Maths Fundamentals

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438 Properties of Triangles and Quadrilaterals
The
BIG Idea
Make this Foldable
to help you organize
your notes.
8
C
H
APTE
R
ccoonn
Properties of Triangles and
Quadrilaterals
What properties
can you use to
classify triangles
and quadrilaterals?
Q
uadrilaterals Triangles A
ngles
Translations
R
otations
Sim
ilar and Congruent
Figures
R
eections
D
ilations
Review Vocabulary
Rectangle rectngulo quadrilateral with opposite sides
congruent and parallel and all angles are right angles

English
Espaol
angle
ngulo
congruent figures
figures congruentes
quadrilateral
cuadriltero
transformation
transformacin
Key Vocabulary
438_440_C08_CO_895129.indd 438 1/7/10 8:10 AM
Properties of Triangles and Quadrilaterals 439
When Will I Use This?
You will solve this
problem in the chapter.
l thi
Your Turn!
438_440_C08_CO_895129.indd 439 1/7/10 8:10 AM
Text Option Take the Quick Check below. Refer to the Quick Review for help.
You have two options for checking
prerequisite skills for this chapter.
Y
p
A
re Yo
u
R
ea
d
y
for the Chapter?
Online Option Take the Online Readiness Quiz.
Solve each equation.
1. x + 44 = 90 2. 68 + x = 90
3. x + 122 = 180 4. 87 + x = 180
5. BASKETBALL In the first two season
games, Lee scored a total of 40 points.
If he scored 21 points in the second
game, how many points did he score
in the first game?
EXAMPLE 1
Solve 54 + x = 180.
54 + x = 180 Write the equation.
-54 = -54 Subtract 54 from each side.
x = 126 Simplify.
The solution is 126.
Check 54 + 126 = 180
Solve each equation.
6. 77 + 44 + x = 180
7. 90 + x + 32 = 180
8. 53 + x + 108 + 82 = 360
9. 29 + 38 + 112 + x = 360
10. HOTELS A hotel room for four people
costs $360. If three people each pay
$85, how much will the fourth
person have to pay?
EXAMPLE 2
Solve 61 + x + 22 = 180.
61 + x + 22 = 180 Write the equation.
83 + x = 180 Add 61 and 22.
x = 97 Simplify.
The solution is 97.
Check 61 + 22 + 97 = 180
Tell whether each pair of figures has
the same size and shape.
11.
12.
EXAMPLE 3
Tell whether the triangles have the same
size and shape.
Yes, the triangles have the same size and
same shape.
438_440_C08_CO_895129.indd 440 1/7/10 8:10 AM
Get ConnectED
Lines and Angles
A PART B C
Multi-Part
Lesson 1
GLE 0606.1.6
Read and interpret the
language of mathematics
and use written/oral
communication to express
mathematical ideas precisely.
SPI 0606.4.1 Identify, define
or describe geometric
shapes given a visual
representation or a written
description of its properties.
Lesson 1A Lines and Angles 441
Points, Lines, and Planes
STARS The Big Dipper is a group of stars
that makes the outline of a large spoon.
1. The stars represent points. How many stars
make up the Big Dipper?
2. How many line segments are shown?
Point and line segment are basic terms used in geometry. Here are
some others.
Term Words and Symbols Models
point point A
A
line
line RS or line SR
RS or SR
P S
ray
ray XY

XY
X Y
line segment
line segment MN or
line segment NM

MN or
NM
M N
plane plane ABC
A
B
C
Identify a Figure

Identify the figure at the right. Then name J
K
it using symbols.
The arrows indicate that the figure goes on
forever in both directions. So, it is a line.
symbol: JK or KJ
Identify each figure. Then name it using symbols.
a.
E F
b.
P
Main Idea
Identify and label basic
geometric figures.
Vocabulary
point
line
ray
line segment
plane
congruent
intersecting lines
perpendicular lines
parallel lines
V
p
441_456_C08_L1_895129.indd 441 1/7/10 8:15 AM
Line segments that have the same length are congruent.
Congruent
Words
AB is congruent to
CD . Model
Symbols
AB
CD
A
B
C
D
in.
in.
3
4
3
4
Identify Congruent Line Segments

Determine whether the line segments
J
K
G
H
are congruent.
GH is 37 millimeters, and
JK is
28 millimeters long. So, they are
not congruent.
Measure each segment. Then determine whether each pair of
line segments is congruent. Write yes or no.
c.
P
O
M
N d.
C D
B
A
Two lines in a plane can be related in three ways. They can be
intersecting, perpendicular, or parallel.
Pairs of Lines
Words Model
Intersecting lines are lines
that meet or cross at a point.
Perpendicular lines are lines
that intersect to make a right
angle.
Parallel lines are lines that
are the same distance apart
and do not intersect.
Real-World Link
Parallel Lines A
football field is made
up of parallel lines that
are 5 yards apart.
RRR
441_456_C08_L1_895129.indd 442 1/7/10 8:15 AM
Classify a Pair of Lines

ROADS Classify the lines formed by the
roads at the right as intersecting,
perpendicular, or parallel. Choose the
most specific term.
The lines cross at one point and appear
to form a right angle. So, they are
perpendicular lines.
Classify each pair of lines as intersecting, perpendicular, or
parallel. Choose the most specific term.
e. f.
Identify each figure. Then name it using symbols. Example 1
1. J
L
K
2.
S 7

Measure each segment. Then determine whether each pair of line
segments is congruent. Write yes or no.
Example 2
3
7
v
S
P 4. D
C
B
A
Classify each pair of lines as intersecting, perpendicular, or parallel. Choose
the most specific term.
Example 3
5. 6.
7. Classify Oak Street and Pine Street as
intersecting, perpendicular, or parallel.
This symbol
indicates a
right triangle.
441_456_C08_L1_895129.indd 443 1/7/10 8:15 AM
= Step-by-Step Solutions begin on page R1.
Extra Practice begins on page EP2.
Identify each figure. Then name it using symbols. Example 1
8.
W
9.
P
S
7
10. Y
Z
11
E
F
12. H
G
13.
L
M
Measure each segment. Then determine whether each pair of line
segments is congruent. Write yes or no.
Example 2
14.
Y Z
W X
15.
H
L
K
J
16. 7 P v
S
17.
A
D
C
B

Classify each pair of lines as intersecting, perpendicular, or parallel. Choose
the most specific term.
Example 3
18. 19.
20. 21.
B 22. Classify the different types of lines formed by
the railroad tracks as intersecting, perpendicular,
parallel, or none. Explain your reasoning.
23 A line that intersects two or more other
A
B
C
D
E
F
lines in a plane is called a transversal. BE is
a transversal. Classify AC and DF . Then
classify AC and BE .
ed by
dicular,
441_456_C08_L1_895129.indd 444 1/7/10 8:15 AM
Test Practice T
C 24. REASONING AB is parallel to CD . CD is perpendicular to EF .
a. Draw each of the lines.
b. What is the relationship between AB and EF ?
25. CHALLENGE Are the lines at the right intersecting,
parallel, perpendicular, or neither? Explain your
reasoning.
26. OPEN ENDED Name three objects in your classroom that include pairs of
lines. Then classify each pair of lines.
27. E WRITE MATH Explain why the line segment

is represented as
AB and the line is represented

as AB .
28. Which best describes the pair of lines
below?
A. parallel
B. intersecting
C. perpendicular
D. neither
29. Which of the following letters does NOT
have parallel lines?
F. X
G. Z
H.
I. H
30. Which figure shows parallel lines?
A.
B.
C.
D.
31. SHORT RESPONSE Explain the
similarities and differences between
perpendicular lines and intersecting
lines.
441_456_C08_L1_895129.indd 445 1/7/10 8:16 AM
Get ConnectED
Lines and Angles
A PART B
C
Multi-Part
Lesson 1
GLE 0606.1.6
Measure Angles
Angles are measured in units called degrees. The
fraction circles represent benchmark angles.
= 180
1
2

= 90
1
4

= 45
1
8
1. Use the fraction circles to estimate the measure of each angle
shown.
2. How could you estimate the measure of any angle without using
the fraction circles?
An angle is formed by two sides, or rays,
vertex
ray
ray
with a common endpoint, or vertex. An angle
may be named by the label at the vertex.
Angle D can be written as D.
The unit used to measure angles is called
1 degree ()
a degree (). A circle can be separated into 360
equal-sized parts. Each part would make up a
one-degree (1) angle.
Measure Angles

Use a protractor to find the measure of each angle.
The angle measures 120.
Main Idea
Measure and classify
angles.
Vocabulary
angle
vertex
degree
right angle
acute angle
obtuse angle
straight angle
V
a
1
8
0
0
1
8
0
0
1
2
0
110
100 80
70
6
0
5
0
4
0
3
0
2
0
1
0
90
0
120
Make sure one
side of the
angle passes
through zero
on the
protractor.
Use the scale
where the first
side of the angle
crosses 0. In this
case, read the
inside number.
Align the center of the protractor with the vertex of the angle.
441_456_C08_L1_895129.indd 446 1/7/10 8:16 AM
1
8
0
0
1
8
0
0
80
70
6
0
5
0
4
0
3
0
2
0
1
0
85
0
Use the scale
where the first
side of the angle
crosses 0. In this
case, read the
outside number.
The angle measures 85.
Find the measure of each angle.
a. b.
Classify Angles
right angle acute angle obtuse angle straight angle
exactly 90 less than 90 between 90 and 180 exactly 180
Classify Angles
Classify each angle as acute, obtuse, right, or straight.
The angle is less than 90, The angle is 180, so it is
so it is an acute angle. a straight angle.
Classify each angle as acute, obtuse, right, or straight.
c. d.
Lesson 1B Lines and Angles 447
You can use fraction
circles to estimate the
measure of the angle to
check for reasonableness.
441_456_C08_L1_895129.indd 447 1/7/10 8:16 AM
Use a protractor to find the measure of each angle. Then classify each
angle as acute, obtuse, right, or straight.
Examples 14
1 2. 3.
4. CROCODILE What is the measure of C
formed by the crocodiles mouth? Classify
the angle.
Use a protractor to find the measure of each angle. Then classify each
Examples 14
5. 6. 7.
8. 9. 10.
11 CONSTRUCTION Use a protractor 12. PYRAMIDS Use a protractor to
find the measure of the angle of
the pyramid shown in the picture
below. Then classify the angle.
to find the measure of the angle
used to create the roof of the
building. Then classify the angle.
441_456_C08_L1_895129.indd 448 1/7/10 8:16 AM

Use a protractor to find the measure of the indicated angle.
B 13
14.
15.

16.
17.
18.

19. MATH IN THE MEDIA Find examples of acute, obtuse, right, and straight
angles in a newspaper, magazine, or on the Internet. Measure each angle.
20. Refer to the graphic novel frame below for Exercises ab.
We need to figure out
which park bench is
located at a 45 angle
to the right of the
lightpost from where
we are standing.
a. Can you use what you learned about estimating angles to eliminate
any of the benches as possible answers?
b. Which bench is located at about a 45 angle from where Dwayne and
Julie are looking?
C 21. REASONING Which angle shown has
the greater measure? Explain your

reasoning.
22. CHALLENGE Measure the angle shown in the clock to
12
6
1 11
2 10
3 9
4 8
5 7
the nearest degree. Then describe the method you
used to find the measure.
23. WRITE MATH Explain how to measure an angle using
a protractor.
Lesson 1B Lines and Angles 449
441_456_C08_L1_895129.indd 449 1/7/10 8:16 AM
Test Practice T
24. Which best describes the angle below?
A. acute
B. obtuse
C. right
D. straight
25. SHORT RESPONSE What type of angle
is formed by the hands of a clock at
12:25?
26. Estimate the measure of R to the
nearest degree.
F. 45 H. 135
G. 90 I. 180
27. SHORT RESPONSE Draw and label an
acute, obtuse, and right angle.
Angles
More
About
A protractor can also be used to draw angles.

