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    Bahan Pleno

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    Fitri Amelia Rizki
    The immune system provides specific defenses against infection. It involves several cell types that work together: macrophages identify pathogens and present antigens to T cells; helper T cells stimulate B cells and cytotoxic T cells; B cells produce antibodies; cytotoxic T cells eliminate infected cells. When a non-self antigen is detected, lymphocytes clone themselves into effector cells that attack the pathogen and memory cells that remember it for faster response if encountered again. Antigen presentation, T cell signaling, and B cell antibody production allow for highly specific immune responses against different pathogens.

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    Bahan Pleno

    Uploaded by

    Fitri Amelia Rizki
    15 views5 pages
    The immune system provides specific defenses against infection. It involves several cell types that work together: macrophages identify pathogens and present antigens to T cells; helper T cells stimulate B cells and cytotoxic T cells; B cells produce antibodies; cytotoxic T cells eliminate infected cells. When a non-self antigen is detected, lymphocytes clone themselves into effector cells that attack the pathogen and memory cells that remember it for faster response if encountered again. Antigen presentation, T cell signaling, and B cell antibody production allow for highly specific immune responses against different pathogens.

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    The immune system provides specific defenses against infection. It involves several cell types that work together: macrophages identify pathogens and present antigens to T cells; helper T cells stimulate B cells and cytotoxic T cells; B cells produce antibodies; cytotoxic T cells eliminate infected cells. When a non-self antigen is detected, lymphocytes clone themselves into effector cells that attack the pathogen and memory cells that remember it for faster response if encountered again. Antigen presentation, T cell signaling, and B cell antibody production allow for highly specific immune responses against different pathogens.

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    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    15 views5 pages

    Bahan Pleno

    Uploaded by

    Fitri Amelia Rizki
    The immune system provides specific defenses against infection. It involves several cell types that work together: macrophages identify pathogens and present antigens to T cells; helper T cells stimulate B cells and cytotoxic T cells; B cells produce antibodies; cytotoxic T cells eliminate infected cells. When a non-self antigen is detected, lymphocytes clone themselves into effector cells that attack the pathogen and memory cells that remember it for faster response if encountered again. Antigen presentation, T cell signaling, and B cell antibody production allow for highly specific immune responses against different pathogens.

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    of 5

    The Immune System (Specific Responses) - the third line of defense

    Called into action when nonspecific methods are not enough and infection becomes widespread

    Types of cells involved in the immune system:


    Macrophages - engulf foreign objects o Inform T lymphocytes at a specific antigen is present Helper T cells - produce and secrete chemicals which promote large numbers of effector and memory cells Cytotoxic T cells - T lymphocytes that eliminate infected body cells and tumor cells B cells - produce antibodies (secrete them in the blood or position them on their cell surfaces)

    Each type of virus, bacteria, or other foreign body has molecular markers which make it unique

    Host lymphocytes (i.e. those in your body) can recognize self proteins (i.e. those which are not foreign) When a nonself (foreign) body is detected, mitotic activity in B and T lymphocytes is stimulated o While mitosis is occurring, the daughter populations become subdivided Effector cells - when fully differentiated, they will seek and destroy foreign Memory cells - become dormant, but can be triggered to rapid mitosis if pathogen encountered again

    Thus, immunological specificity and memory involve three events: (1) Recognition of a specific invader (2) Repeated cell divisions that form huge lymphocyte populations (3) Differentiation into subpopulations of effector and memory cells

    Antigen - a nonself marker that triggers the formation of lymphocyte armies Antibodies - molecules which bind to antigens and are recognized by lymphocytes

    Antigen-presenting cell - a macrophage which digests a foreign cell, but leaves the antigens intact. It then binds these antigens to MHC molecules on its cell membrane. The antigen-MHC complexes are noticed by certain lymphocytes (recognition) which promotes cell division (repeated cell divisions)

    Molecular cues that stimulate lypmphocytes to create an immune response T cells (Helper T cells and Cytotoxic T cells)

    T cells arise from stem cells in the bone marrow - they then travel to the thymus where the differentiate and mature. At maturity, they acquire receptors for self markers (MHC molecules) and for antigen-specific receptors. They are then released into the blood as "virgin" T cells. T cells ignore other cells with MHC molecules and they ignore free-floating antigens. However, they will bind with a antigen-presenting macrophage (a macrophage possessing a MHC-antigen complex). This binding promotes rapid cell division and differentiation into effector and memory cells (all with receptors for the antigen) Effector helper T cells secrete interlukins (stimulate both T and B cells to divide and differentiate)

    Effector cytotoxic T cells recognize infected cells with the MHC-antigen complex. They then destroy the cell with perforans (enzymes which perforate the cell membrane, allowing cytoplasm to leak out) and other toxins which attack organelles and DNA

    Cell-mediated immune response B cells and Antibodies


    B cells also arise from stem cells in the bone marrow. As they develop and mature, they start synthesizing a single type of antibody Antibodies are proteins which recognize antigens

    The virgin B cell produces antibodies which move to the cell surface and stick out The B cell floats in the blood - when it encounters the specific antigen it becomes primed for replication The B cell must receive an interleukin signal from a helper T cell which has already become activated by a macrophage with a MHC-antigen complex. This promotes rapid cell division. The B cell population then differentiates into effector and memory B cells The effector B cells then produce a staggering amount of free-floating antibodies o When these free-floating antibodies encounter an antigen, they tag it for destruction by phagocytes and complementary proteins o These types of responses are only good for extracellular toxins and pathogens - they cannot detect pathogens or toxins located inside of a cell

    Antibody-mediated immune response

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