Rolling Bearings

Bearing Handling

14. BEARING HANDLING

14.1 Precautions for Proper Handling of Bearings
Since rolling bearings are high precision machine parts, they must be handled accordingly. Even if high quality bearings are used, their expected performance cannot be achieved if they are not handled properly. The main precautions to be observed are as follows: (1) Keep Bearings and Surrounding Area Clean Dust and dirt, even if invisible to the naked eye, have harmful effects on bearings. It is necessary to prevent the entry of dust and dirt by keeping the bearings and their environment as clean as possible. (2) Careful Handling Heavy shocks during handling may cause bearings to be scratched or otherwise damaged possibly resulting in their failure. Excessively strong impacts may cause brinelling, breaking, or cracking. (3) Use Proper Tools Always use the proper equipment when handling bearings and avoid general purpose tools. (4) Prevent Corrosion Since perspiration on the hands and various other contaminants may cause corrosion, keep the hands clean when handling bearings. Wear gloves if possible. Pay attention to rust of bearing caused by corrosive gasses. After the bearings are cleaned with filtered oil, they should be protected to prevent corrosion. Prelubricated bearings must be used without cleaning. Bearing mounting methods depend on the bearing type and type of fit. As bearings are usually used on rotating shafts, the inner rings require a tight fit. Bearings with cylindrical bores are usually mounted by pressing them on the shafts (press fit) or heating them to expand their diameter (shrink fit). Bearings with tapered bores can be mounted directly on tapered shafts or cylindrical shafts using tapered sleeves. Bearings are usually mounted in housings with a loose fit. However, in cases where the outer ring has an interference fit, a press may be used. Bearings can be interference-fitted by cooling them before mounting using dry ice. In this case, a rust preventive treatment must be applied to the bearing because moisture in the air condenses on its surface. 14.2.1 Mounting of Bearings with Cylindrical Bores (1) Press Fits Fitting with a press is widely used for small bearings. A mounting tool is placed on the inner ring as shown in Fig. 14.1 and the bearing is slowly pressed on the shaft with a press until the side of the inner ring rests against the shoulder of the shaft. The mounting tool must not be placed on the outer ring for press mounting, since the bearing may be damaged. Before mounting, applying oil to the fitted shaft surface is recommended for smooth insertion. The mounting method using a hammer should only be used for small ball bearings with minimally tight fits and when a press is not available. In the case of tight interference fits or for medium and large bearings, this method should not be used. Any time a hammer is used, a mounting tool must be placed on the inner ring. When both the inner and outer rings of non-separable bearings, such as deep groove ball bearings, require tight-fit, a mounting tool is placed on both rings as shown in Fig. 14.2, and both rings are fitted at the same time using a screw or hydraulic press. Since the outer ring of self-aligning ball bearings may deflect a mounting tool such as that shown in Fig. 14.2 should always be used for mounting them. In the case of separable bearings, such as cylindrical roller bearings and tapered roller bearings, the inner and outer rings may be mounted separately. Assembly of the inner and outer rings, which were previously mounted separately, should be done carefully to align the inner and outer rings correctly. Careless or forced assembly may cause scratches on the rolling contact surfaces. (2) Shrink Fits Since press fitting large bearings requires a large force, a shrink fit is widely used. The bearings are first heated in oil to expand them before mounting. This method prevents an excessive force from being imposed on the bearings and allows mounting them in a short time. The expansion of the inner ring for various temperature differences and bearing sizes is shown in Fig. 14.3. The precautions to follow when making shrink fits are as follows: (a) Do not heat bearings to more than 120C. (b) Put the bearings on a wire net or suspend them in an oil tank in order to prevent them from touching the tank's bottom directly. (c) Heat the bearings to a temperature 20 to 30C higher than the lowest temperature required for mounting without interference since the inner ring will cool a little during mounting. (d) After mounting, the bearings will shrink in the axial direction as well as the radial direction while cooling. Therefore, press the bearing firmly against the shaft shoulder using locating methods to avoid a clearance between the bearing and shoulder. NSK Bearing Induction Heaters Besides heating in oil, NSK Bearing Heaters, which use electromagnetic induction to heat bearings, are widely used. (Refer to Page C7.) In NSK Bearing Heaters, electricity (AC) in a coil produces a magnetic field that induces a current inside the bearing that generates heat. Consequently, without using flames or oil uniform heating in a short time is possible, making bearing shrink fitting efficient and clean. In the case of relatively frequent mounting and dismounting such as cylindrical roller bearings for roll necks of rolling mills and for railway journal boxes, induction heating should be used for mounting and dismounting inner rings.