Draw a 50 angle.
Step 1 Draw one side of the angle.
Then mark the vertex.
Step 2 Place the center point of
the protractors base on
the vertex. Align the
mark labeled 0 on the
protractors base with the
line. Find 50 on the correct
scale and make a dot.
Step 3 Remove the protractor
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
1
0
1
1
1
2
and draw the side that connects
the vertex and the dot.
Draw angles having each measurement.
28. 90 29. 115 30. 35 31. 160
32. 75 33. 50 34. 45 35. 20
1
8
0
0
1
8
0
0
5
0
4
0
3
0
2
0
1
0
441_456_C08_L1_895129.indd 450 1/7/10 8:16 AM
Get ConnectED
Lines and Angles
A PART B
C
Multi-Part
Lesson 1
GLE 0606.1.6
Lesson 1C Lines and Angles 451
Angle Relationships
Refer to the graph below.

Copy the figure shown on
1
2
3
4
dot paper.

Use a protractor to find the
measure of each angle.
1. What do you notice about the measures of 1 and 3? 2
and 4?
2. MAKE A CONJECTURE Describe the relationship between opposite
angles formed by intersecting lines.
3. Find the sum of the measures of 3 and 4 and of 2 and 3.
4. MAKE A CONJECTURE Describe the relationship between the angles
that form a straight angle.
When two lines intersect, they form two pairs of opposite angles
called vertical angles. Vertical angles have the same measure. Angles
with the same measure are congruent.
1
4
3 2
1 4
2 3
The symbol is used to show
that the angles are congruent.
Find a Missing Angle Measure

Find the value of x in the figure.
x
140
The angle labeled x and the angle
labeled 140 are vertical angles.
So, the value of x is 140.
Find the value of x in each figure.
a.
x
17
b.
x
95
Main Idea
Classify and apply
angle relationships.
Vocabulary
vertical angles
supplementary angles
complementary angles
adjacent angles
V
vv
441_456_C08_L1_895129.indd 451 1/7/10 8:16 AM
Two angles are supplementary if the sum of their measures is 180.
Two angles are complementary if the sum of their measures is 90.
Pairs of Angles
Words Two angles that have a sum of 180 are supplementary angles.
Models
1 2
1
2
m1 = 120, m2 = 60, m1 + m2 = 180
Words Two angles that have a sum of 90 are complementary angles.
Models
2
1

2
1
m1 = 30, m2 = 60, m1 + m2 = 90
You can use the definitions of complementary and supplementary to
classify angles.
Classify Pairs of Angles
Classify each pair of angles as complementary, supplementary,
or neither.

45
45

110
75
45 + 45 = 90 110 + 75 = 185
Since the sum of their Since the sum of their
measures is 90, measures is not 90 or 180,
the angles are the angles are neither
complementary. complementary nor
supplementary.

Classify each pair of angles as complementary, supplementary,
or neither.
c.
45 135
d.
80
10
Notation The notation
m1 is read as the measure
of angle 1.
Angle Relationships
Angles do not have to
share the same vertex in
order to be classified as
complementary or
supplementary.
441_456_C08_L1_895129.indd 452 1/7/10 8:16 AM
Find Missing Angle Measures
Find the value of x in each figure.

x 120
Since the angles form a straight line, they are
supplementary.
120 + x = 180 Definition of supplementary angles
x = 60 Simplify.

x
20
Since the angles form a right angle,
they are complementary.
x + 20 = 90 Definition of complementary angles
x = 70 Simplify.

e.
x
50
f.
x 80
Check for Reasonableness
The angle measuring x is
acute, so x should be less
than 90. Since 60 < 90,
the answer is reasonable.

Classify each pair of angles as complementary, supplementary, or neither. Examples 2 and 3
1.
75 105
2.
20
60
3.
55
35
Find the value of x in each figure. Examples 1, 4,
and 5
4.
x
100
5
x 30
6.
x
60

Example 4 7. TREES What is the value of x in the maple
x
110
leaf at the right?
441_456_C08_L1_895129.indd 453 1/7/10 8:16 AM
Classify each pair of angles as complementary, supplementary, or neither. Examples 2 and 3
8.
40
50
9.
130 50
10.
40
40

11.
60
30
12.
75
15
13
95
85

Find the value of x in each figure. Examples 1, 4,
and 5
14.
x
128
15.
x
88
16.
140 x

17.
x 25
18.
x
25 19.
x 55

Example 4 20. HORSES What is the value of x in the
x 90
hurdle shown at the right?
21. BRIDGES A truss bridge is made of many short straight beams as shown in
the diagram below. Create a problem that can be solved by referring to
the angles labeled 14 in the diagram.
1 4
2 3
441_456_C08_L1_895129.indd 454 1/14/10 8:16 AM
B
22. Angles G and H are complementary. Find mH if mG = 40.
23. Angles J and K are supplementary. Find mJ if mK = 65.
AIRPORTS Refer to the photo of the
1
3
4
2
Los Angeles International Airport sign.
Classify each pair of angles.
24. 1 and 2
25. 2 and 4
26. 3 and 4
27. 1 and 3
28. If the m3 is 46, what is the measure of 2?
Determine whether each statement is sometimes, always, or never true.
Explain your reasoning.
29. Vertical angles have the same angle measure.
30. Two right angles are complementary.
31. Two obtuse angles are supplementary.
32. Two vertical angles are complementary.
33 Refer to the figure at the right.
x
y
65
30
a. What is the value of x?
b. What is the value of y?
c. How many pairs of complementary angles
are in the figure? Describe each pair.
C 34. OPEN ENDED Draw and label an angle in which you can find both a
complementary angle and supplementary angle to the angle drawn.
Classify the type of angle that must be drawn. Explain your reasoning.
35. REASONING Answer each of the following questions.
a. What kind of angle is the supplement of an acute angle?
b. What kind of angle is the supplement of a right angle?
c. Can two acute angles be supplementary? Justify your answer.
36. CHALLENGE Refer to the figure at the right. If
1
2 3
4
m1 = m2 and m3 = m4, what can
you conclude about the sum of m1 and
m3? Justify your answer.
37. E WRITE MATH Two angles are supplementary to the same angle.
What is true about the measures of the two angles? Explain your
reasoning.
441_456_C08_L1_895129.indd 455 1/7/10 8:16 AM
Test Practice T
38. If A and B are complementary and
the measure of A is 60, what is the
measure of B?
A. 30
B. 60
C. 90
D. 120
39. SHORT RESPONSE What is the value
of x in the figure below?
x 85
40. Which two angle pairs are NOT
supplementary?
F.
90 90
G.
60 120
H.
145
35
I.
95
75
Angles
More
About
When two angles have the same vertex, share a common side, and do not
overlap, they are adjacent angles. Intersecting lines form four pairs of
adjacent angles.
4
2
1 3

1 and 2 are adjacent angles.
If a pair of adjacent angles forms a straight line, they are supplementary.
Refer to the figure at the right. Identify each
2
1
3
4
5 6
angle pair as adjacent, vertical, or neither.
41. 2 and 3
42. 2 and 5
43. 1 and 5
44. 4 and 6
45. 4 and 5
46. 6 and 1
47. Draw a pair of adjacent angles that are also complementary.
441_456_C08_L1_895129.indd 456 1/7/10 8:16 AM
Get ConnectED
Triangles
A PART B C
Multi-Part
Lesson 2
GLE 0606.4.1
Understand and use basic
properties of triangles,
quadrilaterals, and other
polygons. Also addresses
GLE 0606.1.4.
Lesson 2A Triangles 457
Angles in Triangles
Triangle means three angles. In this activity, you will explore how the
three angles of a triangle are related.

Draw a triangle similar to the one shown below on
notebook or construction paper.

Label the corners 1, 2, and 3. Then tear each corner off.
1
2 3

Rearrange the torn pieces so that the corners all meet
at one point as shown.
1
2 3

Repeat steps 1 and 2 with two differently shaped
triangles.
Main Idea
Explore the relationship
among the angles of a
triangle.
the Results
1. What does each torn corner represent?
2. The point where these three corners
meet is the vertex of another angle as
shown. Classify this angle as right,
acute, obtuse, or straight. Explain.
3. What is the measure of this angle?
4. MAKE A CONJECTURE What is the sum of the measures of angles 1,
2, and 3 for each of your triangles? Verify your conjecture by
measuring each angle using a protractor. Then find the sum of
these measures for each triangle.
5. MAKE A CONJECTURE What is the sum of the measures of the angles
of any triangle?
1
2 3
457_463_C08_L2_895129.indd 457 1/7/10 8:17 AM
Get ConnectED
Triangles
A PART B
C
Multi-Part
Lesson 2
GLE 0606.4.1
polygons. SPI 0606.4.1
Identify, define or describe
geometric shapes given a
visual representation or a
written description of its
properties. Also addresses
SPI 0606.4.3.
Triangles

A triangle is a figure with three sides and three angles.
1. Sketch a triangle that has at least two acute angles.
2. Sketch a triangle that has one right angle. One
obtuse angle.
3. Sketch a triangle that has no congruent sides.
4. Sketch a triangle that has two congruent sides. Three congruent
sides.
All triangles have at least two acute angles. A triangle can be
classified according to the angle measure of its third angle.
Classify Triangles Using Angles
Acute Triangle Right Triangle Obtuse Triangle
all acute angles 1 right angle 1 obtuse angle
Classify a Triangle by Its Angles
Classify each triangle as acute, right, or obtuse.

20
34
126

60 63
57
The 126 angle is obtuse. All the angles are acute.
This is an obtuse triangle. This is an acute triangle.

a.
30
40 110
b.
55
35
Main Idea
Classify triangles and
find missing angle
measures in triangles.
Vocabulary
triangle
acute triangle
right triangle
obtuse triangle
scalene triangle
isosceles triangle
equilateral triangle
Triangle Inequality
Theorem
V
t
457_463_C08_L2_895129.indd 458 1/7/10 8:18 AM
You can also classify triangles by their sides. Each side of a triangle is
a line segment. Congruent sides are indicated by the tick marks on
the sides of the figure.
Classify Triangles Using Sides
Scalene Triangle Isosceles Triangle Equilateral Triangle
no congruent sides at least 2 congruent sides
3 congruent sides
Since an isosceles triangle is defined as having at least two congruent
sides, all equilateral triangles are also isosceles.
Classify a Triangle by Its Sides

Classify each triangle as scalene, isosceles, or equilateral.

Only two of the sides are congruent, so the triangle is an isosceles
triangle.

5 cm
12 cm
13 cm
None of the sides are congruent, so the triangle is a scalene
triangle.

Classify each triangle as scalene, isosceles, or equilateral.
c.
4 in. 4 in.
4 in.
d. 3 ft
4.2 ft
3 ft
Segments
AB is read as
segment AB. So the sides
of the triangle below are
AB ,
BC , and
CA .

