CHAPTER 1: RESPIRATION

1.1 Human Breathing Mechanism

Breathing is a physical process in which air is inhaled or taken in and exhaled or given out by a living body. Air enters the nose through both nostrils. The walls of the nostrils are lined with hairs to trap dust particles in the air. From the nostrils, air enters the nasal cavity. The nasal cavity secretes mucus to trap bacteria and other foreign particles in the inhaled air. From the nasal cavity, air enters the trachea. The trachea does not collapse because it is kept open by rings of cartilage. These cartilage rings are C-shaped. The trachea branches into a left bronchus and a right bronchus. Each bronchus goes into a lung. Each bronchus then branches into smaller tubes called bronchioles. These tubes end in many tiny air sacs called alveoli. The alveoli are surrounded by blood capillaries. Gaseous exchange takes place in the lungs by diffusion. The pathway of air flowing into our lungs is as follows:
Nostril nasal cavity pharynx trachea bronchi bronchioles alveoli

Comparison between inhalation and exhalation mechanism

Inhalation

Contracts Relaxes Moves upwards and outwards Contracts, moves downwards and flattens Increases Decreases Air is inhaled into the lungs

Part Involved External intercostal muscle Internal intercostal muscle Movement of ribs Diaphragm Volume of thoracic cavity Air pressure in the thoracic cavity Air movement

Exhalation Relaxes Contracts Moves downwards and inwards Relaxes and curves upwards Decreases Increases Air in the lungs is forced out

1.2 Transport Comparison between inhalation and exhalation mechanisms The air that enters the lungs fills up the alveoli.

Oxygen from the air then diffuses into the blood capillaries. It combines with the haemoblobin in the red blood cells to form oxyhaemoglobin. Oxygen + haemoglobin to oxyhaemoglobin The blood carries the oxygen in the form of oxyhaemoglobin to all parts of the body. When the oxygenated blood reaches tissues or cells that do not have enough oxygen, the oxyhaemoglobin breaks down and releases the oxygen. The oxygen diffuses through the capillaries into the cells. Adaptation of the alveoli for efficient gas exchange 1. Large surface area 2. Very thin walls 3. Moist inner surface 4. Surrounded by a network of blood capillaries
1.3 T he Important of A Healthy Respiratory System

Substances harmful to the respiratory system

Chemical Substances
a. Nicotine

Harmful effect on the respiratory system

- Causes illnesses like bronchitis, throat cancer and lung cancer - Blackens the lungs - Lung cancer - kills cells in the air passages and the lungs - increases production of mucus and phlegm in the lungs - Stimulates the growth of cancer cells, causing lung cancer and throat cancer - Damages the breathing channel and lungs - prevents haemoglobin from transporting oxygen around the body -causes a lack of oxygen in our body which may lead to headaches, brain damage or even death -Irritates the respiratory system, causing respiratory disorders such as asthma

b. Tobacco tar

c. Carcinogen

d. Sulphur dioxide and nitrogen dioxide e. Carbon monoxide

f. Forest fire and open burning (Haze)

g. Burning plastic material (Hydrogen chloride, ammonia and hydrogen cyanide)

- Corrodes the breathing channel

Diseases of the respiratory system

Diseases
a. Lung emphysema the abnormal growth of the cells lining the fine air vessels in the lungs which block the air vessels. the alveoli swell and burst b. Bronchitis is the inflammation of the bronchi caused by tar and the irritants in cigarette smoke c. Lung cancer unusual cell growths in the lungs carcinogen is the cause of cancer d. Asthma is caused by the inflammation of the breathing channel breathing channel suddenly becomes narrow causing difficulty in breathing very sensitive to certain allergens e. Influenza is caused by viruses which attack the mucus membranes in the respiratory system f. Pneumonia is caused by bacteria, viruses and chemical substances trachea and alveolus are attacked by bacteria and viruses lungs are filled with pus and fluid g. Tuberculosis is caused by bacterial infection (Mycobacterium tuberculosis)

Symptoms
shortness of breath the feeling of pain while breathing tiredness

continuous coughing(smokers cough) constant breathlessness sleeplessness regular coughing blood in the sputum feeling of pain while breathing shortness of breath wheezing excessive coughing

blocked noses, teary eyes, giddiness headaches, aches in the limbs coughs and fever

chest pains coughs and fever

prolonged coughs and spits out blood in the end stages

1.2 of Oxygen In The Human Body The air that enters the lungs fills up the alveoli. Oxygen from the air then diffuses into the blood capillaries. It combines with the haemoblobin in the red blood cells to form oxyhaemoglobin. Oxygen + haemoglobin oxyhaemoglobin The blood carries the oxygen in the form of oxyhaemoglobin to all parts of the body. When the oxygenated blood reaches tissues or cells that do not have enough oxygen, the oxyhaemoglobin breaks down and releases the oxygen. The oxygen diffuses through the capillaries into the cells. Adaptation of the alveoli for efficient gas exchange 1. Large surface area

2. Very thin walls 3. Moist inner surface 4. Surrounded by a network of blood capillaries 3 1.3 T he Important of A Healthy Respiratory System _ Substances harmful to the respiratory system Chemical Substances Harmful effect on the respiratory system a. Nicotine _ Causes illnesses like bronchitis, throat cancer and lung cancer b. Tobacco tar _ Blackens the lungs _ Lung cancer _ kills cells in the air passages and the lungs _ increases production of mucus and phlegm in the lungs c. Carcinogen _ Stimulates the growth of cancer cells, causing lung cancer and throat cancer d. Sulphur dioxide and nitrogen dioxide _ Damages the breathing channel and lungs e. Carbon monoxide _ prevents haemoglobin from transporting oxygen around the body _ causes a lack of oxygen in our body which may lead to headaches, brain damage or even death f. Forest fire and open burning (Haze) _ Irritates the respiratory system, causing respiratory disorders such as asthma g. Burning plastic material (Hydrogen chloride, ammonia and hydrogen cyanide)

_ Corrodes the breathing channel 4 _ Diseases of the respiratory system Diseases Symptoms a. Lung emphysema the abnormal growth of the cells lining the fine air vessels in the lungs which block the air vessels. the alveoli swell and burst shortness of breath the feeling of pain while breathing tiredness b. Bronchitis is the inflammation of the bronchi caused by tar and the irritants in cigarette smoke continuous coughing(smokers cough) constant breathlessness sleeplessness c. Lung cancer unusual cell growths in the lungs carcinogen is the cause of cancer regular coughing blood in the sputum feeling of pain while breathing d. Asthma is caused by the inflammation of the breathing channel breathing channel suddenly becomes narrow causing difficulty in breathing very sensitive to certain allergens

shortness of breath wheezing excessive coughing e. Influenza is caused by viruses which attack the mucus membranes in the respiratory system blocked noses, teary eyes, giddiness headaches, aches in the limbs coughs and fever f. Pneumonia is caused by bacteria, viruses and chemical substances trachea and alveolus are attacked by bacteria and viruses lungs are filled with pus and fluid chest pains coughs and fever g. Tuberculosis is caused by bacterial infection (Mycobacterium tuberculosis) prolonged coughs and spits out blood in the end stages