Fig. 14.1 Press Fitting Inner Ring

14.2 Mounting
The method of mounting rolling bearings strongly affects their accuracy, life, and performance, so their mounting deserves careful attention. Their characteristics should first be thoroughly studied, and then they should be mounted in the proper manner. It is recommended that the handling procedures for bearings be fully investigated by the design engineers and that standards be established with respect to the following items: (1) Cleaning the bearings and related parts. (2) Checking the dimensions and finish of related parts. (3) Mounting (4) Inspection after mounting. (5) Supply of lubricants. Bearings should not be unpacked until immediately before mounting. When using ordinary grease lubrication, the grease should be packed in the bearings without first cleaning them. Even in the case of ordinary oil lubrication, cleaning the bearings is not required. However, bearings for instruments or for high speed operation must first be cleaned with clean filtered oil in order to remove the anti-corrosion agent.
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Fig. 14.2 Simultaneous Press Fitting of Inner and Outer Rings

m 240 220 200 180

D &T iffere = 8 n ce 0 70 C 60 C C

r6

rat

50

C
40

u re

Bore Expansion

140 120 100 80 60 40 20 80

Tem

160

pe

p6 n6 m5 k5 j5

C 30

C 20

120

180

250

315

400

Bore Diameter

500 mm

Fig. 14.3 Temperature and Thermal Expansion of Inner Ring

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14.2.2 Mounting of Bearings with Tapered Bores Bearings with tapered bores are mounted on tapered shafts directly or on cylindrical shafts with adapters or withdrawal sleeves (Figs. 14.4 and 14.5). Large spherical roller bearings are often mounted using hydraulic pressure. Fig. 14.6 shows a bearing mounting utilizing a sleeve and hydraulic nut. Fig. 14.7 shows another mounting method. Holes are drilled in the sleeve which are used to feed oil under pressure to the bearing seat. As the bearing expands radially, the sleeve is inserted axially with adjusting bolts. Spherical roller bearings should be mounted while checking their radial-clearance reduction and referring to the push-in amounts listed in Table 14.1. The radial clearance must be measured using clearance gauges. In this measurement, as shown in Fig. 14.8, the clearance for both rows of rollers must be measured simultaneously, and these two values should be kept roughly the same by adjusting the relative position of the outer and inner rings. When a large bearing is mounted on a shaft, the outer ring may be deformed into an oval shape by its own weight. If the clearance is measured at the lowest part of the deformed bearing, the measured value may be bigger than the true value. If an incorrect radial internal clearance is obtained in this manner and the values in Table 14.1 are used, then the interference fit may

become too tight and the true residual clearance may become too small. In this case, as shown in Fig. 14.9. one half of the total clearance at points and b (which are on a horizontal line passing through the bearing center) and c (which is at the lowest position of the bearing) may be used as the residual clearance. When a self-aligning ball bearing is mounted on a shaft with an adapter, be sure that the residual clearance does not become too small. Sufficient clearance for easy alignment of the outer ring must be allowed.