Real-World Link
In music, a triangle is
generally an equilateral
triangle but earlier
forms of the
instrument were often
isosceles triangles. The
side lengths of each
modern triangle
are usually 4 inches,
6 inches, or 9 inches.
RRR
Lesson 2B Triangles 459
457_463_C08_L2_895129.indd 459 1/7/10 8:18 AM
In the previous lesson, you discovered that the sum of the measures
of the angles of any triangle is 180.
Sum of Angle Measures in a Triangle
Words The sum of the measures of the angles in a triangle is 180.
Model
x z
y
Symbols x + y + z = 180
You can find a missing angle measure by using the fact that the sum
of the measures of the angles is 180.
Find Angle Measures

BILLIARDS Find the value of x in the
60 x
60
billiard balls.
The sum of the angle measures in a
triangle is 180.
x + 60 + 60 = 180 Write the equation.
x + 120 = 180 Add 60 and 60.
- 120 = -120 Subtract 120 from each side.
x = 60
Find the value of x in each triangle below.
e.
x
37
84
f.
x
22
g. SAILING Find the value of x in the sail of
30
x
the sailboat.
h. In ABC, mA = 64 and mB = 73. What
is mC?
Alternative Method If you
know two of the angle
measures in a triangle, you
can find the third angle
measure by subtracting
the two known measures
from 180. The value of x
is 180 60 60 or 60.
Read ABC as triangle
ABC.
457_463_C08_L2_895129.indd 460 1/7/10 8:18 AM
Classify each triangle as acute, right, or obtuse. Examples 1 and 2
1.
25
40 115
2.
55
65 60

Classify each triangle as scalene, isosceles, or equilateral. Examples 3 and 4
3.
4
9
7
4.
Find the value of x in each triangle. Example 5
5
73
60
x
6.
40
x

7. HANGERS What is the value of x in the
30 30
x
hanger at the right?
Classify each triangle as acute, right, or obtuse. Examples 1 and 2
8.
46 76
58
9.
92
51
37
10.
55
35

11. 50, 50, 80 12. 90, 60, 30 13 96, 47, 37
Classify each triangle as scalene, isosceles, or equilateral. Examples 3 and 4
14. 15. 16.
12 m 12 m
18 m
457_463_C08_L2_895129.indd 461 1/7/10 8:18 AM
Find the value of x in each triangle. Example 5
17.
22
x 28
18.
50
x
19.
59
58
x

20. 38, x, 74 21. 115, x, 30 22. x, 26, 132
23 What is the measure of the third angle of a triangle if one angle measures
29 and the second angle measures 62?
B 24. ART The boat below was created using origami, a paper-folding
technique. Measure the angles of the triangles labeled 1, 2, and 3. Then
classify the triangles as acute, right, or obtuse.
1
2
3
25. Refer to the graphic novel frame below for Exercises ab.
What does the
clue say?
a. Classify the triangle by its angle measures.
b. Where is the prize located?
C 26. CHALLENGE Apply what you know about
x
y
40
65
the sum of the measures of the angles of
a triangle to find the values of x and y in
the figure at the right.
27. E WRITE MATH Explain how side lengths and angle measures are used
to classify triangles.
457_463_C08_L2_895129.indd 462 1/7/10 8:18 AM
Test Practice T
28. What is the measure of the missing
angle in the triangle?
51
48
x
A. 17 C. 94
B. 81 D. 107
29. Triangle JKL is isosceles. The measure of
K is 72, and the measures of J and
L are equal. What is the measure of J
in degrees?
F. 54 H. 72
G. 64 I. 108
30. SHORT RESPONSE Measure the
angles and sides of the triangle below.
Classify the triangle as acute, right, or
obtuse. Then classify the triangle as
scalene, isosceles, or equilateral.
31. What is the relationship between the
two acute angles of a right triangle?
A. They are always equal.
B. They are complementary.
C. They are supplementary.
D. They are never equal.
Triangles
More
About
The Triangle Inequality Theorem states that the sum of the measures of any two
sides of any triangle is greater than the measure of the third side.

Can a triangle have side lengths of 3 inches, 10 inches, and 8 inches?
Check all the possible sides.
3 in. + 10 in. > 8 in. 8 in. + 10 in. > 3 in. 3 in. + 8 in. > 10 in.
So, a triangle can have side lengths of 3 inches, 10 inches, and 8 inches.

Can a triangle have side lengths of 9 meters, 17 meters, and 8 meters?
Check all the possible sides.
9 m + 17 m > 8 m 17 m + 8 m > 9 m 9 m + 8 m = 17 m
So, a triangle cannot have the side lengths of 9 meters, 17 meters, and 8 meters.
Determine if the following side lengths form a triangle. Explain your reasoning.
32. 5 meters, 7 meters, and 3 meters 33. 12 yards, 13 yards, and 26 yards
34. 25 inches, 28 inches, and 32 inches 35. 3
1

_

2
feet, 8
3

_

4
feet, and 4
1

_

4
feet
457_463_C08_L2_895129.indd 463 1/7/10 8:18 AM
GLE 0606.1.2 Apply and adapt a variety of appropriate strategies to problem solving, including estimation,
and reasonableness of the solution. Also addresses SPI 0606.4.1.
Triangles
A PART B
C
Problem-Solving Investigation
Multi-Part
Lesson 2
Main Idea Solve problems by drawing a diagram.
DRAW A DIAGRAM
JON: I have a small triangular-shaped garden at
home. I would like to place a sprinkler in the
middle of the garden. Each side of the garden
is 6 feet long.
YOUR MISSION: Draw a diagram to find the middle of the garden.
Understand You know that the triangle has side lengths of 6 feet.
Plan Draw a diagram.
6 ft
6 ft
6 ft
Solve To find the middle of the triangle, find the midpoint
6 ft
3 ft 3 ft
6 ft
of each side of the garden and draw a dot.
Then, draw a line from each dot to the opposite
vertex.
The middle of the triangle is the point where all
three lines cross. This point is the same distance
from each vertex. He will want to place the sprinkler
at this point.
Check Check the diagram to make sure it meets all of the requirements. Since the
diagram is correct, the answer is correct.
1. Explain why you think Jon drew a diagram to solve the problem.
2. E WRITE MATH Write and solve a problem that can be solved by drawing
a diagram.
464_465_C08_PSI_895129.indd 464 1/7/10 8:19 AM
Lesson 2C Triangles 465
Use the draw a diagram strategy to solve
Exercises 35.
3. DRIVING The downtown section of a city is
rectangular, 4 blocks by 3 blocks. How
many ways are there to drive from one
corner of downtown to the opposite
corner, if you must make exactly two
turns?
4. BROWNIES Colin is arranging brownies on
a rectangular sheet 9 inches by 12 inches.
How many brownies will fit if each is
1 square inch and needs to be placed
2 inches apart from the other brownies?
5. BUILDINGS A rectangular building with an
area of 1,226 square feet is divided into
three separate stores. The area of the largest
store is 450 square feet. The areas of the
remaining two stores are equal. What is the
area of each store?
Use any strategy to solve Exercises 614.
6. PATTERNS Describe the next figure in the
pattern. Then draw the figure.
7. PORTRAITS The Lee family is having their
family portrait taken. If Mr. and Mrs. Lee
want to sit in the front row and have their
3 children standing behind them, in how
many different ways can the Lee family
pose for their portrait?
8. MAGAZINES Lisa subscribes to two
magazines. The total cost is $22.42. One
magazine subscription costs $3.18 more
than the other. How much does each
magazine subscription cost?
9. GEOMETRY Find the middle of the
equilateral triangle shown below.
8 cm
8 cm
8 cm
10. MILK The table gives the average price
of a gallon of milk for two states.
State Price ($)
Pennsylvania $3.85
Wisconsin $3.48
Which state was closer to the national
average of $3.72?
11. SHOPPING Loraine bought 4 tank tops and
a pair of jeans. If each tank top costs $12.99
and the jeans cost $24.99, how much did
she spend in all?
12. TRAVEL The average speed traveled while
going to the beach was 65 miles per hour.
At this rate, how many miles did the car
travel in 4 hours?
13 BALLOONS Maggie is decorating 4 square
tables for her brothers party. What is the
least number of balloons she needs, if she
decides to put a balloon on each corner
and one on each side?
14. GEOMETRY How many times greater is the
length of the longest side than the length
of the shortest side in the triangle below?
54 yd 90 yd
72 yd
Draw a diagram.
Look for a pattern.
Guess, check, and revise.
Choose an operation.
464_465_C08_PSI_895129.indd 465 1/7/10 8:19 AM
Mid-Chapter
Check
Identify each figure. Then name it using
symbols. (Lesson 1A)
1.
2.

Measure each segment. Then determine
whether each pair of line segments is
congruent. Write yes or no. (Lesson 1A)
3. 4.
Classify each pair of lines as intersecting,
perpendicular, or parallel. Choose the most
specific term. (Lesson 1A)
5. 6.
7. RAKE Use a
protractor to find
the measure of the
angle shown in the
rake. Then classify
the angle. (Lesson 1B)
8. MULTIPLE CHOICE Find the measure of
HJE to the nearest degree. (Lesson 1B)
A. 180 C. 90
B. 125 D. 30
Classify each pair of angles as
complimentary, supplementary, or neither.
(Lesson 1C)
9.
48
42
10.
75
105

11. MULTIPLE CHOICE G and H are
supplementary, and the measure of G is
65. What is the measure of H? (Lesson 1C)
F. 115 H. 55
G. 105 I. 25
Classify each triangle as acute, right, or
obtuse. (Lesson 2B)
12.
80
70
30
13.
30
60
Classify each triangle as scalene, isosceles, or
equilateral. (Lesson 2B)
14. 15.
8 in.
5 in.
10.5 in.

Find the value of x in each triangle. (Lesson 2B)
16.
34 28
x 17.
70
58
x
18. In triangle RST, mR = 27 and mS = 85.
What is mT? (Lesson 2B)
466_466_C08_MCC_895129.indd 466 1/7/10 8:20 AM
Get ConnectED
Polygons
A PART B C
Multi-Part
Lesson 3
D
GLE 0606.4.1
polygons.
Main Idea
Explore the
relationship among the
angles of different
quadrilaterals.
Lesson 3A Polygons 467
Angles in Quadrilaterals
Quadrilateral means four sides. Four-sided figures also have
four angles. In this lab, you will explore how the angles of
different quadrilaterals are related.

Trace the quadrilateral pattern blocks shown.

Use a protractor to measure the angles of each figure.
Record your results in a table like the one shown.
Quadrilateral mA mB mC mD
Sum of
Angles
1
2
3
4
the Results
1. What is the sum of the measures of the angles in each
quadrilateral?
2. Describe any patterns you see in the angle measurements of
Quadrilaterals 13.
3. MAKE A CONJECTURE Are any of the patterns found in
Quadrilaterals 13 present in Quadrilateral 4? If not, make a
conjecture as to what makes Quadrilateral 4 different from
Quadrilaterals 13.
467_485_C08_L3_895129.indd 467 1/7/10 8:21 AM
Get ConnectED
Polygons
A PART B
C D
Multi-Part
Lesson 3
GLE 0606.4.1
properties.
Properties of Quadrilaterals
MAP The general shape of
the state of Wyoming is shown.
1. Describe the angles formed
by the sides of the figure.
2. Which sides of the figure appear
to be parallel?
3. Which sides appear to be
congruent?
A quadrilateral is a closed figure with four sides and four angles.
Quadrilaterals are named based on their sides and angles.
The table shows the characteristics of five special quadrilaterals.
Congruent angles are indicated by arcs inside the angles.
Classifying Quadrilaterals
Quadrilateral Figure Characteristics
Parallelogram
Opposite sides are congruent.
Opposite sides are parallel.
Opposite angles are congruent.
Rhombus
It has the properties of a
parallelogram.
All sides are congruent.
Rectangle
parallelogram.
All angles are right angles.
Square
rectangle.
All sides are congruent.
Trapezoid
Exactly one pair of opposite
sides is parallel.
When classifying quadrilaterals, use the most specific name. For
example, if the quadrilateral has all sides congruent, opposite sides
parallel, and opposite angles congruent, then the best description is a
rhombus, not a parallelogram.
the st
Main Idea
Classify quadrilaterals
and find missing angle
measures in
quadrilaterals.
Vocabulary
quadrilateral
parallelogram
rhombus
rectangle
square
trapezoid
NE
SD
MT
WY
CO
UT
ID
V
q
467_485_C08_L3_895129.indd 468 1/7/10 8:21 AM
Classify Quadrilaterals

Classify the quadrilateral at the right.
The quadrilateral appears to have exactly
one pair of opposite sides that are parallel.
So, it is a trapezoid.
Classify each quadrilateral.
a. b.
The angles of a quadrilateral have a special relationship.
Angles of a Quadrilateral
Words The sum of the measures of the angles of a quadrilateral
is 360.
Model
a b
c d
Symbols a + b + c + d = 360
Find Angle Measures

Find the value of x in the quadrilateral.
x
65
65
115
quadrilateral is 360.
x + 65 + 65 + 115 = 360 Write the equation.
x + 245 = 360 Simplify: 65 + 65 + 115.
- 245 = -245 Subtract 245 from each side.
x = 115 Simplify.

