2012 Third International Conference on Digital Manufacturing & Automation

Study On Simulation Of Distribution Generation Based On PSCAD/EMTDC

With the application of renewable energy, Distribution Generation (DG) will play a more important role in power systems in the near future. This paper describes the methods of modeling and simulation about photovoltaic cell, fuel cell and small aero generator. The simulation results prove the correctness of the designed models and its availability for engineering simulation analysis. Keywords: DG, photovoltaic cell, fuel cell, small aero generator, PSCAD/EMTDC

2. 1. INTRODUCTION With the depletion of natural resources, distributed generation (DG) is being paid more and more attention. DG generally refers to satisfy some end-user demands which are characterized by small size, low power, wide distribution, large amount of power fluctuation. Common DG forms include solar energy, wind energy, natural gas. With the characteristic of environment friendly energy, this power generation technology is marked as green energy. China also put the development of DG in the National Development Planning[1]-[2]. Modeling and Simulation of DG system can help us to grasp the characteristics of DG effectively and comprehensive. PSCAD / EMTDC is an industry standard simulation tool to study the power system. It has a friendly human-machine interface, complete and accurate component library and a stable and efficient calculation of the kernel. Especially it has flexible custom model function, which can be edited with the FORTRAN language. As a result, it is a quite suitable simulation tool for modeling and Simulation for DG. This paper will use the PSCAD / EMTDC to model three kinds of DG models as photovoltaic cell, fuel cell and small aero generator. The simulation results verified these models are reliability.
978-0-7695-4772-5/12 $26.00 2012 IEEE DOI 10.1109/ICDMA.2012.196 836

MODELING OF DISTRIBUTED ENERGY

1.1 Simulation of photovoltaic cell Photovoltaic cell are based on photoelectric effect of the semiconductor material to produce electricity with benefits of no fuel, no pollution, scalable and reliable. PV power generation can be equivalent to Fig.1[3]-[4].

Where Iph denotes the short current under a certain light intensity, I0 denotes the diode saturation current, RS and RSH is the equivalent resistance, I is the cell module output current. V is the terminal voltage of battery. Considering the illumination S and ambient temperature T, the output of the photovoltaic cells can be described as following: (1) K1 = VM/VOC 1 [In(1 - IM / Isc)]-1

Fig.1 Equivalent circuit of a photovoltaic cell

K2 = 1 IM / Isc exp[-VM / K 1Voc)] T = T Tref

(2) (3)

(4) (5) (6) I = Isc(1 K 1{exp[(V V ) /( K 2Voc)] 1}) (7) P = VI The VM and IM denote the maximum power voltage and current; VOC denotes the open circuit voltage, Isc denotes the short circuit current. Tref and Sref are reference value of illumination and ambient temperature. Parameter and are current and voltage temperature coefficient. Using formula (1) - (7), combined with a custom module in the PSCAD / EMTDC, a three input and one output photovoltaic cell with the internal parameters is built in Fig.2.

I = ( S / Sref )T + ( S / Sref - 1 Isc

V = T - RsI

Fig.4 The Fortran language of MPPT

1.2 Modeling of Fuel Cell Fuel cell is based on chemical reaction between hydrogen and oxygen to generate electric energy. Generating capacity of the fuel cell depends on the number of switching battery and the impact of environmental change has little impact to fuel cells. Fuel cells can be classified into four categories as following: alkaline fuel cell (AFC), proton exchange membrane fuel cell(PEMFC), acid fuel cell(AFC), molten carbonate fuel cell(MCFC) and solid oxide fuel cell(SOFC). As the SOFC has advantages of flexible power generation, high thermal efficiency and high power quality, SOFC is becoming a hot topical and this paper manly study on it [5]-[6]. The SOFC output voltage is obtained by Leicester equation as following: (8) V = V 0 rI Vact - Vcon

Tc I S Um V


Fig.2 The model and parameters of photovoltaic cell

The short circuit current and open circuit voltage of the photovoltaic cell is influenced by ambient temperature and illumination. In order to make sure the output power is max; the maximum power point control strategy is selected. The control flow is shown in Figure 3.

V 0 = E0 +

where V denotes fuel cell output open circuit voltage; V0 denotes thermodynamic electromotive force, which is related with open circuit voltage E0, the molar gas constant R, the Faraday constant F, the hydrogen pressure PH2 and the oxygen pressure PO2; r is the equivalent resistance value which is related with reference work temperature T0 and working temperature T; Vact is intensification loss which is related with Tafel constant and Tafel slop ; Vcon is voltage concentration loss which is related with the maximum allowable operating current IM. According to formula (8) (12), using a custom module in the PSCAD / EMTDC, a four input and one output fuel cell model is established. The model and internal parameters are shown in Figure 5.
T

RT logPH 2 + 0.5logP0 2 2F r = 0.126exp[- 2870(1/T 0 - 1/T)] V act = + lg I I RT Vcon = (1 ) IM 2F

(9) (10) (11) (12)

Fig.3 Flowchart of MPPT algorithm

Real time optimization scheme is used in this model and MPPT control strategy is realizes by FORTRAN language, as showing in Fig.4.

