HEAT TRANSFER

UNIT-8
HEAT EXCHANGERS:

Problem 50: Water at the rate of 68 kg/min is heated from 35C to 75C by oil having a specific heat
of 1.9 kJ/kg-K. The fluids are used in a counterflow and parallel flow double pipe heat exchanger,
and the oil enters the exchanger at 110C and leaves at 75C. The overall heat transfer coefficient is
320 W/m
2
.C. Calculate the heat exchanger area for counterflow and parallel flow heat exchangers
independently. Assume
p
c = 4.180 kJ/kg-K for water.

Problem 51: Cold water leading to a shower enters a thin walled double pipe counter flow heat
exchanger at 0.25 kg/s at 15C and is heated to 45C by hot water that enters at 100C and 3 kg/s. If
the overall heat transfer coefficient is 950 W/m
2
-K, determine the heat transfer rate and the area of
the heat exchanger by NTU c method. Assume specific heat of water to be 4180 J/kg-K.

Problem 52: A shell and tube steam condenser is to be constructed of 2.5 cm OD, 2.2 cm ID single
pass horizontal tubes with steam condensing on the outside of the tube at T
sat
= 54C. Cooling water
experiences a 18C rise at it flows through the tubes at 0.7 kg/s and inlet temperature of 18C. Shell
side heat transfer coefficient can be assumed to be constant at 8 kW/m
2
-K. Calculate the tube length
and the condensation rate per tube.
Properties at 27C: s Pa K m W k kg J c
p
= = = =
6
10 860 , / 611 . 0 , 9 . 5 Pr , / 4180

Problem 53: Saturated process steam at 1 atm is condensed in a shell and tube heat exchanger (one
shell, two tube passes). Cooling water enters the tubes at 15
o
C with an average velocity of 3.5 m/sec.
The tubes are thin-walled and made of copper with a diameter of 14 mm and length 0.5 m. The
outside convective heat transfer coefficient is 21800 W/m
2
-K. Steam at T
sat
= 373 K,
fg
h = 2257 kJ/kg,
Water:
(
(

= =
= = =

K W/m .606 0 , s/m N 10 959

Calculate the following:
a. Number of tubes per pass to condense 2.3 kg/s of steam.
b. Exit temperature of water
c. The maximum possible condensation rate using this heat exchanger with the same water
flow rate and inlet temperature.


Problem 50:
Counter flow:

( )
( ) ( )
( )( )
.
2
. .
0
.
2
:
68 / min
4.18 /
320 /
:
1900 /
68 4.18 1000 75 35
189493.33
60
75 35 110 75
37.44
75 35
ln
110 75
189493.33 320 37.44
15.82
p
p
p
LMTD
LMTD
Water
m kg
C kJ kgK
U W m K
Oil
C J kgK
Q mC T W
T C
Q UA T
A
A m
=
=
=
=

= A = =

A = =
| |
|

\ .
= A
=
=

( ) ( )
.
.
max
:
110 35 0
110 35
ln
0
189493.33
/
406053.75
LMTD
Parallel flow
T
Q Q c

A =
| |
|
\ .
= =

( ) ( ) ( )
( )
.
.
. .
, , max
min
max
min
2
68 4180
( ) 4737.33
60
( ) 2.8495 1900 5414.05
( ) 5414.05 110 35 406053.75
4737.33
0.875
5414.05
ln 1 1
1
320
1.1117
4737.33
16.46
p water
p oil
p oil h i c i
mC
mC
Q mC T T W
C
c
C
c
UA
NTU
C c
A
A m
Areaof p
c

= =
= =
= = =
= = =
( +

= =
+
=
=
. arallel flowHeat exchanger Areaof counter flowheat exchanger >


Problem 51
Given: m
c
= 0.25 kg/s, m
h
= 3 kg/s, T
ci
= 15 C, T
hi
= 100 C, T
co
= 45 C, u = 950 W/m
2
K
Assumptions:
1. Steady state
2. Constant given properties
3. Insulated H-X. All heat lost by hot fluid is given to cold fluid.
4. PE and KE 0
5. Overall heat transfer coefficient is constant
6. Negligible conduction loss through walls
7. Negligible fouling resistances


Solution:

q= m
c
C
pc
(T
co
- T
ci
) = 0.254180(45-15) = 31.35 kW
Area is needed.
q
max
= C
min
(T
hi
- T
ci
)
C
c
= m
c
C
pc
= 0.254180 = 1045 W/K
C
h
= m
h
C
ph
= 34180 = 12540 W/K
Hence C
h
> C
c

C
r
= C
c
/C
h
= 0.0833
q
max
= 1045(100-15) = 88.825 kW
= q/q
max
= 0.3529
Using the - NTU relation for double pipe counterflow heat exchanger, we get
NTU = [1/(C
r
- 1)] ln[(-1)/(C
r
1)]
Substituting the above values we get NTU = 0.44225
NTU = UA/C
min
=> A
s
= NTU C
min
/U = 0.44251045/950 = 0.48467 m
2

Alternate method (LMTD):
q= m
c
C
pc
(T
co
- T
ci
) = m
h
C
ph
(T
ho
T
hi
)
Hence T
ho
= T
hi
m
c
(T
co
- T
ci
) / m
h
= 97.5
o
C
T
ci