Table 14.1 Mounting of Spherical Roller Bearings with Tapered Bores

Units : mm Bearing Bore Diameter Reduction in Radial Clearance min.
0.025 0.030 0.030 0.040 0.045 0.050 0.060 0.065 0.070 0.080 0.090 0.100 0.110 0.120 0.140 0.150 0.170 0.190 0.210 0.230 0.260 0.280 0.310 0.340 0.370

Push-in amount in axial direction Taper 1 : 12 min. max.

0.40 0.45 0.45 0.60 0.70 0.75 0.90 1.0 1.1 1.3 1.4 1.6 1.7 1.9 2.2 2.4 2.7 3.0 3.4 3.7 4.2 4.5 5.0 5.5 5.9 0.45 0.55 0.55 0.70 0.85 0.90 1.1 1.3 1.4 1.6 1.7 1.9 2.2 2.4 2.7 3.0 3.3 3.7 4.3 4.8 5.3 5.9 6.6 7.4 8.0

Minimum Permissible Residual Clearance CN 0.010 0.015 0.025 0.030 0.035 0.045 0.055 0.060 0.070 0.070 0.080 0.090 0.100 0.110 0.120 0.130 0.140 0.160 0.170 0.200 0.220 0.240 0.280 0.310 0.360 C3 0.025 0.030 0.035 0.040 0.050 0.065 0.080 0.100 0.110 0.110 0.130 0.140 0.150 0.160 0.180 0.200 0.220 0.240 0.270 0.310 0.330 0.390 0.430 0.470 0.530

d
over
30 40 50 65 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 225 250 280 315 355 400 450 500 560 630 710 800 900 1 000

incl
40 50 65 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 225 250 280 315 355 400 450 500 560 630 710 800 900 1 000 1 120

max.
0.030 0.035 0.035 0.045 0.055 0.060 0.070 0.080 0.090 0.100 0.110 0.120 0.140 0.150 0.170 0.190 0.210 0.240 0.270 0.300 0.330 0.370 0.410 0.460 0.500

Taper 1 : 30 min. max.

1.75 1.9 2.25 2.5 2.75 3.25 3.5 4.0 4.25 4.75 5.5 6.0 6.75 7.5 8.5 9.25 10.5 11.5 12.5 14.0 15.0 2.15 2.25 2.75 3.25 3.5 4.0 4.25 4.75 5.5 6.0 6.75 7.5 8.25 9.25 11.0 12.0 13.0 15.0 16.5 18.5 20.0

14.3 Operation Inspection

After the mounting has been completed, a running test should be conducted to determine if the bearing has been mounted correctly. Small machines may be manually operated to assure that they rotate smoothly. Items to be checked include sticking due to foreign matter or visible flaws, uneven torque caused by improper mounting or an improper mounting surface, and excessive torque caused by an inadequate clearance, mounting error, or seal friction. If there are no abnormalities, powered operation may be started.

Remarks The values for reduction in radial internal clearance are for bearings with CN clearance. For bearing with C3 Clearance,the maximum values listed should be used for the reduction in radial internal clearance.
Fig. 14.4 Mounting with Adapter Fig. 14.5 Mounting with Withdrawal Sleeve

Oil

b c

Fig. 14.6 Mounting with Fig. 14.6 Hydraulic Nut

Fig. 14.7 Mounting with Special Sleeve Fig. 14.7 and Hydraulic Pressure

Fig. 14.8 Clearance Measurement Fig. 14.8 of Spherical Roller Bearing

Fig. 14.9 Measuring Clearance in Large Spherical Roller Fig. 14.9 Bearing

Large machines, which cannot be turned by hand, can be started after examination with no load, and the power immediately cutoff and the machine allowed to coast to a stop. Confirm that there is no abnormality such as vibration, noise, contact of rotating parts, etc. Powered operation should be started slowly without load and the operation should be observed carefully until it is determined that no abnormalities exist, then gradually increase the speed, load, etc. to their normal levels. Items to be checked during the test operation include the existence of abnormal noise, excessive rise of bearing temperature, leakage and contamination of lubricants, etc. If any abnormality is found during the test operation, it must be stopped immediately and the machine should be inspected. If necessary, the bearing should be dismounted for examination.
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Although the bearing temperature can generally be estimated by the temperature of the outside surface of the housing, it is more desirable to directly measure the temperature of the outer ring using oil holes for access. The bearing temperature should rise gradually to the steady state level within one to two hours after the operation starts. If the bearing or its mounting is improper, the bearing temperature may increase rapidly and become abnormally high. The cause of this abnormal temperature may be an excessive amount of lubricant, insufficient bearing clearance, incorrect