Find the value of x in each quadrilateral.
c.
x 45
135
135
d.
72 x
93 108
Lesson 3B Polygons 469
Classifying
If none of the angles are
congruent or no sides are
parallel or congruent, the
figure is classified as a
quadrilateral.
467_485_C08_L3_895129.indd 469 1/7/10 8:22 AM
Find Angle Measures

SIGNS What is the value of x in the
135
x
45
45
Metro
sign that is shaped like a rhombus?
In a rhombus, opposite angles are
congruent. So, x = 135.
Check 45 + 135 + 45 + 135 = 360

e. Find the measure of X in the
51
129
parallelogram.
f. Find the measure of Y.
Classify each quadrilateral. Example 1
1. 2.
3. 4.
Find the value of x in each quadrilateral. Example 2
5.
83
83 97
x
6.
74
86
98
x

Example 3 7 RAILINGS Classify the quadrilateral
formed by the railing of the steps.
467_485_C08_L3_895129.indd 470 1/7/10 8:22 AM
Classify each quadrilateral. Example 1
8. 9.
10. 11.
12. 13.
Find the value of x in each quadrilateral. Example 2
14.
x
90
90 90 15.
x
57
54
116

16.
x
55 55
115
17.
x
63

Example 3 18. TABLE The top of the table shown at the right
x
is a quadrilateral with one pair of parallel sides.
a. Classify the quadrilateral.
b. The sum of the measures of three angles in
the table is 305. Find the measure of the
fourth angle, x.
19 ALGEBRA In quadrilateral RSTU, mR = 62, mS = 84, and
mT = 114. What is mU?
20. ALGEBRA In quadrilateral ABCD, mC = 90, mB = 48, and
mD = 125. What is mA?
467_485_C08_L3_895129.indd 471 1/7/10 8:22 AM
ALGEBRA Find the value of x in each quadrilateral. B
21.
x
49.4
52.5
123.6
22.
3x
3x
3x
3x
23
2x
52
52
2x

24. EARRINGS Classify the quadrilaterals used to
make the earrings at the right.
25. CLASSROOM Identify an item in your classroom
that is shaped like a quadrilateral. What
characteristics did you use to identify the item?
26. ART It is common to use quadrilaterals in abstract art. Identify two types
of quadrilaterals in the painting on the left.
27. RESEARCH Use the Internet or another source to look up the meaning of
the term isosceles trapezoid. Explain how an isosceles trapezoid is related
to an isosceles triangle. Then draw an example of an isosceles trapezoid.
28. ALGEBRA A quadrilateral has angle measures x, x, 65, and 65. Write
and solve an equation that can be used to find the missing angle
measures. Then draw two different types of quadrilaterals that fit this
description.
29. KITES Another kind of quadrilateral is a kite.
Describe the characteristics of the kite shown
at the right.
Determine whether each statement is sometimes, always, or never true.
30. A square is a trapezoid. 31. A parallelogram is a square.
32. A square is a rectangle. 33. A trapezoid is a rhombus.
C 34. OPEN ENDED Draw a quadrilateral that is not a parallelogram or a
trapezoid.
35. CHALLENGE Can you form a rectangle using a parallelogram and two
right triangles? Use a drawing to support your answer.
36. E WRITE MATH Can a figure belong to more than one subset
of quadrilaterals?
Real-World Link
Still Life in the City
is a piece of artwork
that uses
quadrilaterals and
other polygons.
RRR
467_485_C08_L3_895129.indd 472 1/7/10 8:22 AM

Test Practice T
37. What is the value of x in the
quadrilateral?
x
56
120 105
A. 56 C. 79
B. 67 D. 124
38. SHORT RESPONSE What is the best
description for the figure below? Justify
your response.
39. Which figure is NOT a quadrilateral?
F. H.
G. I.
40. GRIDDED RESPONSE Emanuel is
using parallelogram-shaped stones for
his patio. Use the figure to find x, in
degrees.
x
60
x
60
41. CLOTHES Martha is painting a logo for her school drama club. She is using
an equilateral triangle-shaped patch that is 3 inches on each side and wants
to find the center of the patch. Use a ruler and a protractor to draw a
diagram to find the center of the patch. (Lesson 2C)
42.
64
x
43.
79 41
x
44.
48
39
x

Classify each pair of angles as complementary, supplementary, or neither. (Lesson 1D)
45.
53
37
46.
86

92
47.
47

133
Use a protractor to find the measure of each angle. Then classify each angle
as acute, obtuse, right, or straight. (Lesson 1B)
48. 49. 50.
467_485_C08_L3_895129.indd 473 1/7/10 8:22 AM
Get ConnectED
Polygons
A PART B
C
D
Multi-Part
Lesson 3
GLE 0606.4.1
properties. Also addresses
GLE 0606.1.4, SPI 0606.4.2.
Properties of Polygons
WINDOWS A hardware store sells decorative windows. The shapes
of five windows are shown below.
A B
C
D
E
1. Separate the windows into two groups based on their shape.
Describe the difference between the groups.
2. Draw a sample of another window that could be part of each
group.
A polygon is a simple, closed figure formed by three or more line
segments. A simple figure does not have lines that cross each other. You
have drawn a closed figure when your pencil ends up where it started.
Polygons Not Polygons
Line segments are called sides.
Sides meet only at their endpoints.
Points of intersection are called vertices.
Figures with sides that cross each other.
Figures that are open.
Figures that have curved sides.
A polygon can be classified by the number of sides it has.
Words pentagon hexagon heptagon octagon nonagon decagon
Number of
Sides
5 6 7 8 9 10
Models
Main Idea
Classify polygons and
find the sum of the
angle measures of a
polygon.
Vocabulary
polygon
pentagon
hexagon
heptagon
octagon
nonagon
decagon
interior angle
exterior angle
V
p
467_485_C08_L3_895129.indd 474 1/7/10 8:23 AM
Lesson 3C Polygons 475
Classify Polygons
Determine whether each figure is a polygon. If it is, classify it.
If it is not a polygon, explain why.

The figure is not a polygon The figure has 7 sides
since it has curved sides. that are line segments. It is
a heptagon.

a. b.
Recall that the sum of the measures of the angles of a triangle is 180.
You can use the angle measures of a triangle to find the sum of the
interior angle measures of various polygons. An interior angle is an
angle that lies inside a polygon.

Find the Sum of the Angles
of a Polygon

Find the sum of the angle measures of
the pentagon.
Draw all of the diagonals from one vertex as
shown and count the number of triangles
formed.
Find the sum of the angle measures in
the pentagon.
3 180 = 540
So, the sum of the angle measures of a pentagon is 540.
c. d.
Diagonals A diagonal is a
line segment that joins two
nonconsecutive vertices in
a polygon.
467_485_C08_L3_895129.indd 475 1/7/10 8:23 AM
Interior Angle Sum of a Polygon
Words The sum of the measures of the angles of a polygon is
(n 2) 180, where n represents the number of sides.
Symbols S = (n 2) 180
A regular hexagon is a polygon with congruent sides and congruent
angles.

Find the Measure of Each Angle
of a Polygon

PENCILS The base of the pencils shown are regular hexagons.
What is the measure of each angle of a regular hexagon?
Step 1 Find the sum of the measures of the
angles.
S = (n 2) 180 Write an equation.
S = (6 2) 180 Replace n with 6.
S = (4) 180 Multiply.
S = 720 Simplify.
The sum of the measures of the interior
angles is 720.
Step 2 Divide 720 by 6, the number of interior angles, to find the
measure of one interior angle. So, the measure of one
interior angle of a regular hexagon is 720 6 or 120.
e. Find the measure of each interior angle in a regular decagon.
Round to the nearest tenth if necessary.
Determine whether each figure is a polygon. If it is, classify it. If it is not a
polygon, explain why.
Examples 1 and 2
1 2.
Find the sum of the angle measures of each polygon. Example 3
3. 11-sided polygon 4. heptagon
Example 4 5. STOP SIGN A stop sign is a regular octagon. What is the
measure of each angle of a regular octagon?
467_485_C08_L3_895129.indd 476 1/7/10 8:23 AM
Determine whether each figure is a polygon. If it is, classify it. If it is not a
polygon, explain why.
Examples 1 and 2
6. 7. 8.
9. 10. 11.
Find the sum of the angle measures of each polygon. Example 3
12. quadrilateral 13 nonagon
14. 14-sided polygon 15. 22-sided polygon
Example 4 16. SOCCER The cover of a soccer ball is covered with
regular pentagons and hexagons. What is the measure
of each angle of a regular pentagon?
17. GEOMETRY Find the measure of each angle of a regular
nonagon.
Classify the polygons that are used to create the patterns.
18. 19.
20. GAZEBO Classify the polygon used to
create the entire roof of the gazebo shown
at the right.
21 What is the perimeter of a regular decagon
with sides 3.2 centimeters?
22. Find the perimeter of a regular heptagon
with sides 4
1

_

3
feet long.
23. How much greater is the sum of the
interior angles of a decagon than the sum of the interior angles
of a quadrilateral?
467_485_C08_L3_895129.indd 477 1/7/10 8:23 AM
24. SCHOOL A company designs cafeteria trays
so that four students can place their trays
around a square table without bumping
corners. The top and bottom sides of the
tray are parallel.
a. Classify the shape of the tray.
b. If A B, C D, and mA = 135, find mB, mC, and mD.
c. Name the polygon formed by the outside of four trays when they are
placed around the table with their sides touching. Justify your answer.
25. MULTIPLE REPRESENTATIONS The equation S = (n 2) 180, where n = 8,
can be used to find the sum of the angles of a certain regular polygon.
a. WORDS What is the name of the regular polygon that is represented
by n?
b. ALGEBRA Find the sum of the angles described in the equation above.
c. MODELS Draw the regular polygon from part b.
C 26. FIND THE ERROR Julie is finding the sum of the interior angle measures of
a nonagon. Find her mistake and correct it.

S = n 180
S = 9 180
S = 1,620
27. OPEN ENDED A polygon with all sides congruent is called equilateral.
Sketch an equilateral heptagon. Include tick marks to show that the sides
are congruent.
28. CHALLENGE How many sides does a regular polygon have if the sum of
the interior angle measures is 1,620? Justify your answer.
29. E WRITE MATH Describe the difference between a regular polygon and
a polygon that is not regular. Then explain the process used to find the
measure of one angle of a regular polygon.
Real-World Link
The National School
Lunch Act was signed
by President Harry
Truman in 1946. One
goal of the act was to
ensure nutritionally
balanced lunches to
children each school
day.
RRR
D
A B
C
B
467_485_C08_L3_895129.indd 478 1/14/10 8:19 AM
Test Practice T
30. SHORT RESPONSE
Classify the figure
shown. Then find the
measure of each angle of
the regular figure.
31. Which figure below does NOT show a
polygon?
A. C.
B. D.
32. Which of the following letters is a
polygon?
F. H.
G. I.
33. GRIDDED RESPONSE What is the
sum of the measures, in degrees, of the
interior angles of a 14-sided polygon?
Polygons
More
About
The exterior angle is the angle between any side of
30
Interior
angle
Exterior
angle
150
a figure and a line extended from an adjacent side. An
exterior angle and its corresponding interior angle are
supplementary.
Use a protractor to find the measure of each exterior angle.
34.
2
1
3
35. 36.
7
8
9
37. MAKE A CONJECTURE Use the results of Exercises 34-36 to predict the sum
of the measures of the exterior angles, one at each vertex, of a triangle.
38. MULTIPLE REPRESENTATIONS In this problem, you will explore
1
2
4
3

the sum of the measures of the exterior angles of quadrilaterals.

a. MODEL Draw five different quadrilaterals. Extend the sides
and label the angles as shown.
b. TABLE Measure the exterior angles of each quadrilateral.
Record the measures for each quadrilateral and the sum
of these measures in a table.
c. WORDS Predict the sum of the measures of the exterior angles of a quadrilateral.
5
6
4
467_485_C08_L3_895129.indd 479 1/7/10 8:23 AM
Get ConnectED
Polygons
A PART B C
D
Multi-Part
Lesson 3
GLE 0606.4.1
properties.
Similar and Congruent Figures
FLAGS The flags of four U.S.
states are displayed at the
right.
1. How many different-sized
stars are displayed among
the four flags?
2. Compare the size and the
shape of these stars.
Figures that have the same shape but not necessarily the same size are
called similar figures.
Similar Not Similar
Figures that have the same size and shape are congruent figures.
Congruent Not Congruent
Similar and Congruent Figures
Tell whether each pair of figures appears to be congruent,
similar, or neither.

