FEM Higher Order Elements

MANE 4240 & CIVL 4240
Introduction to Finite Elements

Higher order elements

Reading assignment:

Lecture notes
Summary:

Properties of shape functions
Higher order elements in 1D
Higher order triangular elements (using area coordinates)
Higher order rectangular elements
Lagrange family
Serendipity family
Recall that the finite element shape functions need to satisfy the
following properties

1. Kronecker delta property

=
nodes other all at
i node at
N
i
0
1
...
2 2 1 1
+ + = u N u N u
Inside an element
At node 1, N
1
=1, N
2
=N
3
==0, hence
1
1
u u
node
=
Facilitates the imposition of boundary conditions
2. Polynomial completeness

y y N
x x N
N
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
=
=
=
1
y x u If
3 2 1
+ +
Then
Higher order elements in 1D
2-noded (linear) element:
1
2
x
2
x
1
1 2
1
2
2 1
2
1
x x
x x
N
x x
x x
N
=
In local coordinate system (shifted to center of element)
1
2
x

a a
a
x a
N
a
x a
N
2
2
2
1
+
=
=
x

3-noded (quadratic) element:
1
2
x
2
x
1
( )( )
( )( )
( )( )
( )( )
( )( )
( )( )
2 3 1 3
2 1
3
3 2 1 2
3 1
2
3 1 2 1
3 2
1
x x x x
x x x x
N
x x x x
x x x x
N
x x x x
x x x x
N

=

=

=
1
2
x

a a
( )
( )
2
2 2
3
2
2
2
1
2
2
a
x a
N
a
x a x
N
a
x a x
N
=
+
=
=
3
x
3
x

a x x a x = = =
3 2 1
; 0 ;
3
4-noded (cubic) element:
1
2
x
2
x
1
( )( )( )
( )( )( )
( )( )( )
( )( )( )
( )( )( )
( )( )( )
( )( )( )
( )( )( )
3 4 2 4 1 4
3 2 1
4
4 3 2 3 1 3
4 2 1
3
4 2 3 2 1 2
4 3 1
2
4 1 3 1 2 1
4 3 2
1
x x x x x x
x x x x x x
N
x x x x x x
x x x x x x
N
x x x x x x
x x x x x x
N
x x x x x x
x x x x x x
N

=

=

=

=
1 2
2a/3

x

a a
) 3 / )( 3 / )( (
16
27
) )( 3 / )( (
16
27
) 3 / )( 3 / )( (
16
9
) 3 / )( 3 / )( (
16
9
3
4
3
3
3
2
3
1
a x a x a x
a
N
x a x a x a
a
N
a x a x a x
a
N
a x a x a x
a
N
+ =
+ =
+ + =
+ =
3
x
3
x

x
4
4
3
4
2a/3

2a/3

Polynomial completeness
M
4
3
2
1
x
x
x
x
2 node; k=1; p=2
3 node; k=2; p=3
4 node; k=3; p=4
Convergence
rate (displacement)
1 ;
0
+ = k p Ch u u
p
h
Recall that the convergence in displacements
k=order of complete polynomial
Triangular elements
Area coordinates (L
1
, L
2
, L
3
)
1
A=A
1
+A
2
+A
3
Total area of the triangle
At any point P(x,y) inside
the triangle, we define
A
A
L
A
A
L
A
A
L
3
3
2
2
1
1
=
=
=
Note: Only 2 of the three area coordinates are independent, since
x
y
2
3
P
A
1
A
2
A
3
L
1
+L
2
+L
3
=1

A
y c x b a
L
i i i
i
2
+ +
=
1 2 3 2 1 3 1 2 2 1 3
3 1 2 1 3 2 3 1 1 3 2
2 3 1 3 2 1 2 3 3 2 1
3 3
2 2
1 1
x 1
x 1
x 1
det
2
1
x x c y y b y x y x a
y
y
y
triangle of area A
= = =
= = =
= = =
(
(
(
= =
Check that
y y L y L y L
x x L x L x L
L L L
= + +
= + +
= + +
3 3 2 2 1 1
3 3 2 2 1 1
3 2 1
1
x
y
2
3
P
A
1
1
L
1
= constant
P
Lines parallel to the base of the triangle are lines of constant L
We will develop the shape functions of triangular elements in
terms of the area coordinates
x
y
2
3
P
A
1
1
L
1
= 0
L
1
= 1
L
2
= 0
L
2
= 1
L
3
= 0
L
3
= 1
For a 3-noded triangle
3 3
2 2
1 1
L N
L N
L N
=
=
=
x
y
2
3
1
L
1
= 0
L
1
= 1
L
2
= 0
L
2
= 1
L
3
= 0
L
3
= 1
L
1
= 1/2
L
2
= 1/2
L
3
= 1/2
4
5
6
How to write down the expression for N
1
?
Realize the N
1
must be zero along edge 2-3 (i.e., L
1
=0) and at
nodes 4&6 (which lie on L
1
=1/2)
( )( ) 2 / 1 0
1 1 1
= L L c N
Determine the constant c from the condition that N
1
=1 at
node 1 (i.e., L
1
=1)
( )( )
( ) 2 / 1 2
2
1 2 / 1 1 1 ) 1 (
1 1 1
1 1
=
=
= = =
L L N
c
c L at N
1 3 6
2 3 5
2 1 4
3 3 3
2 2 2
1 1 1
4
4
4
) 2 / 1 ( 2
) 2 / 1 ( 2
) 2 / 1 ( 2
L L N
L L N
L L N
L L N
L L N
L L N
=
=
=
=
=
=
x
y
2
3
1
L
1
= 0
L
1
= 1
L
2
= 0
L
2
= 1
L
3
= 0
L
3
= 1
L
1
= 2/3
L
2
= 2/3
L
3
= 1/3
L
3
= 2/3
L
2
= 1/3
L
1
= 1/3
5
4
6
7
8
9
10
3 2 1 10
3 3 2 7
2 3 2 6
2 2 1 5
1 2 1 4
3 3 3 3
2 2 2 2
1 1 1 1
27
:
) 3 / 1 (
2
27
) 3 / 1 (
2
27
) 3 / 1 (
2
27
) 3 / 1 (
2
27
) 3 / 2 )( 3 / 1 (
2
9
) 3 / 2 )( 3 / 1 (
2
9
) 3 / 2 )( 3 / 1 (
2
9
L L L N
L L L N
L L L N
L L L N
L L L N
L L L N
L L L N
L L L N
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
NOTES:
3 node; k=1; p=2
6 node; k=2; p=3
10 node; k=3; p=4
Convergence
rate (displacement)
L
3 2 2 3
2 2
1
y xy y x x
y xy x
y x
2. Integration on triangular domain
)! 1 (
! !
. 2
)! 2 (
! ! !
2 . 1
2 1
2 1
2 1
3 2 1
m k
m k
l dS L L
n m k
n m k
A dA L L L
edge
m k
A
n m k
+ +
=
+ + +
=
1
x
y
2
3
l
1-2
3. Computation of derivatives of shape functions: use chain rule
x
L
L
N
x
L
L
N
x
L
L
N
x
N
i i i i
3
3
2
2
1
1
e.g.,
But
A
b
x
L
A
b
x
L
A
b
x
L
2
;
2
;
2
3 3 2 2 1 1
=
e.g., for the 6-noded triangle