mounting, or excessive friction of the seals. In the case of high speed operation, an incorrect selection of bearing type or lubricating method may also cause an abnormal temperature rise. The sound of a bearing may be checked with a noise locater or other instruments. Abnormal conditions are indicated by a loud metallic sound, or other irregular noise, and the possible cause may include incorrect lubrication, poor alignment of the shaft and housing, or the entry of foreign matter into the bearing. The possible causes and countermeasures for irregularities are listed in Table 14.2.

14.4 Dismounting
A bearing may be removed for periodic inspection or for other reasons. If the removed bearing is to be used again or it is removed only for inspection, it should be dismounted as carefully as when it was mounted. If the bearing has a tight fit, its removal may be difficult. The means for removal should be considered in the original design of the adjacent parts of the machine. When dismounting, the procedure and sequence of removal should first be studied using the machine drawing and considering the type of mounting fit in order to perform the operation properly. 14.4.1 Dismounting of Outer Rings In order to remove an outer ring that is tightly fitted, first place bolts in the push-out holes in the housing at several locations on its circumference as shown in Fig. 14.10, and remove the outer ring by uniformly tightening the bolts. These bolt holes should always be fitted with blank plugs when not being used for dismounting. In the case of separable bearings, such as tapered roller bearings, some notches should be made at several positions in the housing shoulder, as shown in Fig. 14.11, so the outer ring may be pressed out using a dismounting tool or by tapping it.

14.4.2 Dismounting of Bearings with Cylindrical Bores If the mounting design allows space to press out the inner ring, this is an easy and fast method. In this case, the withdrawal force should be imposed only on the inner ring (Fig. 14.12). Withdrawal tools like those shown in Figs. 14.13 and 14.14 are often used.

Bolt

Table 14. 2 Causes of and Countermeasures for Operating Irregularities

Irregularities Possible Causes Abnormal Load Incorrect mounting Insufficient or improper Lubricant Contact of rotating parts Noise Loud Regular Sound Flaws,corrosion,or scratches on raceways Brinelling Flaking on raceway Excessive clearance Irregular Sound Penetration of foreign particles Flaws or flaking on balls Excessive amount of lubricant Insufficient or improper lubricant Abnormal load Abnormal Temperature Rise Incorrect mounting Creep on fitted surface, excessive seal friction Brinelling Flaking Vibration (Axial runout) Incorrect mounting Penetration of foreign particles Leakage or Discoloration of Lubricant Too much lubricant, Penetration by foreign matter or abrasion chips Countermeasures Improve the fit, internal clearance, preload, position of housing shoulder, etc. Improve the machining accuracy and alignment of shaft and housing, accuracy of mounting method. Replenish the lubricant or select another lubricant. Modify the labyrinth seal, etc. Replace or clean the bearing, improve the seals, and use clean lubricant. Replace the bearing and use care when handling bearings. Replace the bearing. Improve the fit, clearance and preload. Replace or clean the bearing, improve the seals, and use clean lubricant. Replace the bearing. Reduce amount of lubricant, select stiffer grease. Replenish lubricant or select a better one. Improve the fit, internal clearance, preload, position of housing shoulder. Improve the machining accuracy and alignment of shaft and housing, accuracy of mounting, or mounting method. Correct the seals, replace the bearing, correct the fitting or mounting. Replace the bearing and use care when handling bearings. Replace the bearing. Correct the squareness between the shaft and housing shoulder or side of spacer. Replace or clean the bearing, improve the seals. Reduce the amount of lubricant, select a stiffer grease. Replace the bearing or lubricant. Clean the housing and adjacent parts.