The figures have the The figures have the
same size and shape. same shape but not the
They are congruent. same size. They are similar.
Main Idea
Identify similar and
congruent figures.
Vocabulary
similar figures
congruent figures
corresponding sides
AIaska Ohio
Arizona Tennessee
V
s
467_485_C08_L3_895129.indd 480 1/7/10 8:24 AM

Tell whether each pair of figures appears to be congruent,
similar, or neither.
a. b. c.
The sides of congruent or similar figures that are in the same position
are called corresponding sides. In congruent figures, these sides
are congruent. In similar figures, the ratios of the measures of
corresponding sides are equal.
The triangles below are similar with corresponding sides
FG and

XY ,
GH and
YZ , and
HF and
ZX .
G
F H

Y
Z X
Corresponding Sides

PHOTOGRAPHY The photographs below are similar rectangles.
What side of rectangle ABCD corresponds to
QR ?
C
B
D
P O
S P
A
Corresponding sides represent the same side of similar figures.
So,
BC corresponds to
QR .

d. PHOTOGRAPHY Determine which side corresponds to
DC in the
photographs in Example 3.
Everyday Use
Similar Two houses are
nearly, but not exactly, the
same or alike.
Math Use
Similar Figures that have
the same shape but not
necessarily the same size.
Identifying Polygons
Uppercase letters are used
to name polygons. The
larger photograph is
referred to as rectangle
ABCD. The smaller
photograph is referred to
as rectangle PQRS.
Lesson 3D Polygons 481
467_485_C08_L3_895129.indd 481 1/7/10 8:24 AM
Two polygons are similar if corresponding angles are congruent and
the ratios of the pairs of corresponding sides are equivalent.
Identify Similar Figures

Which rectangle(s) below is similar to
6
10
A B
C D
rectangle ABCD?
8
12
E F
G H

3
5
J K
L M

4
6
N O
P O
In a rectangle, all angles are right angles. So, they are congruent.
Examine the ratios of corresponding sides to see if they have a
constant ratio.
Rectangle EFGH Rectangle JKLM Rectangle NOPQ

BC

_

FG
=
6

_

8
or
3

_

4

BC

_

KL
=
6

_

3
or
2

_

1

BC

_

OP
=
6

_

4
or
3

_

2

CD

_

GH
=
10

_

12
or
5

_

6

CD

_

LM
=
10

_

5
or
2

_

1

CD

_

PQ
=
10

_

6
or
5

_

3

Not similar Similar Not similar
So, rectangle JKLM is similar to rectangle ABCD.

e. Which triangle(s) below is similar to
6
8
D
E F
triangle DEF? Assume corresponding
angles are congruent.
5
12
X
Y Z
3
4
P
O P
9
12
L
M N
Segments BC is read as
the measure of side BC.
Right Triangles Two right
triangles are similar if the
ratios of two pairs of
corresponding sides are
equivalent ratios.
467_485_C08_L3_895129.indd 482 1/7/10 8:24 AM
Tell whether each pair of figures is congruent, similar, or neither. Examples 1 and 2
1. 2. 3
BILLIARDS Refer to the similar

billiards table tops.
Example 3
4. What side of rectangle WXYZ
corresponds to
TU ?
5. What side of rectangle STUV
corresponds to
WX ?
For Exercises 68, state whether each rectangle
4
12

is similar to rectangle WXYZ.
Example 4
6.
2
8 7.
6
18 8.
3
9

Tell whether each pair of figures appears to be congruent, similar,
or neither.
Examples 1 and 2
9. 10. 11.
12. 13. 14.
QUILTING The quilt at the right
is made up of many congruent
quadrilaterals.
Example 3
15 What side of quadrilateral DEFG
corresponds to
KL ?
16. What side of quadrilateral
KLMN corresponds to
EF ?
467_485_C08_L3_895129.indd 483 1/7/10 8:24 AM
TELESCOPE The triangles that
form the outside of the Hobby-

Eberly Telescope Dome are similar
triangles.
17. What side of triangle LMN
corresponds to
AC ?
18. What side of triangle ABC
corresponds to
MN ?
State whether each triangle is similar to
13
5

triangle ABC.
19.
26
10
20.
10
6
21.
18
7

State whether each rectangle is similar to
6
15
rectangle JKLM.
22.
7.5
3
23.
5
12
24.
4
10

25. STATE FAIR A plot of land will be
4 ft
6 ft
separated into ten congruent
rectangles with rope as shown for the
judging of cows. Find the total length
of rope needed. Then find the total
length of rope needed to section the
same plot of land into five congruent
rectangles.
Each pair of figures is similar. Find the value of x.
26.
x
5
12
24
27
x
8 12
21
28. JEWELRY The earrings shown are similar.
12 mm
18 mm
21 mm
Write a ratio that compares a side length of
the larger earring to that of the smaller
earring. Then, compare this to the ratio of
the perimeter of the larger earring to that of
the smaller earring.
B
Real-World Link
The Tennessee State
Fair held in Nashville
had 209,385 guests
attend in a recent
year.
RRR
T

467_485_C08_L3_895129.indd 484 1/7/10 8:24 AM
Test Practice T
C 29. OPEN ENDED Draw a pair of similar triangles and a pair of congruent
quadrilaterals. Label the vertices of the figures. Using these labels,
generalize a statement about each pair of figures.
30. CHALLENGE Refer to the rectangles in Exercise 27.
a. Find the ratio of the perimeters of the rectangles. How does each
ratio compare to the others?
b. Find the ratio of the areas of the rectangles. How does each ratio
compare to the others?
31. E WRITE MATH Given two congruent figures, what inferences can be
drawn about how the figures are related?
32. Mrs. Daisys garden contains pathways
which form congruent triangles as
shown.
6 m 6 m
9 m
How many meters of pathways are there
in her garden?
A. 66 m C. 108 m
B. 96 m D. 180 m
33. The triangles are similar. Which
statement is NOT true?

F.
XY is congruent to
XW .
G. Triangle WXY has the same shape as
triangle RST.
H.
RS is congruent to
WX .
I. Triangle WXY and triangle RST are
both isosceles triangles.
Find the value of x in each quadrilateral. (Lesson 3B)
34.
x
75 70
105
35.
x
65
115
100
36.
x 55
130
55

37. Angles G and H are complementary. Find mH if mG = 43. (Lesson 1C)
38. What type of angle is formed by the hands of a clock at 2:30? (Lesson 1B)
467_485_C08_L3_895129.indd 485 1/7/10 8:24 AM
486 Properties of Triangles and Quadrilaterals 486 Properties of Triangles and Quadrilaterals
in Bicycle Design
The design of a bicycle depends on the bikes intended use. For
example, road-racing bikes are designed for speed, mountain
bikes for stability, and BMX bikes for maneuverability. One way
that a bicycle designer makes a bicycle faster, more stable, or
more maneuverable is by changing the angles of the bicycles
frame. To have a career designing bicycles, you should be
creative, have technical knowledge of bicycles, and have a good
understanding of geometry, measurement, and proportion.
Are you interested in a career as a bicycle
designer? Take some of the following courses
in high school.
Art Computer Aided Drafting
Geometry Physics
Get ConnectED
B
i
k
e
s

H
a
v
e

t
h
e

R
i
g
h
t

A
n
g
l
e
s
486_487_C08_CC_895129.indd 486 1/7/10 8:25 AM
Problem Solving in Bicycle Design 487 Problem Solving in Bicycle Design 487
Use the diagram and the table to solve each problem. Explain your
reasoning.
1. Sometimes, 2 in the diagram is described as the head angle. Angle 2 and the
head angle are congruent. Explain why this is mathematically correct.
2. Angle 1 and the seat tube angle are supplementary. In the cyclo-cross bike
described in the table, what is the measure of 1?
3. Angle 2 and angle 3 are congruent. In the mountain bike, what is the measure
of 3? Explain.
4. In a bike, the measure of 1 is 107. Is it a cyclo-cross bike, a mountain bike,
or a road sport bike? Explain.
5. In a bike, the measure of 5 is 50 and the measure of 6 is 64. What is the
measure of 7? Explain.
Seat tube
angle
Head angle
1
2
3
4
5
6 7

k
Bicycle Angles
Type of
Bicycle
Head
Angle
Seat Tube
Angle
Cyclo-cross 72 74.5
Mountain 71.5 73
Road Sport 73 75
GLE 0606.1.7
486_487_C08_CC_895129.indd 487 1/7/10 8:26 AM
Get ConnectED
Transformations
A PART B C D E
Multi-Part
Lesson 4
GLE 0606.4.2 Use
the concepts of translation,
rotation, reflection, and
symmetry to understand
congruence in the plane.
Slides, Flips, and Turns
Figures can be moved in a variety of ways, which
can create new figures. Draw a trapezoid on a
piece of patty paper for the following activities.
Place a dot in its interior.
Explore a Slide

Draw a ray from the dot to the
edge of your patty paper. Place
a second dot on the ray. This
will be the direction and
distance of the slide.
Place a second piece
of patty paper over
the first. Trace the
figure, interior dot,
and the ray.

Slide the figure until
the dot on the
tracing paper is over
the second dot on
the original.
Explore a Flip

Draw the same figure
on another piece of
patty paper. Place a
line on the paper as
shown.

Fold the patty paper
along the line. Trace
the shape onto the
folded portion of the
paper. Unfold.
Main Idea
Identify and apply
slides, flips, and turns.
488_507_C08_L4_895129.indd 488 1/8/10 10:24 AM
Lesson 4A Transformations 489
Explore a Turn

Draw the same figure on another
piece of patty paper. Place a
second dot on your patty paper.
Draw a ray from the second dot
through the first. Draw a second
ray from the second dot.
Place a second patty paper over
the first and trace the figure, the
dots, and the first ray.
Place the eraser end of your pencil
on the center of the dot and turn
the second patty paper until the
dot on the figure reaches the line.
It appears that, in each Activity, the figures maintain congruence. This means
that when a figure is slid, flipped, or turned, the final figure is congruent to the
original figure.
the Results
1. What did you do to the trapezoid to demonstrate a flip?

2. What is the difference between a turn and a flip?
3. E WRITE MATH Explain whether or not figure B is a slide,
flip, or turn of figure A. Explain your reasoning.
and Apply
4. Choose 3 objects from your classroom.
Object Preimage Movement Image
pencil flip
turn
slide
Demonstrate one movement with each
object. Copy and complete the table.
5. Describe a real-world situation in
which you might observe one of
these movements.
488_507_C08_L4_895129.indd 489 1/8/10 10:24 AM
Get ConnectED
Transformations
A PART B
C D E
Multi-Part
Lesson 4
GLE 0606.4.2 Use
Translations
GAMES Jose and Ronatta are
playing the game shown at the
right. Jose is using the blue
game piece and Ronatta is
using the yellow game piece.
1. On Joses turn, he spins a 4.
Describe where his piece
will be after moving.
2. Did the size or shape of the
game piece change after
moving? Explain.
A transformation is a movement of a geometric figure. The resulting
figure is called an image. Sliding a figure without turning it is called a
translation. A translation does not change the size or shape of a figure.
Graph a Translation

Translate square QRST 6 units left. Graph square QRST .
Step 1 Move each vertex of the y
x

square 6 units left. Label

the new vertices Q, R, S,
and T.
Step 2 Connect the new vertices
y
x

to draw the square. The

coordinates of the vertices
of the new square are
Q(-5, 3), R(-3, 5),
S(-1, 3), and T(-3, 1).

a. Translate square QRST 5 units down. Graph square QRST.
Main Idea
Graph translations on
a coordinate plane.
Vocabulary
transformation
image
translation
Start
Finish
Move
ahead 1
space
Move
ahead 1
space
Move
back 4
spaces
Move
back 4
spaces
Lose a
turn
Spin
again
V
t
488_507_C08_L4_895129.indd 490 1/8/10 10:24 AM
Lesson 4B Transformations 491
Graph a Translation

Translate square XYZ 2 units right and 4 units down. Graph
triangle XYZ.
Step 1 Move each vertex of the y
x
triangle 2 units right and

4 units down. Label the
new vertices X, Y, and Z.
Step 2 Connect the new vertices
y
x
to draw the triangle. The

coordinates of the vertices
of the new triangle are
X(-2, -2), Y(2, -1), and
Z(3, -4).

b. Translate triangle XYZ 3 units down and 4 units right. Graph
triangle XYZ.
Translation
Words Model
A translation of a figure occurs when the
figure is moved without turning it. The size
and shape of the figure do not change.
y
x
When translating a figure, every point of the original figure is moved

the same distance and in the same direction. The original figure is
congruent to the image after a translation.
Congruent Figures You
can check to make sure
that your translated image
is correct by verifying that
the two images are
congruent figures. If the
images are congruent,
then the translation is
probably correct.
Prime Symbols Use prime
symbols for the vertices in
a transformed image.
P P
Q Q
R R
Read P as P prime.
488_507_C08_L4_895129.indd 491 1/8/10 10:24 AM
Congruency in Translations
Determine if the figures below are congruent. If so, describe the
translation. If not, explain why not.