T
co

T
hi

T
h0

T
LM
= (T
i
- T
o
) / ln (T
i
/T
o
) where T
i
= T
hi
T
co
= 100-45 = 55 C and T
o
= T
ho
T
ci

=82.5
o
C
Hence, T
LM
= 67.823
o
C
A
s
= q/(UT
LM
) = 0.4865 m
2



Problem 52:
Given:
Shell and Tube Heat exchanger (Condenser)
Shell Side: Steam condensation on outside of tubes
OD = 2.5 cm, ID = 2.2 cm (horizontal), T
sat
= 54C, ho = 8 kW/m
2
-K
Cooling water on Tube side: mass flow rate = 0.7 kg/s, T
ci
= 18
o
C, T
co
= 36
o
C

Find:Calculate the tube length and the condensation rate per tube.
Properties at 27C:
6
4180 5 9 0 611 860 10
p
C J / kg,Pr . ,k . W / m.K, Pa.s

= = = =
Assumptions:
1. Steady State
2. Constant given properties
3. Insulated HX- all heat lost by hot fluid goes into cold fluid
4. Negligible changes in KE and PE
5. Uniform value of h
o

6. Negligible fouling resistance
7. R
conduction
0
Solution:
For inside flow
Re = vD/ = 4m/(D ) = 47107
Flow is turbulent
Nu
D
= 0.023 Re
4/5
Pr
0.4
= 256.2
Hence h
i
= Nu
D
k/D = 256.20.61/2.210
-2
= 7104 W/m
2
K
R
conv, i
= 1/h
i
A
i
= 1/(71042210
-3
L)
R
conv, o
= 1/h
o
A
o
= 1/(80002510
-3
L)
Since conduction resistance is negligible
U
o
A
o
= U
i
A
i
= 1/ R
th
=> we need R
th
R
th
= 1/h
i
A
i
+ 1/h
o
A
o
= 1/u
i
A
i
= 1/u
o
A
o

u
i
= 1/ A
i
[1/h
i
A
i
+ 1/h
o
A
o
] = 3987.78 W/m
2
K


T
LM
= (T
i
- T
o
) / ln (T
i
/T
o
) = [(54-18) (54 - 36)] / ln[(54-18)/(54-36)] = 25.97
o
C
q= UAT
LM
= mC
p
(T)
c
= 0.74180 (36 - 18) = 52668 W
Hence A
i
= q/u
i
T
LM
= 0.5085m
2

L = A
i
/D
i
= 7.358m
Condensation/tube = q/h
f
g = 23.35 g/s
Note that the same answer would be obtained for A and length if U
o
is used instead of U
i



C
c

T
co

T
ci

T
x
T
ho

T
hi

Ti
To
T
sat

Problem 53
Given: Saturated steam condensation at 1 atm on shell side [1 shell and 2 tube pass]
Tube side: Cold water T
ci
= 15
o
C, Velocity V = 3.5m/s
Cu tube d = 14 mm and L = 0.5 m
h
o
= 21800 W/m
2
-K.

Properties: Steam at T
sat
= 373 K,
fg
h = 2257 kJ/kg,
Water:
(
(

= =
= = =

K W/m .606 0 , s/m N 10 959

Calculate the following:
d. Number of tubes per pass to condense 2.3 kg/s of steam.
e. Exit temperature of water
f. The maximum possible condensation rate using this heat exchanger with the same
water flow rate and inlet temperature

Assumptions:
1. No heat loss to surroundings
2. No thermal resistance to tube walls
Solution
Heat lost by steam = Total HT in the process
Heat lost by steam
q = m
h
h
fg
= 2.3225710
-3
= 5.191 10
6
W
This q is also equal to the heat gained by water.
m
c
C
pc
(T)
c
= m
l tube
NC
pc
(T)
c

We do not know the number of tubes, hence cannot find T
co
and constant find T
LM

To evaluate h
i

Re
D
=u
m
D/ = 3.50.014998/95910
-6
= 50993 turbulent
Water is getting heated. n = 0.4 in Dittus- Boelter Equation
100
h
hi ho
C
T T C

= =
C
c

T
co

T
ci
=15C
T
x
Nu
D
= 0.023 Re
4/5
Pr
0.4
= 285.8114
h
D
= Nu
D
k/D = 12371.55 W/m
2
K
Overall heat transfer coefficient
u
overall
= 1/[1/h
i
+ 1/h
o
] = 7892.53 W/m
2
K
Effectiveness = q/q
max
C
h
hence, C
c
= C
min

= q/ [C
c
(T
hi
- T
ci
)] = 5.19110
6
/[m
c
C
pc
(T
hi
- T
ci
)]
m
c
= m per tube number of tubes
= A
c
u
m
N = 0.5379N kg/s
C
c
= m
c
C
p,c
= 0.5379N 4181 = 2249.05N W/K
Hence, N= 27.154
NTU = UA/C
min
= 7892.530.0140.52/2249.05 = 0.1543
For this heat exchanger C
h
hence C
r
0
So, = 1- e
-NTU
= 0.143
Hence, N = 27.154/0.143 = 189.88 = 190 Tubes
Outlet water temp T
co
= 15 + 5.19110
6
/(2249.05190) = 27.15
o
C
Maximum condensation rate is when q = q
max
= q/ = 5.19110
6
/0.143 = m
steam
h
fg
m
steam max
= 16.084 kg/s