Loud Metallic Sound (1)

Plug

Fig. 14.10 Removal of Outer Ring with Dismounting Bolts

Fig. 14.11 Removal Notches

Fig. 14.12 Removal of Inner Fig. 14.1 2 Ring Using a Press

Fig. 14.13 Removal of Inner Ring Using Fig. 14.13 Withdrawal Tool (1)

Fig. 14.14 Removal of Inner Ring Using Fig. 14.14 Withdrawal Tool (2)

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Note (1) Intermittent squeal or high-pitch noise may be heard in medium- to large-sized cylindrical roller bearings or ball bearings that are operating under grease lubrication in low-temperature environments. Under such low-temperature conditions, bearing temperature will not rise resulting in fatigue nor is grease performance affected. Although intermittent squeal or high-pitch noise may occur under these conditions, the bearing is fully functional and can continue to be used. In the event that greater noise reduction or quieter running properties are needed, please contact your nearest NSK branch office.

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In both cases, the claws of the tools must substantially engage the face of the inner ring; therefore, it is advisable to consider the size of the shaft shoulder or to cut grooves in the shoulder to accommodate the withdrawal tools (Fig. 14.14). The oil injection method is usually used for the withdrawal of large bearings. The withdrawal is achieved easily by mean of oil pressure applied through holes in the shaft. In the case of extra wide bearings, the oil injection method is used together with a withdrawal tool. Induction heating is used to remove the inner rings of NU and NJ types of cylindrical roller bearings. The inner rings are expanded by brief local heating, and then withdrawn (Fig. 14.15). Induction heating is also used to mount several bearings of these types on a shaft.

14.4.3 Dismounting of Bearings with Tapered Bores When dismounting relatively small bearings with adapters, the inner ring is held by a stop fastened to the shaft and the nut is loosened several turns. This is followed by hammering on the sleeve using a suitable tool as shown in Fig. 14.18. Fig. 14.16 shows one procedure for dismounting a withdrawal sleeve by tightening the removal nut. If this procedure is difficult, it may be possible to drill and tap bolt holes in the nut and withdraw the sleeve by tightening the bolts as shown in Fig. 14.17. Large bearings may be withdrawn easily using oil pressure. Fig. 14.19 illustrates the removal of a bearing by forcing oil under pressure through a hole and groove in a tapered shaft to expand the inner ring. The bearing may suddenly move axially when the interference is relieved during this procedure so a stop nut is recommended for protection. Fig. 14.20 shows a withdrawal using a hydraulic nut.

14.5 Inspection of Bearings

14.5.1 Bearing Cleaning When bearings are inspected, the appearance of the bearings should first be recorded and the amount and condition of the residual lubricant should be checked. After the lubricant has been sampled for examination, the bearings should be cleaned. In general, light oil or kerosene may be used as a cleaning solution. Dismounted bearings should first be given a preliminary cleaning followed by a finishing rinse. Each bath should be provided with a metal net to support the bearings in the oil without touching the sides or bottom of the tank. If the bearings are rotated with foreign matter in them during preliminary cleaning, the raceways may be damaged. The lubricant and other deposits should be removed in the oil bath during the initial rough cleaning with a brush or other means. After the bearing is relatively clean, it is given the finishing rinse. The finishing rinse should be done carefully with the bearing being rotated while immersed in the rinsing oil. It is necessary to always keep the rinsing oil clean.