y
x
D
A B
C D
A B
C

y
x
X
Y
Z
Y
X
Z

The figures have the same
shape and size. They are
congruent. Each point in
ABCD was moved 5 units to
the right.
The figures do not have the
same shape and size. They
are not congruent. X was
moved 5
1

_

2
units to the right,
but Y and Z were moved
5 units to the right.
c.
A C
B
A
B
C
d.
P
v
S
7
U
P
v
S
7
U

Examples 1 and 2 1. Translate trapezoid ABCD 5 units right and
y
x
C D
A B
3 units down. Graph trapezoid ABCD.
Determine if the figures below are congruent. If so,
describe the translation. If not, explain why not.
Examples 3 and 4
2.
K
J L
K
J L
3
X Y
W Z
X Y
W Z

488_507_C08_L4_895129.indd 492 1/8/10 10:24 AM
Examples 1 and 2 4. Translate triangle TUV 5. Translate quadrilateral WXYZ
6 units left and 4 units down. 7 units right and 3 units up.
Graph triangle TUV. Graph quadrilateral WXYZ.

y
x
v
U
7

y
x
Y
Z
W
X
6. Translate triangle PQR 7. Translate quadrilateral JKLM
6 units right and 4 units 6 units left and 5 units up.
down. Graph triangle PQR. Graph quadrilateral JKLM.

y
x
O
P
P

y
x
L
M
J
K
Determine if the figures below are congruent. If so, describe the
translation. If not, explain why not.
Examples 3 and 4
8.
G
F H
E
G
E
F H
9
A D
C B
A D
B C

10. VIDEO GAMES The detective in a popular video game walks through
a maze searching for clues. The detective begins her search at the
coordinates (1, -4). There is a clue located 8 units left of the origin and
6 units down. The detective moves 2 units up, 3 units left, 4 units down,
and 6 units left. State the detectives final coordinates. Will she discover
the clue?
11. SANDBOXES After moving the sandbox at the local park, the coordinates
of its corners are at (2, 5), (2, -2), (9, 5), and (9, -2). If the sandbox was
moved 3 units right and 4 units up, what were the original coordinates of
the sandbox?
488_507_C08_L4_895129.indd 493 1/8/10 10:24 AM
Use the layout of Tamikas bedroom to find the new coordinates of each
object after the translation given.
Lighf A B
D O P
M
Chair
N
J
K
l
L
Bed
Dresser
Desk
C
F E
G H
-2
-2 -4 -8 -6
-4
-6
-8
x 2 4 6 8
y
2
4
6
8
12. Bed: 9 units left, 1 unit down
13. Dresser: 6 units up
14. Desk: 5 units right, 2 units up
15. Chair: 3 units left, 5 units down
16. After making all the translations in Exercises 1215, draw the new layout
of Tamikas bedroom on a coordinate plane.
17. TESSELLATIONS A tessellation is a pattern formed by repeating figures that
fit together without gaps or overlaps. Use the information at the left to
describe how tessellations and translations were used to create the
pattern on the egg.
GEOMETRY Find the missing coordinates of each figure described below.
Then graph the figure and its image after each translation.
18. Square ABCD has vertices A(1, -2), B(6, -2), C(1, 3), and D(, ) and is
translated 2 units left and 5 units up.
19 Rectangle FGHJ has vertices F(-6, 4), G(-3, 4), H(-3, 9), and J(, ) and
is translated 4 units right.
20. Parallelogram QRST has vertices Q(-4, 0), R(-1, 0), S(-2, 3), and
T(, ) and is translated 5 units left.
21. Right isosceles triangle XYZ has vertices X(4, -1), Y(4, -4), and Z(, )
and is translated 3 units right and 1 unit down.
GEOMETRY Right triangle LMN has vertices L(3, 2), M(3, -3) and N(, )
and is translated 3 units left and 1 unit down.
22. Using a graph, find the vertical distance between vertices L and M.
Explain your method.
23. If the horizontal distance between vertices M and N is the integer x and
x < 4, how many coordinates are possible for vertex N? List them.
B
Real-World Link
People in the
Ukraine developed
a technique
called Pysanka
for decorating
eggs. The largest
Pysanka egg was
created using
524 star patterns
and 2,206
triangular pieces.
488_507_C08_L4_895129.indd 494 1/8/10 10:24 AM
Test Practice T
CHALLENGE A translation can also be described using an ordered pair. The
ordered pair (-4, 3) means a translation of 4 units left and 3 units up.
Triangle ABC has vertices at A(-3, 5), B(1, -1), and C(-4, -2). Describe
the translation and give the ordered pair of the translation if given the
coordinates of the vertices of triangle ABC.
24. A(2, 7), B(6, 1), C(1, 0)
25. A(-9, 2), B(-5, -4), C(-10, -5)
26. A(-1, 1), B(3, -5), C(-2, -6)
27. A(-8, 6), B(-4, 0), C(-9, -1)
28. REASONING A triangle is translated by (-2, 4). Then the result is
translated by (2, -4). What is the final position of the figure? Explain
your reasoning.
29. E WRITE MATH Describe how you would translate rectangle QRST
7 units right and 4 units down.
30. Find the coordinates of W of
quadrilateral WXYZ after a translation
5 units left and 4 units down.
A. (-2, 10) y
x
B. (-3, 1)
C. (6, 0)
D. (7, 9)
31. Which graph shows a translation of the
triangle?
F. y
x
H.
y
x
G.
y
x
I. y
x
32. SHORT RESPONSE The graph shows a
translation of a rectangle. Determine
whether the figures are congruent.
Explain your reasoning.
33. SHORT RESPONSE The coordinates of

a trapezoid are A(0, 0), B(1, 4), C(5, 4),
and D(6, 0). What are the coordinates of
the trapezoid after it has been translated
5 units left and 2 units down?
C
488_507_C08_L4_895129.indd 495 1/8/10 10:24 AM
Get ConnectED
Transformations
A PART B
C
D E
Multi-Part
Lesson 4
GLE 0606.4.2 Use
Reflections
BUTTERFLIES The monarch
butterfly is found throughout the
United States.
1. What do you notice about each
wing of the butterfly?
2. If the butterfly were to fold its wings
together, would the markings on the
butterflys wings line up? Explain.
A reflection is the mirror image that is created when a figure is
flipped over a line called a line of reflection. If you were to draw a
line of reflection down the middle of the butterflys body, one wing is
a reflection of the other.
Reflect a Figure Over the x-Axis

Triangle LMN has vertices L(3, -2), M(4, -4), and N(-2, -3).
Graph the figure and its reflected image over the x-axis. Then
find the coordinates of the reflected image.
Step 1 Graph triangle LMN on a
y
x
coordinate plane. Then, count the

number of units between each
vertex and the x-axis.
L is 2 units from the axis.
M is 4 units from the axis.
N is 3 units from the axis.
Step 2 Make a point for each vertex the y
x
same distance away from the

x-axis on the opposite side of the
x-axis and connect the new points
to form the image of triangle
LMN. The coordinates are
L(3, 2), M(4, 4), and N(-2, 3).

a. Parallelogram FGHJ has vertices F(-4, 1), G(-2, 3), H(3, 3), and
J(1, 1). Graph the figure and its reflected image over the x-axis.
Then find the coordinates of the reflected image.
Main Idea
Graph reflections on a
coordinate plane.
Vocabulary
reflection
line of reflection
line symmetry
line of symmetry
ngs
hhe
V
r
488_507_C08_L4_895129.indd 496 1/8/10 10:24 AM
Reflect a Figure Over the y-Axis

Quadrilateral WXYZ has vertices W(-3, 2), X(-1, 3), Y(-2, -3),
and Z(-4, -1). Graph the figure and its reflected image over the
y-axis. Then find the coordinates of the reflected image.
Step 1 Graph quadrilateral WXYZ y
x
on a coordinate plane; then

count the number of units
between each vertex and
the y-axis.
W is 3 units from the axis.
X is 1 unit from the axis.
Y is 2 units from the axis.
Z is 4 units from the axis.
Step 2 Make a point for each
y
x
vertex the same distance away

from the y-axis on the opposite
side of the y-axis and connect
the new points to form the
image of quadrilateral
WXYZ.

b. Triangle DEF has vertices D(5, 3), E(2, 1), and F(2, -4). Graph
the figure and its reflected image over the y-axis. Then find the
coordinates of the reflected image.
Reflection
Words A reflection of a figure occurs when the image is flipped
over a line of reflection to create a mirror image of the
figure.
Models Reflection over the x-axis Reflection over the y-axis
y
x

y
x
Lesson 4C Transformations 497
Line of Reflection The
line that an image is
reflected over is called the
line of reflection. In this
case, the line of reflection
is the y-axis.
488_507_C08_L4_895129.indd 497 1/8/10 10:24 AM
A figure has line symmetry when it can be
folded in half so that the two halves match exactly.
The fold line is called the line of symmetry. The
figure at the right has two lines of symmetry.
Use a Reflection

Copy and complete the figure shown
so that the completed figure has a
horizontal line of symmetry.
Find the distance from each vertex on
the figure to the line of reflection.
Then plot a point that is the same
distance away on the opposite side of
the horizontal line. Connect vertices
as appropriate.

c. ART Copy and complete the art shown
so that the completed picture has a vertical
line of symmetry.

Example 1 1 Quadrilateral QRST has vertices Q(-2, 4), R(4, 1), S(-1, 0), and T(-3, 2).
Graph the figure and its reflection over the x-axis. Then find the coordinates
of the reflected image.
Example 2 2. Triangle FGH has vertices F(1, 1), G(4, 3), and H(5, -4). Graph the figure
and its reflection over the y-axis. Then find the coordinates of the
reflected image.
Example 3 3. SOFA Copy and complete the sofa design shown so
that the completed design has a vertical line of symmetry.
488_507_C08_L4_895129.indd 498 1/8/10 10:24 AM
Graph each figure and its reflection over the x-axis. Then find the
Example 1
4.
y
x
C
A
D
B
5.
y
x
7 S
P
6. triangle PQR with vertices P(-4, 4), Q(2, 0), and R(-3, 1)
7. quadrilateral WXYZ with vertices W(-4, 2), X(1, 4), Y(2, 2), and Z(-3, 0)
Graph each figure and its reflection over the y-axis. Then find the
Example 2
8.
y
x
L
K
J
M
9.
y
x
X
Y
Z
10. triangle BCD with vertices B(0, 1), C(4, 0), and D(2, 4)
11 parallelogram PQRS with vertices P(3, -2), Q(3, 4), R(5, 6), and S(5, 0)
Copy and complete the figures shown so that the completed design has
a vertical line of symmetry.
Example 3
12. 13.
14. 15.
16. 17.
488_507_C08_L4_895129.indd 499 1/8/10 10:25 AM
Determine if the figures below are congruent. If so, describe the reflection.
If not, explain why not.
18. y
x
19 y
x
20. ART Navajo art is known for its use of reflections. A traditional Navajo
blanket generally has an image reflected one or more times over a line.
The right half of a Navajo blanket is shown at the left. Copy the design
onto a piece of paper. Then draw the design after it has been reflected
over a vertical line.
Refer to the graph shown at the right.
y
x

21. Which pair(s) of figures is a reflection over the
x-axis?
22. Which pair(s) of figures is a reflection over the
y-axis?
23. If figure B was reflected over the x-axis
and then over the y-axis, which figure(s)
would the resulting image look like?
24. TAJ MAHAL The Taj Mahal appears to be
reflected onto the water in the photo.
a. Is the image a reflection over a
horizontal or vertical line?
b. Describe the line symmetry of the
Taj Mahal.
25. GEOMETRY Use the following information to draw
figures with lines of symmetry.
a. Draw a figure with one line of symmetry.
b. Draw a figure with three lines of symmetry.
c. Draw a figure with no lines of symmetry.
26. MATH IN THE MEDIA Use the Internet or another source to find an example
of line symmetry in nature.
Classify each pair of figures as a translation, reflection, or neither.
27. 28.
Real-World Link
The Navajos
produce beautifully
designed blankets
characterized by
geometrical
designs woven
with yarns colored
with vegetable
dyes. Navajo
blankets are
mostly used as
cloaks, dresses,
saddles, and
blankets.