I PH2 PO2

sofc

Fig.5 The model and parameters of fuel cell

1.3 Modeling of small aero generator

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Wind power generation is a kind of clean power generation through wind turbine converter wind power into electrical energy. VSCF doubly-fed wind turbine has benefits of high efficiency, stable and suitable for application in large wind farms. However, to take full advantage of wind resources and save the investment, a small permanent magnet direct drive wind turbine is a better choice for city distribution network [7]-[8] .In this paper, a small permanent magnet synchronous fan is simulated. The small aero generator model can be divided into two parts: the wind speed and wind turbine model, the permanent magnet synchronous generator and control model. The simulation model, as shown in Fig.6, is given in PSCAD / EMTDC.
ES Wind Source Mean Gust Ramp Noise Vw Vw W P Wind Turbine MOD 2 Type Tm

Tc Tc S S 300.0 V

650.0 i i Um Um 390.0 6.0 5.0

T I PH2

SO FC

wind V windspeed farm VSOFC Vwind

PO2

Fig.8 The three DG models

The photovoltaic cell group and fuel cell group are composed of five batteries in series. The electric energy production of DG are affected by environmental changes , so set the ambient temperature Tc, illumination S and wind speed Vw changes as shown in Fig.9 below.
26.0 25.0 24.0 23.0 22.0 Tc

Beta

950 900 850 800 750

Fig.6 The model of wind source and wind Turbine

The synchronous motor is named after speed n strict synchronize to frequency f. Permanent magnet synchronous motor has the advantages of small size, light weight , high efficiency and the simple and stable control system. The synchronous motor is suitable for urban small-scale wind farm. In this paper, the small aero generator model established in PSCAD/EMTDC, as shown in Fig.7, is started under a given speed.
W w Te * -1 Te A V

Vw 15.0 14.0 13.0 12.0 10.0 15.0 20.0 25.0 30.0

Fig.9 The changes of environment

ES ES

Wind Source Mean Gust Ramp Noise

Vw Vw

Vw W

Wind Turbine MOD 2 Type

Tm Tm P PT

AS shown above, the ambient temperature decline from 25C degrees to 23C after 20s; the keep increasing from 800W/m2 to 900W/m2 during the 13s to 23s; at the same time the wind speed fluctuate between 12 m/s and 15 m/s, the outputs of photovoltaic cell as shown in Fig.10 below.
Vsun(kV) 1.5135 1.5120 1.5105 1.5090 1.5075 20.00 19.60 19.20 18.80 18.40 30.00 29.60 29.20 28.80 28.40 10.0 Isun(A)

A w 1.0 B

Ctrl = 1 * Ctrl CNT 2 Pi * 20.0 D 3.0 Pole pairs N N/D

Beta 1 0 .0 1 sT F

A Wm 1.0 B

Ctrl = 1

Ctrl

w D - + F S/H in out Te hold A B Tm Ctrl = 1 D + -

* 0.012

Wm

TIME

CNT

Ctrl

* 0.01

Psun(kW)

TIME

Fig.7 The model of small aero generator and control system

15.0

20.0

25.0

30.0

3.

SIMULATION AND ANALYSIS OF DISTRIBUTED ENERGY

Fig.10 The output of photovoltaic cell

In this section, the three models above are simulated in PSCAD/EMTDC. The models and related parameter settings as shown in Fig.8 below.

As shown above, when the ambient temperature and illumination change, photovoltaic cell output will alter according to its physical characteristics. Its output power rise from 28.4kW to 29.8kW while the output voltage of fuel cell which less affected by environment condition remains stable at 1.24kV as exhibited in Fig.11.

838

1.300 1.275 1.250 1.225 1.200

Vsofc(kV)

for modeling and Simulation for DG. A photovoltaic cell, fuel cell and a small aero generator three distributed energy models are established in this paper by using PSCAD / EMTDC. The simulation results verify the correctness of these models and hoping this article can provide help for the future research
16.0 20.0 24.0 28.0

12.0

REFERENCES
Fig.11 The output voltage of fuel cell

1. 2.

The output of small aero generator suffer a lot when wind speed change. Just can be obtained in Fig.12 the output voltage keeps in step with the change of wind speed in Fig.10.
180.0 175.0 170.0 Vwind(V)

3.

4.
165.0 10.0 12.5 15.0 17.5 20.0 22.5 25.0 27.5 30.0

Fig.12 The output line voltage of small aero generator

5.

Fig.10 -Fig.12 show the outputs of these models follow external environment transform, and in accordance with its physical characteristics, thus the proposed model is reliable. 4. CONCLUSION As DG will play a more important role in the future, development of DG simulation research has a very strong practical significance. PSCAD / EMTDC as the power system simulation software, has a good interface, complete element base and flexible custom modules which make it an ideal tool

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