Oil Inner Ring

14.5.2 Inspection and Evaluation of Bearings After being thoroughly cleaned, bearings should be examined for the condition of their raceways and external surfaces, the amount of cage wear, the increase in internal clearance, and degradation of tolerances. These should be carefully checked, in addition to examination for possible damage or other abnormalities, in order to determine the possibility for its reuse. In the case of small non-separable ball bearings, hold the bearing horizontally in one hand, and then rotate the outer ring to confirm that it turns smoothly. Separable bearings such as tapered roller bearings may be checked by individually examining their rolling elements and the outer ring raceway. Large bearings cannot be rotated manually; however, the rolling elements, raceway surfaces, cages, and contact surface of the ribs should be carefully examined visually. The more important a bearing is, the more carefully it should be inspected. The determination to reuse a bearing should be made only after considering the degree of bearing wear, the function of the machine, the importance of the bearings in the machine, operating conditions, and the time until the next inspection. However, if any of the following defects exist, reuse is impossible and replacement is necessary. (a) When there are cracks in the inner or outer rings, rolling elements, or cage. (b) When there is flaking of the raceway or rolling elements. (c) When there is significant smearing of the raceway surfaces, ribs, or rolling elements. (d) When the cage is significantly worn or rivets are loose. (e) When there is rust or scoring on the raceway surfaces or rolling elements. (f) When there are any significant impact or brinell traces on the raceway surfaces or rolling elements. (g) When there is significant evidence of creep on the bore or the periphery of the outer ring. (h) When discoloration by heat is evident. ( i ) When significant damage to the seals or shields of grease sealed bearings has occurred.

Withdrawal Claw

Fig. 14.15 Removal of Inner Ring Using Fig. 14. 15 Induction Heater

Fig. 14.16 Removal of Withdrawal Fig. 14.17 Removal of Withdrawal Fig. 14 .16 Sleeve Using Withdrawal Nut (1) Fig. 14.17 Sleeve Using Withdrawal Nut (2)

Fig. 14.20 Removal Using Hydraulic Nut

Fig. 14.18 Removal of Adapter with Stop and Axial Pressure

Fig. 14.19 Removal Using Oil Injection Hydraulic Pump

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14.6 Maintenance and Inspection

14.6.1 Detecting and Correcting Irregularities In order to maintain the original performance of a bearing for as long as possible, proper maintenance and inspection should be performed. If proper procedures are used, many bearing problems can be avoided and the reliability, productivity, and operating costs of the equipment containing the bearings are all improved. It is suggested that periodic maintenance be done following the procedure specified. This periodic maintenance encompasses the supervision of operating conditions, the supply or replacement of lubricants, and regular periodic inspection. Items that should be regularly checked during operation include bearing noise, vibration, temperature, and lubrication. If an irregularity is found during operation, the cause should be determined and the proper corrective actions should be taken after referring to Table 14.2. If necessary, the bearing should be dismounted and examined in detail. As for the procedure for dismounting and inspection, refer to Section 14.5, Inspection of Bearings. NSK BEARING MONITOR (Bearing Abnormality Detector) It is important during operation to detect signs of irregularities early before damage becomes severe. The NSK Bearing Monitor (see Page C5) is an instrument that checks the condition of bearings and gives a warning of any abnormality, or it stops a machine automatically in order to prevent serious trouble. In addition, it helps to improve maintenance and reduce its cost.

14.6.2 Bearing Failures and Countermeasures In general, if rolling bearings are used correctly they will survive to their predicted fatigue life. However, they often fail prematurely due to avoidable mistakes. In contrast to fatigue life, this premature failure is caused by improper mounting, handling, or lubrication, entry of foreign matter, or abnormal heat generation. For instance, the causes of rib scoring, as one example of premature failure, may include insufficient lubrication, use of improper lubricant, faulty lubrication system, entry of foreign matter, bearing mounting error, excessive deflection of the shaft, or any combination of these. Thus, it is difficult to determine the real cause of some premature failures. If all the conditions at the time of failure and previous to the time of failure are known, including the application, the operating conditions, and environment; then by studying the nature of the failure and its probable causes, the possibility of similar future failures can be reduced. The most frequent types of bearing failure, along with their causes and corrective actions, are listed in Table 14.3.