B
488_507_C08_L4_895129.indd 500 1/8/10 10:25 AM
Test Practice TT
C 29. OPEN ENDED Give three examples of capital letters that if reflected over
a horizontal line would appear the same.
30. CHALLENGE A piece of square paper is folded in
half twice. The image at the right shows what it
looks like after some of the paper is cut away. If the
piece of paper is opened up all the way, what will
the resulting image look like?
31. E WRITE MATH When you find the coordinates of an image after a
reflection over the x-axis or the y-axis, what do you notice about the
coordinates of the new image in relation to the coordinates of the
original image?
32. Quadrilateral ABCD has vertices at
A(-3, 5), B(-2, 2), C(-3, -2), and
D(-5, 1). What are the coordinates of C
after a reflection over the y-axis?
A. (-3, 2)
B. (3, -2)
C. (3, 2)
D. (-3, -2)
33. The graph shows triangle XYZ after a
reflection over the x-axis. What are the
original coordinates of the point Y?
y
x
F. (4, -2) H. (-4, 2)

G. (2, 4) I. (-4, -2)
Trapezoid LMNO has vertices L(-4, -1), M(-1, 2), N(2, 2), and O(2, -1).
Find the vertices of trapezoid LMNO after each translation. Then
graph the figure and its translated image. (Lesson 4B)
34. 3 units right, 4 units down 35. 2 units left, 2 units up
Tell whether each pair of figures is congruent, similar, or neither. (Lesson 3D)
36. 37. 38.
488_507_C08_L4_895129.indd 501 1/8/10 10:25 AM
Get ConnectED
Transformations
A PART B C
D
E
Multi-Part
Lesson 4
GLE 0606.4.2 Use
Rotations
The motion of the windmill blade around
the center can be modeled by the type of
transformation presented in this lesson.
1. Compare the shape and size of the
windmill blade as it moves around the
center.
2. Do the windmill blades appear to move
clockwise or counterclockwise?
3. When the blade moves halfway around,
how many degrees does it move?
4. When the blade moves around one time,
how many degrees does it move?
A rotation occurs when a figure is rotated around a point. In the
example above, the center of the windmill is the point and the
windmill blades rotate around it. Earlier in this chapter, you learned
that a rotation can also be called a turn.
Rotations in the Coordinate Plane
Words When a figure is rotated around a point, neither the size
nor the shape of the figure changes.
Models
90 Rotation 180 Rotation 270 Rotation
y
x

90
y
x

180

y
x

270
A rotation of a point or figure is based on a circle. Since there are
360 degrees in a circle, a rotation can be anywhere from 0 to 360.
A rotation can be a clockwise or counterclockwise turn. The rotations
shown above are around the origin. The origin is found at point (0, 0)
on a coordinate grid.
Main Idea
Graph rotations on a
coordinate plane.
Vocabulary
rotation
rotational symmetry
angle of rotation
V
r
488_507_C08_L4_895129.indd 502 1/8/10 10:25 AM
Rotate a Figure About the Origin

Triangle ABC has vertices A(0, 0), B(3, 4), and C(3, 0). Graph the
figure and its rotated image after a clockwise rotation of 180
about the origin. Then give the coordinates of the vertices for
ABC.
Step 1 Graph triangle ABC on a
y
x

coordinate plane.
Step 2 Sketch segment,
CA so that
y
x

180
the angle between point C, the
origin, and point C measures
180 and the segment is
congruent to
CA .
Step 3 Sketch segment
BC so that
y
x

the angle between point B, the

origin, and point B measures
180 and the segment is
congruent to
BC . Then connect
the vertices to form triangle
ABC.
So, the coordinates of the vertices of ABC are A(0, 0), B(-3, -4),
and C(-3, 0).

a. Use rectangle WXYZ to graph a
y
x
counterclockwise rotation 90about

the origin. Then give the coordinates
of the vertices for rectangle
WXYZ.
b. Use rectangle WXYZ to graph a
clockwise rotation 180 about the
origin. Then give the coordinates of
the vertices for rectangle WXYZ.
Lesson 4D Transformations 503
Clockwise To rotate the
figure the same way the
hands on a clock rotate.
Counterclockwise
To rotate the figure the
opposite direction of the
way the hands on a clock
rotate.
488_507_C08_L4_895129.indd 503 1/8/10 10:25 AM
A figure can have rotational symmetry if the figure can be rotated
less than 360 degrees about its center and still look like the original.
The angle of rotation is the degree measure of the angle through
which the figure is rotated.

Determine Rotational
Symmetry

SNOW Determine whether the snowflake has rotational
symmetry. Write yes or no. If yes, name its angle(s) of rotation.
Since the snowfake can be rotated and
60
still look like it does in its original
position, the snowfake has rotational
symmetry.
The snowflake will match itself after being
rotated 60, 120, 180, 240, 300, and 360.
c. LOGOS Determine whether the Boston
Bruins logo shown has rotational
symmetry. Write yes or no. If yes, name
its angle(s) of rotation.
Graph triangle ABC and its image after each
y
x

rotation about the origin. Then give the
coordinates of the vertices for triangle ABC.
Example 1
1. 180 counterclockwise
2. 270 clockwise
3. 90 clockwise
Determine whether each figure has rotational symmetry. Write yes or no.
If yes, name its angle(s) of rotation.
Example 2
5 6.
488_507_C08_L4_895129.indd 504 1/8/10 10:25 AM
Graph triangle ABC and its image after each y
x

C
rotation about the origin. Then give the
coordinates of the vertices for triangle ABC.
Example 1
8. 90 clockwise
10. 180 clockwise
Graph quadrilateral MNPQ and its image after
y
x

C
each rotation about the origin. Then give the
coordinates of the vertices for quadrilateral
MNPQ.
11 90 counterclockwise
12. 180 clockwise
13. 270 clockwise
14. 90 clockwise
Determine whether each figure has rotational symmetry. Write yes or no. If
yes, name its angle(s) of rotation.
Example 2
15. 16. 17
B 18. DESIGNS Rotate the design shown 90 clockwise,
180 clockwise, and 270 clockwise. Draw the
completed image after all the rotations.
19. Draw a figure that has line symmetry but does not
have rotational symmetry.
20. Draw a figure that has both line symmetry and
rotational symmetry.
21. Is it possible for a figure to have rotational symmetry, but not line
symmetry? Justify your response with a drawing or an explanation.
Lesson 4D Transformations 505
488_507_C08_L4_895129.indd 505 1/8/10 10:25 AM
Test Practice T
C 22. FIND THE ERROR Pilar is graphing triangle ABC with vertices at A(0, 0),
B(2, 3), and C(4, 1). She is supposed to graph its image after a
counterclockwise rotation of 90 about the origin. Find her mistake and
correct it.
y
x

23. E WRITE MATH Why do you think translations, reflections, and
rotations are often called slides, flips, and turns?
24. Which image shows the
stop sign after a rotation of
180 counterclockwise?
A. C.
B. D.
25. SHORT RESPONSE Use the triangle
below to determine the coordinates of A
after a rotation of 270 clockwise.
y
x
Graph the figure and its reflection over the x-axis. Then find the
coordinates of the reflected image. (Lesson 4C)
26. triangle ABC with vertices A(2,4), B(3,1), and C(5,1)
27.
38 67
x
28.
77
76
x
29.
60
101
x

30. Angles Y and Z are supplementary. Find mY if mZ = 93. (Lesson 1D)
488_507_C08_L4_895129.indd 506 1/8/10 10:25 AM
Get ConnectED
Transformations
A PART B C
Multi-Part
Lesson 4
E
D
GLE 0606.4.2 Use
Lesson 4E Transformations 507
Dilations
The image produced by enlarging or reducing a figure is called a
dilation. A dilation image is similar, but not congruent to the original
figure. This means that corresponding lengths on the two figures are
equivalent ratios.

ART Mrs. Lawson asked her art class
to enlarge the image shown at the right.
Use a copy machine to copy the
image shown or copy it by hand
on graph paper.
On another piece of graph paper, use a colored pencil
to draw horizontal lines every 3 squares. Then draw
vertical lines every 3 squares.
Now sketch the parts of the figure contained in each
small square of your original image onto each large
square of the grid you created.
the Results
1. When you enlarge a figure, does the shape of the figure change?
Explain.
2. Measure the heights of your original figure and your
enlargement. How do they compare? The widths?
3. E WRITE MATH The scale factor used in the Activity is 3 because
the image you drew is 3 times larger than the original. Explain how
you could find the new dimensions of any figure after a dilation
with a scale factor of 4.
Main Idea
Draw a dilation.
Vocabulary
dilation
V
d
488_507_C08_L4_895129.indd 507 1/8/10 10:25 AM
Chapter Study
Guide and Review
Key Concepts
Lines and Angles (Lesson 1)
Two angles are adjacent if they have the same
vertex, share a common side, and do not overlap.
Two angles are vertical if they are opposite angles
formed by the intersection of two lines.
Two angles are complementary if the sum of their
measures is 90.
Two angles are supplementary if the sum of their
measures is 180.
Triangles (Lesson 2)
The sum of the measures of the angles of a
triangle is 180.
Polygons (Lesson 3)
The sum of the measures of the angles of a
Transformations (Lesson 4)
A translation of a figure occurs when the figure is
moved horizontally, vertically, or both.
A reflection of a figure occurs when the figure is
flipped over a line to create a mirror image.
A rotation occurs when a figure is rotated, or
turned, about a point, such as the origin.
Key Vocabulary
acute triangle
angle
complementary angles
congruent
equiangular
equilateral
obtuse triangle
parallel lines
parallelogram
perpendicular lines
polygon
quadrilateral
reflection
regular polygon
right triangle
rotation
rotational symmetry
similar figures
supplementary angles
translation
vertex
Vocabulary Check
State whether each sentence is true or false.
If false, replace the underlined word or
number to make a true sentence.
1. When two lines intersect, they form two
pairs of opposite angles called
supplementary angles.
2. The sum of the angle measures in a
3. Figures that have the same size and shape
are congruent figures.
4. The point (3, -2) translated left 4 units
becomes (7, -2).
5. Two angles with measures adding to 180
are called complementary angles.
6. An angle with a measure of less than 90
is called a right angle.
7. If a figure can be rotated a certain number
of degrees about its center and still look
like the original, it has similar
figures.
Be sure the following
Key Concepts are noted
in your Foldable.
Q
uadrilaterals Triangles A
ngles
Translations
R
otations
Sim
ilar and Congruent
Figures
R
eections
D
ilations
508_514_C08_SGR_895129.indd 508 1/7/10 8:30 AM
Chapter Study Guide and Review 509
Multi-Part Lesson Review
Lines and Angles
Geometry Vocabulary (Lesson 1A)
symbols.
8.
9.

