(
(
(
(

1

0
QN
= z
1
1 1
Q Q
G G G ( =

( ) T T
1
M
t
k
Y r G x
=
(
= =

l
(16)
To extract the symbols, observed variable is de-
spread by applying a matrix correlation
. That gives
T
r
M
T
T
Q k
G o +
T
w G
T
k
(17)
If we set
T
1
k Q k
G o ( =

(18)
It combines the different in a matrix constituted of
k
l
|
T
1 2 M
l l l l = elements of dimension |
MQ QN
( )
( )
1
1
1 1
M
q q
Q Q
Y b
|

1
1
Q
l G = A
A
. So Equation (17) becomes:
( )
( )
1
T T
M
M
l
b
l
G G
(
( (
= +
(
(

(


T
w
|
|
(

|
\ .
1
Q
G
|
M
(

(19)
Let us consider

(20)
where is mutualisation of different interferences
matrix. By substituting the channel matrix Arake
k
H
by the expression of Equation (15), development of the
square matrix whose dimension is QM could
be written as following:
A
1 s

= + + + A
Q
( )
( )
( )
0
1
s

(
(
(
(
(
(

M
( ) 1
c
QN c
QN
c
M
M
M

where
s
+ and
r
s L e represent respectively the coef-
ficient matrix of the multipath channel and the index of
relative delay multipath; the matrix
( ) s
c
M and
( ) s
G
give respectively the correlation matrix and matrix of
code shifted by a number of lines upwards. The ma-
trix
s
( ) s
c
M and
s
+ are defined as following:
( )
c
G G

M
( ) s T s
(

(22)
1
,
,
1
1
s Q Q Q
s
M
Q Q s Q
h
h
( (

(
= (
(
(
(

+
0
0
(23)
here
, Q Q
is the zero matrix whose size is 0 ( ) Q Q . In
this configuration, the equation of the variable decision is
encapsulated:
T
1
T T
b Q
M
y
Y w
y

(
( T
G = = A +
(
(

b (24)
where
( )
( )
( )
( )
T T
1 T M
Q Q Q
b b
(
=
(

b are random vector
of parameters whose realization is to be estimated and
has mean zero and covariance matrix is
b
of the di-
mension symbols 1
C
QM . Thus, the new variance of
noise denoted equal to
2
2
C
q
. To restore the transmit- o
ted symbols, the optimal data estimation should
resolve the approach to the problem of least squares as-
suming

Q
b
T

Q
b Y A ~ such as
T
T

min
Q
Q
b
b Y A (25)
By solving Equation (8), data estimation is obtained by
(

Q
b sign Y = A )
LS
(26)
With
( )
1
T T
LS

= A AA A the pseudo inverse matrix.

This algorithm is referred to using the acronym Rake-LS
(Rake least squares). Unfortunately the optimal solution
in the least-squares approach is obtained without the
Gaussian noise [19-22]. Forcing the interference zeros
pooled significantly amplify the noise. The LMMSE ap-
proach allows taking into account the noise and the cor-
relation factor in the variable decision, is obtained by
minimizing the following equation:
{
T
2
T T

min
Q
Q Q
b
E b b
}
(27)
(
(
(
(21)
where {} E means the mathematical Esperance. The
solution of Equation (27) using [19] gives:
( )
1
2
T 2 1 T
Q n b QM
b sign Y G C I o

| | T
= + A A
|
\ .
A (28)
This algorithm is referred to using the acronym Rake-
Copyright 2013 SciRes. WET
UWB System Based on the Modified Gegenbauer Function in MISO Channel
121
LMMSE [23,24]. In the case of Single Input Single Out-
put SISO channel where all users transmit on a single
channel only the matrix (
1 2 M
H H H = = )
s
+ is mo-
dified and then, becomes:
1
1
s s Q
h =

+ (

)
(29)
In the presence of multi users interference and lack of
interference intersymbol, the proposed approach reduces
the correlation matrix to the value and con-
sequently, the complexity of design loads is reduced and
thus the matrix has the dimension
(
T
G G = A
( ) A M M .
5. Simulation Results and Discussions
In this section, we discuss simulation results of ultra
wideband system using stochastic channel models adopted
by the committee IEEE 802.15.3a. To analyze the results,
we studied the case of using the four first orders of modi-
fied Gegenbauer functions, where each waveform with
duration of 2 ns is assigned to each user. The signal
waveforms are sampled at the period . The
simulations are performed on Matlab using the Monte
Carlo method. Two antenna configurations are analyzed,
the case of transmission in SISO channel and MISO
channel. Four types of channels IEEE 802.13a noted
CM1 to CM4 are used in our simulation. Here we took a
frame of data closed by four symbols, i.e. the transmis-
sion rate at 8 ns.
8
e s
T T = =
In the simulations, the following Figure 2 shows that,
according to a user associated with each order of the
Gegenbauer polynomials, performances may vary de-
pending on the desired user. By choosing the first 4 or-
ders (1 2 3 4), where order 1 and order 2 is named re-
spectively user N#1 and user N#2. The user N#2 gives
good performances compared to the user N#1, and this,
whatever the type of receiver used. Also the configura-
tion of the antennas has an impact on the receivers per-
formances. In this Figure 2, we can see that the proposed
approach gives better performances compared than con-
ventional and Arake receivers. Also the performances of


Figure 2. BER versus Eb/No in case of CM1 environment
with respectively waveforms functions orders (1, 2, 3, 4).
Rake LMMSE are significantly better than those ob-
tained with the Rake-LS method. Figure 3 shows the
proposed approach performances, while increasing dura-
tion of a symbol. We note that the performances degrade
as a function of the reduction of the symbol duration.
The Figure 4 shows the impact of channel types on
the algorithm performances. It is observed that the pro-
posed approach is more resistant to channels degradation,
compared to the conventional and Arake receivers. Fi-
nally, in the absence of the transmission channel, the
proposed receiver performances are close to the optimal
solution, compared to the conventional receiver. Despite
the presence of interferences and lack of interference
between symbols, the proposed approach gives perform-
ances close to optimal results, i.e. in the case of a thresh-
old in a user environment, without interference of inter-
symbols. This is illustrated on Figure 5.
6. Conclusion
In this paper, we proposed a receiver that combines all
interferences in a MISO channel using the modified
Gegenbauer polynomials. A novel proposed approach
based on the matrix representation is given. The simula-


Figure 3. BER versus SNR for 4 symbols in case of CM1
environment with respectively waveforms orders (1, 2, 3, 4).


Figure 4. Receiver performances according to type of envi-
ronment (CM1 to CM3) under user N#2.
Copyright 2013 SciRes. WET
UWB System Based on the Modified Gegenbauer Function in MISO Channel 122

Figure 5. Performances in the presence and absence of the
channel under CM1 environment.

tions carried out, show that our approach gives high per-
formances compared to a conventional or ARAKE re-
ceivers. Using this new approach, we can achieve a
trade-off between performance in terms of bit error rate
and computational complexity. Our approach offers a
high performance system in terms of data rate and bit
error rate with a low cost. In the future work, we will
apply these studies on others channel type such as the
IEEE 802.15.4a models. We will validate these theoreti-
cal and simulation results by tests in real environments.
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