Type of Failure
Scoring Scoring or smearing between raceway and rolling surfaces.

Probable Causes

Countermeasure

Inadequate initial lubrication, excessively hard grease and high acceleration when starting. Raceway rings are not parallel and excessive speed. Inadequate lubrication, incorrect mounting and large axial load.

Use a softer grease and avoid rapid acceleration.

Spiral scoring or smearing of raceway surface of thrust ball bearing. Scoring or smearing between the end face of the rollers and guide rib. Cracks Crack in outer or inner ring.

Correct the mounting, apply a preload, or select another bearing type. Select proper lubricant and modify the mounting.

Excessive shock load, excessive interference in fitting, poor surface cylindricality, improper sleeve taper, large fillet radius, development of thermal cracks and advancement of flaking. Advancement of flaking, shock applied to the rib during mounting or dropped during handling. Abnormal loading of cage due to incorrect mounting and improper lubrication.

Examine the loading conditions, modify the fit of bearing and sleeve. The fillet radius must be smaller than the bearing chamfer.

Crack in rolling element. Broken rib.

Be carefull in handling and mounting.

Fractured cage.

Reduce the mounting error and review the lubricating method and lubricant.

Indentations Indentations in raceway in same pattern as rolling elements. Indentations in raceway and rolling elements. Abnormal Wear False brinelling (phenomenon similar to brinelling) Vibration of the bearing without rotation during shipment or rocking motion of small amplitude. Slight wear of the fitting surface. Penentration by foreign matter, incorrect lubrication, and rust. Insufficient interference or insufficient tightening of sleeve. Secure the shaft and housing, use oil as a lubricant and reduce vibration by applying a preload. Increase interference and apply oil. Improve the seals, clean the housing, and use a clean lubricant. Modify the fit or tighten the sleeve Shock load during mounting or excessive load when not rotating. Foreign matter such as metallic chips or sand. Use care in handling.

Clean the housing, improve the seals, and use a clean lubricant.

Table 14.3 Causes and Countermeasure for Bearing Failures

Fretting

Type of Failure
Flaking Flaking of one-side of the raceway of radial bearing.

Probable Causes

Countermeasure
Wearing of raceway, rolling elements, rib, and cage.

Abnomal axial load.

A loose fit should be used when mounting the outer ring of free-end bearings to allow axial expansion of the shaft. Correct the faulty housing. Seizure

Creep

Flaking of the raceway in symmetrical patterm. Flaking pattern inclined relative to the raceway in radial ball bearings. Flaking near the edge of the raceway and rolling surfaces in roller bearings. Flaking of raceway with same spacing as rolling elements.

Out-of-roundness of the housing bore.

Discoloration and melting of raceway, rolling elements, and ribs.

Insufficient clearance, incorrect lubrication, or improper mounting.

Improper muonting, deflection of shaft, inadequate tolerances for shaft and housing.

Use care in mounting and centering, select a bearing with a large clearance, and correct the shaft and housing shoulder.

Review the internal clearance and bearing fit, supply an adequate amount of the proper lubricant and improve the mounting method and related parts.

Electric Burng Fluting or corrugations. Melting due to electric arcing. Install a ground wire to stop the flow of electricity or insulate the beaning.

Large shock load during mounting, rusting while bearing is out of operation for prolonged period. Insufficient clearance, excessive load, improper lubrication, rust, etc. Excessive preload.

Use care in mounting and apply a rust preventive when machine operation is suspended for a long time. Select proper fit, bearing clearance, and lubricant. Adjust the preload.

Corrosion & Rust Rust and corrosion of fitting surfaces and bearing interior. Condensation of water from the air, or fretting. Penetration by corrosive substance(especially varnish-gas, etc). Use care in storing and avoid high temperature and high humidity, treatment for rust prevention is necessary when operation is stopped for long time. Selection of varnish and grease.

Premature flaking of raceway and rolling elements. Premature flaking of duplex bearings.

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