Classify each pair of lines as intersecting,
perpendicular, or parallel.
10. 11.
Measure Angles (Lesson 1B)
Use a protractor to find the measure of the
angle. Then classify the angle as acute,
obtuse, right, or straight.
12. 13.
14. 15.
EXAMPLE 3 Use a protractor to find the
measure of the angle. Then classify the
130
0
130
0
1
8
0
0
1
8
0
0
1
2
0
1
3
0
110
100 80
70
6
0
5
0
4
0
3
0
2
0
1
0
90
The angle measures 130. Since it is greater
than 90, it is an obtuse angle.
Angle Relationships (Lesson 1C)
Classify each pair of angles as
complementary, supplementary, or neither.
16.
115

65
EXAMPLE 4 Classify the angles as
complementary, supplementary, or neither.
35

55
35 + 55 = 90
The angles are complementary angles.
Lesson 1
EXAMPLE 1 Identify the
figure. Then name it using

symbols.
The figure is a ray. In symbols,
this is written as

JK .
EXAMPLE 2 Classify the
pair of lines as intersecting,
The lines intersect to form right
angles. They are perpendicular lines.
508_514_C08_SGR_895129.indd 509 1/7/10 8:30 AM
Chapter Study Guide and Review
Triangles
Triangles (Lesson 2B)
Classify each triangle as acute, right, or
obtuse.
17.
44
68 68
18.
106
32
42

Classify each triangle as scalene, isosceles,
or equilateral.
19.
13
7
8
20.
Find the value of x in each triangle.
21.
60
60 x
22.
23. What is the measure of the third angle of
a triangle if one angle measures 43 and
the second angle measures 98?
EXAMPLE 5 Classify the triangle as acute,
right, or obtuse. Then classify the triangle as
scalene, isosceles, or equilateral.
132
27 21
The 132 angle is obtuse. So, the triangle is an
obtuse triangle. None of the sides are
congruent. So, the triangle is a scalene
triangle.
EXAMPLE 6 Find the value
of x in the triangle shown.
The sum of the angle measures
in a triangle is 180.
x + 42 + 90 = 180
x + 132 = 180
- 132 = -132
x = 48
PSI: Draw a Diagram (Lesson 2C)
Solve by drawing a diagram.
24. FLOWERS The Conley family is planting
flowers around the outside of their
house. The house is 48 feet long and 36
feet wide. There are 12 feet between each
flower, and there are flowers at each
corner of the house. How many flowers
can the Conleys plant in all?
EXAMPLE 7 Thomas was using
pattern blocks to create a polygon.
He used the three trapezoids like
the one shown. What regular
polygon did he create?
Draw a diagram to
determine what polygon
Thomas created.
Thomas created an
equilateral triangle.
Lesson 2
92
58 x
42
x
508_514_C08_SGR_895129.indd 510 1/7/10 8:30 AM
Polygons
Quadrilaterals (Lesson 3B)
Find the value of x in each quadrilateral.
25. 26.
59
117
x
Classify each quadrilateral.
27. 28.
29. STICKER Identify the quadrilateral used
to make the sticker.
Hockey
Polygons and Angles (Lesson 3C)
Determine whether the figure is a polygon.
If it is, classify the polygon and state
whether it is regular. If it is not a polygon,
explain why.
30. 31.
Find the sum of the angle measures of each
polygon.
32. pentagon 33. decagon
34. ALGEBRA Find the sum of the angle
measures of a regular 12-sided polygon.
EXAMPLE 10 Determine whether the
figure is a polygon. If it is, classify the
polygon and state whether it is regular.
If it is not a polygon, explain why.
Since the polygon has
5 sides, it is a pentagon,
but it is not regular.
EXAMPLE 11 Find the sum
of the angle measures.
Draw diagonals from one
vertex. Count the number
of triangles.
Find the sum of the angle measures in the
polygon. 5 180 = 900
Lesson 3
119
61
119
x
EXAMPLE 8 Find the value of x in the
quadrilateral shown.
93
112
x
x + 90 + 93 + 112 = 360
x + 295 = 360 Add 90, 93, and 112.
- 295 = -295 Subtract 295 from each
x = 65
side.
EXAMPLE 9 Classify the
quadrilateral shown.
The opposite sides are
parallel and opposite
sides and angles are congruent. The
quadrilateral is a parallelogram.
508_514_C08_SGR_895129.indd 511 1/7/10 8:30 AM
Chapter Study Guide and Review
Polygons (continued)
Similar and Congruent Figures (Lesson 3D)
35. Tell whether the pair of figures is
congruent, similar, or neither.
The triangles shown are congruent.
Y Z
X
5 cm
3 cm
4 cm
B C
A
36. What side of triangle XYZ corresponds
to
AC ?
EXAMPLE 12 Tell whether the pair of
figures is congruent, similar, or neither.
The figures are congruent since they have
the same shape and same size.
EXAMPLE 13 The figures are congruent.
What side of quadrilateral RSTU
corresponds to
MN ?
O
N
M
P 7
S
P
U
The parts of congruent figures that match
are corresponding parts.
RS corresponds
to
MN .
Lesson 3
Transformations
Translations (Lesson 4B)
Refer to Example 14. Find the vertices of
RST after each translation. Then graph
RST.
37. 1 unit right, 2 units down
38. 3 units left
39. 4 units left, 1 unit up
40. GAMES Maria is playing a board game.
Her game piece is located at (3, -4). On
her next move, she moves her game
piece 2 units left and 1 unit up. What are
the coordinates of her game piece after
the move?
EXAMPLE 14 Find the vertices of RST
after a translation 5 units left and 4 units
down. Then graph RST.
y
x
S
S
P 7
7 P
Subtract 5 from each x-coordinate and
subtract 4 from each y-coordinate. The
vertices of RST are R(-3, 0), S(-4, -4),
and T(0, 0).
Lesson 4
508_514_C08_SGR_895129.indd 512 1/7/10 8:30 AM
Transformations (continued)
Reflections (Lesson 4C)
Graph each figure and its reflection over
the indicated axis. Then find the
41. ABC with vertices A(-1, 3), B(2, -2),
C(4, 0); y-axis
42. Quadrilateral GHKJ with vertices
G(0, -3), H(-1, -2), K(3, 0), J(4, -1);
x-axis
43. LMN with vertices L(-2, -1), M(1, 2),
N(-5, 4); x-axis
44. ALPHABET Copy the
figure below. Draw the
image of the letter Z
after a reflection across
the vertical line.
Z
EXAMPLE 15 Find the vertices of PQR
after a reflection across the y-axis. Then
graph PQR.
y
x
Point P is 3 units from the y-axis.

Point R is 1 unit from the y-axis.
Point Q is 1 unit from the y-axis.
The vertices of PQR are P(-3, 2),
Q(-1, -4), and R(1, -2).
Rotations (Lesson 4D)
Refer to Example 16. Graph ABC after
each rotation about the origin. Then find
the coordinates of ABC.
45. 90 clockwise
47. 180 clockwise
48. DESIGN Determine whether the design
shown has rotational symmetry. Write yes
or no. If yes, name its angle(s) of rotation.
EXAMPLE 16 Find the vertices of ABC
after a 90 counterclockwise rotation around
the origin. Then find the coordinates of
ABC.
y
x
Point A becomes A(0, 0).

Point B becomes B(-4, 2).
Point C becomes C(-2, 5).
Lesson 4
508_514_C08_SGR_895129.indd 513 1/7/10 8:30 AM
Practice
Chapter Test
Determine whether the figure is a polygon. If
it is, classify the polygon and state whether it
is regular. If it is not a polygon, explain why.
12. 13.
14. The quadrilaterals shown are similar. What
side of quadrilateral ABCD corresponds
to
GH ?
A D
B C
E H
F G
15. EXTENDED RESPONSE Refer to the polygon
graphed below.
y
x
B
C
D
A
Part A Graph the fgure after a
translation 3 units right and 1 unit down.
Then write the coordinates of the vertices
after the translation.
Part B Graph the original fgure after
a refection over the y-axis. Then write
the coordinates of the vertices after the
refection.
Part C Graph the original fgure after a
rotation 90 clockwise about the origin.
Then write the coordinates of the vertices
after the rotation.
symbols.
1.
C
A
B
2.
7
S
Describe each pair of lines as intersecting,
3. 4.
Use a protractor to find the measure of each
angle. Then classify each angle as acute,
obtuse, right, or straight.
5. 6.
7. ALGEBRA Find the value of x in the figure
below.
2x
74
Find the missing measure in each triangle
with the given angle measures.
8. 90, 58, x
9. 74, x, 43
10. x, 38, 117
11. MULTIPLE CHOICE Which quadrilateral does
NOT have all right angles or opposite
angles congruent?
A. parallelogram C. trapezoid
B. square D. rectangle
508_514_C08_SGR_895129.indd 514 1/7/10 8:30 AM
Preparing for Standardized Tests 515
Preparing for
Standardized Tests
Short Response: Review Formulas
Short response questions require that you show your work. You may be able to
get partial credit even if your answer is not entirely correct.
Basic formulas may be provided on a reference sheet in the test booklet.
However, it is a good idea to review common formulas before the test so that
you are familiar with how to use them.

Byrons parents purchased a new mirror for his bedroom. The mirror is in
the shape of a regular hexagon. Find the measure of each angle of the
regular hexagon.
Work Space
Sketch a drawing of a regular hexagon that
has 6 congruent sides with 6 congruent angles.
Step 1
Use the formula to find the interior angle sum
of a polygon.
Step 2
Divide 720 by 6, the number of interior angles,
to find the measure of one angle.
So, the measure of one angle of a regular
hexagon is 120.
The base of a cup is in the shape of
a regular octagon. What does each
angle measure in a regular
octagon?
Be sure to show all your work and work inside the space provided. .
w all yyour
nside e the
S = (n - 2) 180
S = (6 - 2) 180
S = 4 180 or 720
720 6 = 120
Dont forget to show your work.
515_517_C08_STP_895129.indd 515 1/7/10 8:32 AM
Test Practice
6. Adrian swam 75 meters in 45 seconds, and
Carlos swam 125 meters in 75 seconds.
Based on these rates, which statement
is true?
F. Adrians average speed was 2 meters
per second faster than Carloss average
speed.
G. Carloss average speed was equal to
Adrians average speed.
H. Carloss average speed was 2 meters
per second faster than Adrians average
speed.
I. Adrians average speed was 3 meters
per second faster than Carloss average
speed.
7. Which point represents the location of the
ordered pair (1
1

_

4
, 2)?
y
x
1
2
1 2
A. Point P C. Point R
B. Point Q D. Point S
8. A painting company used a regular
pentagon for their sign. What is the
measure, in degrees, of M in the
design?
Angle
F. 90 H. 108
G. 100 I. 120
Read each question. Then fill in the correct
answer on the answer sheet provided by
your teacher or on a sheet of paper.
1. Which best describes the lines below?
A. parallel C. perpendicular
B. congruent D. intersecting
2. Which of the following expressions is
equal to 3(x + 9)?
F. 3x + 9 H. 27x + 3
G. 9x + 3 I. 3x + 27
3. Marta is buying a sweater that is on sale
for 40% off. What is 40% written as a
decimal?
A. 0.04
B. 0.4
C. 4.0
D. 40.0
4. GRIDDED RESPONSE Marketa was
folding paper in the shape of a triangle for
art class. What angle, in degrees, did
Marketa use to make the angle marked x in
the diagram?
27 27
x
5. SHORT RESPONSE Explain whether the
pair of figures is congruent, similar, or neither.
515_517_C08_STP_895129.indd 516 1/14/10 11:21 AM
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Test Practice 517
9. GRIDDED RESPONSE A container of fruit
contains 12
3

_

4
pounds of oranges, 8
1

_

4
pounds
of bananas, and 7 pounds of apples. What
is the total weight, in pounds, of the
contents of the container?
10. Which of the figures shows an obtuse
angle?
A. C.
B. D.
11. Dante is training for a cross country meet.
He ran 35 miles in 10 days. At this rate,
how many miles does Dante run each
day?
F. 0.3 miles
G. 3 miles
H. 3.5 miles
I. 4.5 miles
12. SHORT RESPONSE Find the value of x in
trapezoid WXYZ.
143
x
82
13. Which best describes the pair of angles
below?
27
63
A. complementary
B. supplementary
C. congruent
D. vertical
14. EXTENDED RESPONSE Refer to the
figure below.
y
x
Part A Translate the fgure 4 units left.
What are the coordinates of the vertices
after the translation? How are the new
coordinates related to the original fgure?
Part B Refect the original fgure across
the x-axis. What are the coordinates of the
vertices after the refection? How are the
new coordinates related to the original
fgure?
Part C Graph the original fgure after a
rotation 90 counterclockwise about the
origin. Then write the coordinates of the
vertices after the rotation.
515_517_C08_STP_895129.indd 517 1/14/10 8:27 AM

Maths Fundamentals

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connectED.mcgraw-hill.

AB and the line is represented

441_456_C08_L1_895129.indd 448 1/7/10 8:16 AM

the greater measure? Explain your

Find a Missing Angle Measure

467_485_C08_L3_895129.indd 472 1/7/10 8:22 AM

the sum of the measures of the exterior angles of quadrilaterals.

form the outside of the Hobby-

square 6 units left. Label

to draw the square. The

triangle 2 units right and

to draw the triangle. The

When translating a figure, every point of the original figure is moved

33. SHORT RESPONSE The coordinates of

coordinate plane. Then, count the

same distance away from the

on a coordinate plane; then

vertex the same distance away

F. (4, -2) H. (-4, 2)

the angle between point B, the

counterclockwise rotation 90about

figure. Then name it using

Point P is 3 units from the y-axis.

Point A becomes A(0, 0).

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