A
b
L
A
b
L
x
N
L L N
2
4
2
4
4
1
2
2
1
4
2 1 4
+ =
=
Rectangular elements
Lagrange family
Serendipity family
Lagrange family
4-noded rectangle
x
y
a
a
1 2
3 4
b
b
In local coordinate system
ab
y b x a
N
ab
y b x a
N
ab
y b x a
N
ab
y b x a
N
4
) )( (
4
) )( (
4
) )( (
4
) )( (
4
3
2
1
+
=

=
+
=
+ +
=
9-noded quadratic
x
y
a
a
1 2
3 4
b
b
Corner nodes
(
+
=
(

=
(
+
(

=
(
+
(
+
=
2 2
4
2 2
3
2 2
2
2 2
1
2
) (
2
) (
2
) (
2
) (
2
) (
2
) (
2
) (
2
) (
b
y b y
a
x a x
N
b
y b y
a
x a x
N
b
y b y
a
x a x
N
b
y b y
a
x a x
N
5
6
7
8 9
Midside nodes
(
+
=
(

=
(

=
(
+
(

=
2
2 2
2
8
2 2
2 2
7
2
2 2
2
6
2 2
2 2
5
2
) (
2
) (
2
) (
2
) (
b
y b
a
x a x
N
b
y b y
a
x a
N
b
y b
a
x a x
N
b
y b y
a
x a
N
Center node
(

=
2
2 2
2
2 2
9
b
y b
a
x a
N
5 4 3 2 2 3 4 5
4 3 2 2 3 4
3 2 2 3
2 2
1
y xy y x y x y x x
y xy y x y x x
y xy y x x
y xy x
y x
NOTES:
4 node; p=2
9 node; p=3
Convergence
rate (displacement)
Lagrange shape functions contain higher order terms but miss
out lower order terms
Serendipity family
Then go to the corner nodes. At each corner
node, first assume a bilinear shape function as in
a 4-noded element and then modify:
2 2
4
) )( (
8 5
1 1
1
N N
N N
ab
y b x a
N
=
+ +
=
x
y
a
a
1 2
3 4
b
b
5
6
7
8
First generate the shape functions of the
midside nodes as appropriate products of
1D shape functions, e.g.,
(
+
=
(
+
(

=
2
2 2
8
2
2 2
5
2
) (
;
2
) (
b
y b
a
x a
N
b
y b
a
x a
N
4-noded same as Lagrange
8-noded rectangle: how to generate the shape functions?
bilinear shape fn at node 1:
actual shape fn at node 1:
Corner nodes
2 2 4
) )( (
2 2 4
) )( (
2 2 4
) )( (
2 2 4
) )( (
7 8
4
7 6
3
6 5
2
8 5
1
N N
ab
y b x a
N
N N
ab
y b x a
N
N N
ab
y b x a
N
N N
ab
y b x a
N

+
=

=

+
=
+ +
=
x
y
a
a
1 2
3 4
b
b
5
6
7
8
Midside nodes
(
+
=
(

=
(

=
(
+
(

=
2
2 2
8
2
2 2
7
2
2 2
6
2
2 2
5
2
) (
2
) (
2
) (
2
) (
b
y b
a
x a
N
b
y b
a
x a
N
b
y b
a
x a
N
b
y b
a
x a
N
8-noded rectangle
5 4 3 2 2 3 4 5
4 3 2 2 3 4
3 2 2 3
2 2
1
y xy y x y x y x x
y xy y x y x x
y xy y x x
y xy x
y x
NOTES:
4 node; p=2
8 node; p=3
Convergence
rate (displacement)
12 node; p=4
16 node; p=4
More even distribution of polynomial terms than Lagrange
shape functions but p cannot exceed 4!

FEM Higher Order Elements

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MANE 4240 & CIVL 4240

Introduction to Finite Elements

e.g., for the 6-noded triangle

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